~}HEHAPTER) ORIENTATON OF BUILDINGS 7-1, GENERAL: Whether the site is chosen as required or accepted as available, prior to consideration towards planning or any of its principles, orientation needs first consideration. Orientation of a building is the relationship of the building to its environment. The building must be suitably oriented to the site, the sun and the prevailing winds. Orientation not only affects planning, but also the design. -7-2, ORIENTATION: Orient means east. Orientation of a building is the proper placement of building and its component rooms with respect to the weathering elements as the sun, wind and rain and environment factors like topography, and enchanting views of landscape. It enables the inmates to enjoy the desirable features of nature and avoid the undesirable ones besides providing convenient access to the street and backyard. Because of the surroundings of the site, proximity of street and other factors such as privacy and protection against the nuisance of noise and dust, a building has to be oriented to face a particular direction: India being a tropical country, best orientation will be done if the building faces the direction of prevailing wind. Natural agencies like sun and wind are utilized to the best advantage by proper orientation of buildings. This reduces the cost of mechanical devices used for comfort, and also decrease possibility of disease infections. 7-3. FACTORS AFFECTING ORIENTATIO Orientation of any building depends on. climatic, conditions. Three parameters which govern the orientation of building are: (1) Temperature (2) Wind (3) Humidity. These three parameters consequently depends on (1) Sun's path throughout the year and its relative position with respect to the locality. (2) Direction of prevailing wind particularly in summer when it is required and in winter when it is to be controlled. (3) Character of rain and its intensity. 7-4. SUN: (1) Sun is a source of heat and natural light. (2) Sun influence the physical and mental health of the people. (3) Sun rays possess powerful bactericidal property. (4) Sun rays supplement ventilation by heating the air and causing convective currents. (5) No growth of vegetation is possible in the absence of the sun.ee 27 eh Tay Orlentatlon of Hulldings Morning sun is hotter with’ time Ww the rays which is e hotter and quite pleasant to watch, However sun rays become and ultimately scorch at noon Pag 2 api 7 evening, even though the rays are again slanting, the air being dry, he ; are no longer absorbed are Intensely felt. That is why the evening sun Rot so pleasant and charming as it is in the morning. The sun action c materials of constrt using heat is mostly direct by day and indirect by night. The ction Tike stone, brick and concrete get heated in the daytime and slowly radiate their he right quite a : at at Night. whiel ite uncomfortable particularly during summer in tropies, Hence Vet WMeh Is quite un e () Provide the large walls towards north and south and short walls towards east and west (see fig, 7-1), A rectangular house with ” , : aagscadeect bel t walls A gectanguler hou long walls along East-West, i.e., only shor ‘st get minimum solar radiation during summer and minimum heat loss during winter, 8 A square building has no such advantage. Building Larger walls towards north Fic. 7-1 (2) Provide sun breakers on the sunny faces, particularly onthe south which receives heat for most of the daytime [see fig. 7-2]. Similarly provide shady trees on the sunny sides. (3) Provide verandahs on south and west so that the walls on those sides are less heated. Verandah on east reduces the light of the morning sun and hence it is not recommended. Similarly north receives the minimum sunlight and providing a verandah on that side further dilutes the light and radiation. Hence, verandahs may not be required on east and north. (4) Where orientation of the building cannot be controlled as in (1) above, the defect can be remedied to some extent by improving upon the design of roof, which should then be well insulated against heat. In localities of hot zone, the upper surface of the roof should have a fair reflecting quality. In hot and humid areas, the orientation is governed by the direction of the breeze rather than the direction of the sun.and Drawing rwuttdtng Plann Ich, y (b) Box with sun breakers (plan) {ay Vertcat su breakers (Pla) ; ‘gun breakers (plan) (@ Box with vertical and horizont { Box with inclined sun breakers (P OE na EF £7, pate 7 EF, (——_ 5 espe ea (@) Porch with pergola openings (B Roof