BACKROUND OF THE STUDY
Reading is the most important component in the terms of studying, in short, you can't gain knowledge
without learning how to read, or in other terms it is the basic block of learning. Reading sharpens your
mind, helps it to function, and improves your reading comprehension to another whole level. There are
lots of benefits of reading it exercises the brain, improves concentration, increases general knowledge,
improves literacy, and helps you to form or generate new ideas. It means knowledge is nothing without
reading. Reading is used in our daily life it used to understand and communicate with others. If you go
overseas reading is the number one requirement to understand the language, signs, and literature of one
country. And you can't speak without knowing how to read. Reading comprehension of a person is
depending on their environment if the surrounding of one person has a bad impact on the mental health of
a child then it can lead to a psychological problem that can cause low reading comprehension.
One-third of ten-year-old is globally estimated to be able to read and understand a
simply written story and the rest two-third are unable to cover this marker for minimum proficiency in
reading comprehension (Sofia,2022). It means 64 percent of ten-year-old were unable to read or having
reading difficulties. Reading difficulties occur in twenty percent of the population (Shaywitz,2003).
While four percent of school-age students receive special education services for reading disabilities. It
means every country needs to improve the quality of its education in terms of reading comprehension. An
average of between twenty and thirty percent of children are having difficulties in terms of reading but the
actual percentage depends on the characteristics of the students and the quality of the institution of their
school.
In terms of education, the Philippines is one of the competitive nations due to the k-
12 education proposed by the Department of Education but reading is the number one problem that
blocked the way of education to its improvement because as of 2023 based on the review of world
population Philippines was ranked 55th in terms of education and ranked the lowest in terms of reading
comprehension out of 79 countries. To solve this problem the Philippines established the program Basa
Pilipinas which supports the government's early-grade reading program but in terms of English
proficiency as of 2023 Philippines' rank was dropped to 22nd and was categorized as the third largest
English-speaking country in the world. The Philippines needs to improve the quality of its education to
improve the reading comprehension of the students studying in this state.
In paringo national high school in overall record there are 7.59493671% of learners who is not actively
readers out of 711 learners and in senior high school learners there are 7.73195876% who is also not
active readers. This collected data means that Paringao National High School has more population of
active readers and less population of non active readers but this percentage is not a stable it can increase
or decrease due to dynamic changes. However even the active readers percentage is high we cannot say
that Paringao National High School is non active readers free because whatever percentage it is high or
low we cannot assure a one thing is a perfect even if you say that non readers already improve we cannot
call it 100% success rate because there are always 1.11% possibility of changes.
Specifically this study aims to understand the reasons and challenges of struggling readers
Thus,this study answers the following problems
[Link] are the reasons of poor reading comprehension?
[Link] are the challenges they face on having reading difficulties?
[Link] do they cope with the effects of reading difficulties?
[Link] solve the problems of reading complexity of learners.
[Link] impact of having a poor reading comprehension in students..
[Link] reults of the conducted study.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY
The benefits of this study points about the importance of reading comprehension in daily life of
[Link] dig the reasons and challenges on why they are encountering difficulties in reading and
inform students of what are the effects of having prominent reading [Link] are a lot of
benefits of reading,to help and develop the barin functions,increase general knowledge,improves literacy
and to form or generate [Link] beneficiaries of this study includes learners ,parents,school
admin,teachers and Department of Education(DePED)
Scope and Delimitation
This study focuses on the reasons and challenges of struggling readers among the Junior High School and
Senior High School learners of Paringao National High School during the 3 rd Quarter of year [Link]
is delimited on the reasons why students have difficulties they encounter and how do struggling readers
cope with the challenges they encounter.
Chapter 2
Research design
This study will utilize case study method because it focuses on the reasons and challenges of struggling
readers. According to Takahashi et al (2019), the case study has a various applications, in light of
epistemological principles, as well as the criteria for rigor and validity. The uses and purpose of this case
study was to examine the progress and the different literacy strategies used by a struggling readers. This
design is appropriate in this study because it will determine the reasons of poor reading comprehension,
the challenges they face or having reading difficulties and now do they cope with the effects of reading
difficulties. In addition, qualitative research will be used in the study Qualitative research involves
collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (eg. text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions,
or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for
research (Bhandari, 2020). This means that qualitative research methods are concered with. -the planning,
designing and implementing of strategies to collect and analyze non-numerical data This approach is
appropriate to the study because it will utilize qualitative technique such as interview and observation to
identify the reasons and challenges of struggling readers.
Sources of data
The participants of this study are the struggling readers of Paringao National Highschool The -
participants will be selected using purposive sampling According to campbell et al (2020), purposive
sampling is matching of the sample to the aims and objectives of the research in which the researchers
need to choose the ones who have the same characteristics that connected in our study. • Purposive is the
most applicable sampling technique as it identifies and select individuals, cases, or events that can
provide the best information to achieve the study's objective. The participants of the " • study are selected
based on the following criteria 14 The participants of the study are learners of Paringao National
Highschool 2.1 The participants are currently enrolled during 2nd semester of school year 2022-2023 3.)