overhanging ‘Wall Wall—xz —} Horizontal sun breakers rT ‘Vertical sun breakers +— L opening (g) Horizontal sun breakers (h) Vertical sun breakers Vertical sun breakers Ove hanging rb ‘Sun breakers 4 2 Horizontal sun breakers (i) Honey comb shade ; ° (p Sun breakers and hanging over Sun breakers and hanging over Fic. 7-2hae a Att ter Odentation of tuitdlngs WIND: Wind is aie in moti any Movement of velocity, Gentle On Wy Halt usually: booze is ay Wh any dogroe of velocity, A breeze can be defined as Festiicted to natural horizontal movement with modest ‘ AeA RUE tO the inmates of any residential building, varm air shor » WS on i cae bo Xpeltey and frosty alr should be induced into all the SON of his Wie CUE ILO THe hodhoam wher a average person spends 40% to beings with ae getter slooptog or rotating, Frequent air exchange refreshes human 8 activity and rotioves thom from tiresomenoss, set) Kitchen, which is hotter War mY) sil” ve uamost | coolneee ht Sy Watton “than any! othor residential oom and where utmost Coolness is desired, should be towards east, Also cate is to be taken to see that especially drawing oom and bedroone Place the bedrooms in the dir open verandah to protect them Predominant dire of the bed room, 7-6. RAIN: The rain direction is n and the angle of incidence there is continuous the year as in Cherapui rain direction can b care of by making m that direction, > Cease) AN via unshade with groove is also necessary to prevent rain from creeping and entering the covered area (see fig, 7-3), 7-7. CBR. Kitchen gases not to enter the other rooms \ should be on the leeward side of these rooms aed! direction of prevailing wind direction and provide from the heat of the afternoon sun, ction of wi ‘nd particularly in summer controls. the orientation ot predictable varids, Where rainfall throughout ngi, the predominant e noted and taken ninimum opening in Groove 10 mm diameter Groove in sunshade Fig. 7-3 ++ SUGGESTIONS FOR OBTAINING OPTIMUM ORIENTATION: Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee has sty for obtaining optimum orientation of the building: (1) The building should receive maximum sol in summer. gested following considerations lar radiation in winter and minimum (2) In hot climates, living rooms on the south and west sides should be by verandah, bathroom, store ete, (3) Verandah on south can be eliminated by use of chajjas or sunbreakers and then verandah may be provided on the east and west facings, (4) Exposure to sun can be reduéed by shady trees on sunny side and also keeping the shorter walls on’ east-west. Sas i il (5) For hot and humid zones, the orientation is governed by the aretn of on ie " (Ol Aipced on non and nat ides Te bedeoome shoul be caees bee eee Se aeea nd and at the same time protected by verandah from the hese Bf altepnoon sun. Eaéi@hntah warthcondt commer wit creed sertioton regarded as the best location for kitchen, protected30 Building Planning and Drawing cy leh, 5 (7) Proper location of rooms, specific shape of the building wth ts ey surfaces and proper ventilation arc @ Pp ith the propey eal of orientation. For proper orientation, the ae of the house should be more than twice the width of the street. , 7-8, ORIENTATION CRITERIA FOR INDIAN CONDITIONS: Climatic parameters such as sun and humidity are the most Controlling face, in the design of a residential building. = ic divisions of India: Dicg Not There are three major climati (1) Hot arid zones (dry arid zones) (2) Hot-humid zones (3) Hilly regions. > - — i ry arid zones): Day ait, low humidity ai vainal ee Fn ore sun light and dry dusty ground / a eae of this zone. Northern India and Central India away from coastal belt are the hot arid zones with hi summer day time temperature 27°C to 45°C and night time temperature 15°C to 25:¢ Annual rainfall is below 100 mm and their relative humidity is less than 40%, with wide variation in temperature between day and night and between summer and winter, Therefore, comfort requirements call for the removal: of the hot air through roof, doors, windows and other openings for orientation in such hot arid zones Surface area of wall exposed to the sun should be as less as possible. Long walls of the building should face north-south. Non habitable rooms (as store, bath, W.C. etc.) may be planned on west which act as thermal barriers and save the remaining rooms from excessive solar insolation. shading devices as verandahs, trees are to be provided on sunny ‘sides to create comfort. Bigger openings at higher sill level closed during day time with thick