The participants are included in the list of non-readers.
Instrumentation and data collection
The researcher will gather informations by asking advisers of Junior and Senior high school of Paringao
National Highschool to provide the list of students who struggling in reading.
The researchers will use interview method to draw out informations from the struggling readers of
Paringao National Highschool. The questions will be developed by the researcher themselves.
The questions will focus on the reasons and challenges of struggling readers. The researchers will
conduct the interview themselves. They will use mobile phone to record the converstation of participants
and interviewers. The researchers will write down the answers of the participants to facilitate the recall of
information.
The researchers will allow experts to the interview before the researchers will conduct the interview The
validators are three English teachers of Paringao NHS. The validity rating
__________Indicating__________. Which means the interview questions were appropriate for the study.
The comments and suggestions of the validators are incorporated in the interview questions.
Data analysis
This study will utilize thematic analysis to threat or analyze gathered data According to Jack Caulfield
(2019), thematic analysis is a method of analyzing qualitative data which is usuallo applied to a set of
text. In this study it will follow different processess 1:) Transcription, 2.) coding and 3.1 Theming In
transcription process, unnecessary words and expressions will be removed and grammatical erorrs will be
corrected Afterwards, coding will be used to assign numbers on gathered data which are connected or
similar from others. Lastly, themes will be generated from the codes of the gathered data.
Ethical Consideration
In order to safeguard the ethics of the research the following measure will be observed Before the
conduct of the study the researchers will ask permission of the guardian of struggling readers of Paringao
National Highschool to sign the letter of consent as consideration of confidentiality on the information,
answer and profile that provided by the participant. The researcher will discuss all the process to the
participant that they are free to withdraw their consent anytime in any case of problem and anomality.
The researchers also acknowledge the proper. owned of the differ sources that were used in this study.
Chapter 3
Questions Response Code Theme
What are the reasons of Participant 1: dahil No interest in reading
your poor reading hindi ako mahilig Lack of motivation
comprehension? magbasa.
Participant 2: mahirap Word recognition Low comprehension
intindihin yung mga difficulty
letra.
Participant 3: haan ko Word recognition
ammo dagijay ag difficulty
sasaruno nga letra isu
haan ko mabasa.
Participant 4: Word
pagkabulol at
recognition/pronounciation
nahihirapan na
magbalikas ng mga
difficulty
letra kaya mabagal at
nahihirapang magbasa
at nahihirapan ding
intindihin yung mga
salita.
Participant 5:
nakakaranas ako ng Word recognition
pagbabaliktad ng mga difficulty
letra habang ako ay nag
babasa.
What are the challenges Participant 1: minsan Social pressure
that you’ve face while tinatawanan nila ako at
having reading tinutukso kaya
difficulties? nagdadabog nalang
ako.
Participant 2:
tinatawanan nila ako
Being bullied Discrimination
Partcipant 3: tinutukso
nila ako na hindi raw
ako marunong
magbasa.
Participant 4: Word recognition
nahihirapan akong difficulty
maintindihan yung mga
lection dahil
nahihirapan Low comprehension
maintindihan yung mga
words at nahihirapan
ding makapagsagot.
Participant 5: hindi ko
maintindihan ang isang
bagay. Recognition difficulty
How did you cope up Participant 1: I read 1 exercise reading skill Reading
with the effect of paragraph of words enhancement
having reading every day.
difficulties? Partricipant 2: tinuruan assistance of others
ako ng mga classmates
ko.
Participant 3: sinuruan guidance of relatives
dak jay kabsat ko nga
agbasa inaldaw. Social support
Participant 4: help by friends
pagkakaroon ng mga
mabubuting kaibigan
na handang tumulong
tinutulungan nila ako
kapag nahihirapan ako
na magbasa.
Participant 5: natuto
Self improvement
ako at nagbigay ito ng Personal development
aral sa aking sarili.
Chapter 4
1. The researcher draw information's from the participants that the reason of poor reading
comprehension of Senior High School learners on Paringao National High School are lack of motivation
and low comprehension.
2. The researchers found that the challenges Senior High School learners facing while having difficulty
in reading are Discrimination and low comprehension.
3. The researchers found that the coping mechanism of learners in reading difficulty are reading
enhancement, social support and self improvement.
Findings Conclusion Recommendation
Lack of motivation and low Base on the information of The researcher suggest the
comprehension researchers findings in their following to solve this problems.
study the researchers conclude
1. Schools may implement
that that the poor reading
engaging and relevant reading
comprehension of Senior High
materials that pique the students'
School learners at Paringao
interest and curiosity.
National High School can be
attributed to two main factors 2. School may incorporate
and it is lack of motivation and interactive and enjoyable
low comprehension. These reading activities, such as group
factors are likely to have a discussions, debates, or projects,
significant impact on the to make the learning process
students' ability to understand more exciting.
and interpret written texts
effectively. It is important to 3. Schools may recognize and
address both of these factors in reward students' reading
order to improve the reading achievements to boost their
comprehension skills of the motivation and sense of
learners at Paringao National accomplishment.