thermal resisting shutters as of wood but to open at night to expel hot air collected inside ~ are to be provided. Lighter colours reflect away the hot rays of solar insolation and are to be used. Darker colours absorb heat during day time and radiate the heat at night and hence are to be avoided. The states that come under this zone are plains of the Punjab, Rajasthan, plains of U.P, northern and western U.P, non-coastal Andhra Pradesh, eastern part 0 Maharastra, Kerala and western part of Tamilnadu. In this region, damp-proof course can be avoided, Walls should be thick a of heavy materials on west and south. Lighter walls on north and east with small openings may be provided at highe! sill level. Area of ventilation shi dahs ae i 3% % ani necebdarllon west’ and! noe ould be 8% to 10% of floor area. Ver i) " be (Northern India: For the Punjab and Haryana areas, orientation should done along the direction of east and west, facing north (see 8: mm,art, 7-8) aeeaili eyes wv. B s Fic. 7-4 (iii) Delhi: For Delhi, is considered whi (see fig. 7-6). moderate but fluctuate. Direction of ime is away from the coast. Physical comfort is only possible by getting good ci i c t od Fans ax of Te: TMs can Be achoved by provy lata gct Beez ‘elongates plans as of “1, ,, Or 7 shapes preferably Damp proof course is a must. West coast and Fast coas zones. The temperature ranges is 25°C to 30 winter season respectively. Relative humidity is more than 40% due to violent monsoon conditions. Annual rainfall is above 100 mm. Therefore, it come under these *C and 10°C to 20°C in summer and comfort requirements call for the free movement of air through doors, windows and other openings and at the same time protection from the violent monsoon Condition during four months of rainy season for orientation in such hot-humid zones The states that come under this region are eastern and southern part of M.P., Bihar, Bengal, Assam, western coast of Maharastra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and . fastern coast of Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh. i Thick walls are preferable with sufficient large openings for ventilation, The {entilation should be 20% to 30% of floor area. Chajjas and canopies are essential {0 prevent sun rays. cee (i) West Coast (like Maharastra): Orientation should be along the direction ot south-east and north-west, facing south-west (see fig. 7-7).building Planning and Drawing Ich. 7 t (like Tamilnadu): Orientation should be along the direction of st (il and north-west, facing north-west (see a 7-8). orientation is considered to be along east, west ang 32 (ii) East Coa’ south-eas' iii) Bengal: The best © Ci cing south (see fig: 7-9)- ; is Ss 7-8 Fic. 7-9 FiG. Chill weather, moist air, rainfall round the year are fall is also common particularly in ntilation is of no significance. Room chill weather. Windows should be to 15%, Walls should be thick. Wood a bad rial in construction but is costly, scarce and FiG. 7-7 (3) Tropical hilly regions: the common features of these regions. Snow winter, Solar insolation is welcome and vel heaters are used to maintain warmth during small, Area of ventilation must be 8% thermal conductor is a welcome mate! its utility is controlled by the government. Compact closed plans are desirable. Long walls are to be planned on east and west wo secsive maximum sun during forenoon and afternoon. Drawing room should be towards south or west. Pitched roof is generally recommended because of 1.5:1 to 2:1 is desirable. Dark colours which absorb heat during day time to reradiate them during night are desirable. The states come under this region are Kashmir, hills of Punjab, ‘Assam and Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, hilly regions of Satpure in M.P and western ghats of Karnataka, Goa and Maharastra. UNIVERSITY. EXAMINATION QUESTIONS (1) What is a sunpath diagram? Give C.B.R.I. (Central Building Research Institute) recommendations for obtaining optimum orientation of a building. (2) What orientation would you suggest for locating a building in (i) East coast city such as Chennai (ii) West coast city such as Mumbai Hot, dry city such as Tirupati? ® Mitte short fetes on orientation of residential buildings. at is meant by orientation of building? Mention som nat le EOF 1 sugges! . rea of the building in a tropical climate. Re /hat are the guidelines for orientation of different units of a residence? (6) Differentiate between the following: (i) Wind and breeze Gi) Hot arid zone and humid arid zone (iii) Orientation and aspect. ns for good