High School. Which means this 4. Schools may provide a
two factors can be use to supportive and encouraging
formulate solution to poor
reading comprehension of learning environment that
learners. promotes a positive attitude
towards reading.
5. Schools may offer targeted
interventions and remedial
programs to address students'
specific reading comprehension
difficulties and provide regular
opportunities for independent
reading, allowing students to
practice their comprehension
skills and build their reading
stamina.
6. Learners may communicate
with parents or guardians
regularly to keep them informed
about their child's reading
progress and areas that require
improvement and encourage
parents to foster a reading-
friendly environment at home by
providing access to books,
setting aside dedicated reading
time, and engaging in reading-
related activities with their child.
Discrimination and low Based on the findings of the The researchers suggest the
comprehension researchers study the following solution for these
researcher conclude that Senior factors.
High School learners facing
1. The government may
challenges with reading
promote an inclusive and
difficulties encounter two main
supportive school environment
factors it is discrimination and
that values diversity and treats
low comprehension. Which
all learners with fairness and
means learners are facing unfair
respect and implement anti-
or bias treatment based on their
discrimination policies and
background, abilities and
procedures to address any
personal characteristics. This
instances of bias or unfair
dicrimination could potentially
treatment based on factors such
hinder the reading progress and
as background, abilities, or
overall learning experience of
personal characteristics.
learners and additionally, the
researchers identified low 2. School may implement
comprehension as another key explicit teaching of
challenge faced by these comprehension strategies, such
learners, indicating that learners as predicting, questioning,
struggle to understand and summarizing, and making
interpret written texts effectively connections to enhance
addressing this two factors may understanding and offer ongoing
give crucial support on the formative assessments to
enhancement of reading abilities monitor learners' progress and
of learners. provide timely feedback for
improvement.
3. Schools may establish peer
support programs where
students can collaborate, mentor,
and assist each other in
improving their reading skills
and provide resources and tools
for learners to set personal
reading goals and track their
progress.
Reading enhancement, social Base on the findings of The researchers suggest the
support and self improvement. researchers study the researchers following possible solutions.
conclude that learners facing
1. The government may provide
reading difficulties employ
access to a variety of reading
various coping mechanisms to
materials at different reading
overcome their challenges.
levels and genres to cater to
Learners coping mechanism
diverse interests and abilities
include reading enhancement,
and organize reading clubs or
social support, and self-
book discussion groups to foster
improvement. Learners engage
a sense of community and
in activities or strategies to
encourage learners to share their
enhance their reading skills.
reading experiences and
This may involve using reading
recommendations.
aids, such as dictionaries or
online resources, participating in 2. Parents and guardians may
reading programs or workshops, involve in supporting learners'
or practicing reading reading journey by organizing
comprehension exercises to parent workshops, providing
improve their overall reading resources, and encouraging
abilities. Learners also seek reading activities at home.
support from others, such as
teachers, peers, or family 3. The government may
members, who can provide establish Offer study skills
guidance, encouragement, and workshops or guidance on
assistance. Social support can effective reading strategies,note-
involve receiving extra help, taking techniques, and time
engaging in group discussions, management to empower
or receiving feedback and learners in their self-
constructive criticism to aid improvement journey.
their reading development. And
the last is Learners take personal
initiative and responsibility for
their own reading improvement.
They may set goals, create study
plans, practice regularly,
employ self-reflection strategies
and they try to learn from what
they experienced to identify
areas for improvement and
implement strategies to address
their reading difficulties. This
coping mechanism illustrates
that every student has different
strategies to enhance their
reading abilities and overcome
their reading difficulties and
understanding and promoting
these coping mechanisms can
aid educators and support
systems in providing effective
assistance to learners facing
reading challenges.
Correlations
Lack of motivation
(Dislen 2013) students who are less motivated and have poor academic performance due to boring
lessons and complex tasks without detailed explanation from the lecture makes them feel unable to do the
given task, less confident in learning and deficient in commicating with lectures.
Low comprehension
(Dias [Link] 2015) comprehension is the most important goal of component reading, and many component
involve in reading comprehension are not unique for written language. It involves all elements reading
process and being deficient to it affect all aspects of ones person understanding and academic
performance.
Discrimination
(C. S Brown 2015) Learners who experience discrimination feel the worse about their academic abilities
and are less likely feel they belong at school, when compared against students who doesn’t experience
discrimination. This provoke stress responses that are similarly to post traumatic disorder.
Reading enhancement
( Protacio 2017) reading engagement accounts for students’ motivation to read, participate in social
activities that promote reading, use learning strategies while reading and developing meaning from texts.
Social support
(Bradley, 2016) social involvement play an important role in the development of primary school
students' reading comprehension skills and many study shows that social involvement was related to
students success.
Self improvement
(Moller [Link] 2004) Reading self concept can be understood as people’s mental representations of
themselves, including cognitive-evaluative aspects and beliefs about their own reading-related skills and
reading comprehension in general.
