Crafting a literature review is no simple task.

It demands a meticulous approach, thorough research,

One of the most daunting aspects of writing a literature review is the systematic approach it
demands. Systematic literature reviews involve methodically searching for, critically appraising, and
synthesizing existing literature on a specific topic. This structured process ensures that the review is
comprehensive, unbiased, and reliable.

To embark on a systematic literature review, one must first define the research question or topic of
interest. Next, a systematic search strategy needs to be devised to identify relevant literature across
various databases, journals, and other sources. This entails using specific keywords, filters, and
criteria to streamline the search process and ensure the inclusion of pertinent studies.

Once the literature has been gathered, it must be systematically screened and evaluated to determine
its relevance and quality. This involves assessing each study's methodology, validity, and reliability to
gauge its contribution to the overall review. Only studies that meet predefined criteria are included in
the final analysis.

After selecting the relevant literature, the synthesis phase begins. This entails organizing and
summarizing the findings of the included studies, identifying patterns, contradictions, and gaps in
the existing literature. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic while offering
insights into the current state of knowledge and areas for future research.

Throughout this process, attention to detail, critical thinking, and analytical skills are paramount.
Crafting a literature review that is both rigorous and insightful requires dedication, patience, and
expertise. For those facing challenges in this endeavor, seeking professional assistance can be
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Can you use the first person in a literature review. Another determining factor is the type of research
you are doing. Also note when your sources were published and if any important social, political, or
economic events occurred at roughly the same time. A review may discuss data, opinions, or
practices from a focused geographical region; it may explore one specific technology or system, or
aim to provide comprehensive coverage about a topic. You will often see the terms “the research,”
“the scholarship,” and “the literature” used mostly interchangeably. My proposal was accepted late
last year but I honestly did not know where to start Like the name of your YouTube implies you are
GRAD (great,resource person, about dissertation). Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution for
treating dehydration caused by acute diarrhoea in children. Therefore, read the abstract first to
determine whether the rest of the source is worth your time. If you do a thorough review of the
relevant literature (as you must!), you’re going to read many, many articles, and it’s simply
impossible to remember who said what, when, and in what context. This is usually referred to as a
free-text search. Panel selection and procedures An international panel of authors, editors, clinicians,
statisticians, information specialists, other methodologists, and guideline developers was invited to a
two day workshop at McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, on 26-27 June 2014, organised by
Cochrane. Meta-analysis: A melding of data from multiple studies, usually involving additional
mathematical analyses, with the goal of utilizing this synergy of information and data size to answer
questions that cannot be answered by existing individual studies or to improve the certainty or
impact of known findings by increasing the sample size. Use a citation manager, such as EndNote as
the repository for your citations. We don’t know if it prevents maternal deaths, as this would require
very large studies to detect an effect. Finally, the conclusions of the review should be clearly stated.
The project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement No 825162. An academic essay is written for a scholarly
audience. Scopus also covers 250 million quality web sources, including 13 million patents.
Introduction Approaches that set out to understand systems and processes in a comprehensive way
and can account for a range of impacts, such as life cycle assessment (LCA), are of value in better
informing the factual grounds of decisions in areas like business and policy. References of the
included studies and appraisal tools are shown in online supplemental appendix 2 and 3, respectively.
Try to explain points of similarity or difference by considering the authors’ individual historical
perspectives, source usage, methodology, or structure. To score whether and to what extent a quality
item was described by a tool, we again reviewed all identified tools. This expands on a previous
definition of a systematic review update. 10 An update asks a similar question with regard to the
participants, intervention, comparisons, and outcomes (PICO) and has similar objectives; thus it has
similar inclusion criteria. Systematic Review is the highest point of the evidence pyramid but many
authors are frightened by its complexity. A systematic review is best deployed to test a specific
hypothesis about a healthcare or public health intervention or exposure. Every time you visit an
article page, it provides you links to related papers. How to Integrate Critical Voice into Your
Literature Review (Video) Look at the topic sentences of each paragraph. A good appendix is a
treasure trove of information. While your are working on your analysis, you should ask the following
questions: What are the key terms, concepts and problems addressed by the author. There are so
many issues in contemporary science that you could spend a lifetime of attending conferences and
reading the literature just pondering what to review.
For example, look at the following two passages and note that Student A merely describes the
literature, whereas Student B takes a more analytical and evaluative approach by comparing and
contrasting. Specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review and how. Systematic review
formats utilized in other disciplines Guidelines for performing and reporting the results of systematic
reviews are utilized in areas of research including software engineering ( Staples and Niazi 2007 ),
ecology ( Pullin and Stewart 2006 ), and medicine (e.g., van Tulder et al. 2003; Centre for Reviews
and Dissemination 2009 ). Move them around if you decide that (a) they ?t better under different
headings, or (b) you need to establish new topic headings. Not applicable. Consent for publication
Competing interests. If the review does not answer a current question, the intervention has been
superseded, then a decision can be made not to update and no further intelligence gathering is
required (fig 1 ? ). Theoretical Review This form aims to examine the corpus of theory accumulated
regarding an issue, concept, theory, and phenomenon. For example, US-based, respondents aged 25-
35, lower- income, etc. In addition to the systematic review approach utilized for data
harmonization, other LCA reviews provide a starting point for considering appropriate protocols.
This means drawing connections between sources to create a picture of the scholarly conversation on
a topic over time. Fifth, situate your own research within the current literature in your field. Few
titles will entice a reader to invest additional time, but when they do, they ordinarily start—and quite
often end—with the abstract. Still, since these quality items are related to NRSI quality, and they are
rarely sufficiently described, particular efforts investigating these quality items may be needed in
future tool development. Generally published to share these results with a wide audience for
consideration and implementation. While there are a variety of reviews that have been published in
LCA, there is great variability in methodology and reporting, which makes use of the information
difficult. Of over 50 Cochrane editorial teams, most but not all have some systems for updating,
although this process can be informal and loosely applied. Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
(2012) defines the concept of bias in several ways including, “bent, tendency,” “an inclination of
temperament or outlook especially a personal and sometimes unreasoned judgment,” and “systematic
error introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over
others.” As human beings we naturally have affiliations and views that unconsciously shape our
interpretation of data and the conclusions we draw. The objectives in an abstract should convey
succinctly the broad aims of the systematic review. A literature review tells your readers what others
have researched on your topic and helps to demonstrate why your topic is both original and essential
to the field of research. In Cochrane, the decision making process is decentralised to the Cochrane
Review Group editorial team, with different approaches applied, often informally. Please note:
Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information
supplied by the authors. Tip: Decide on the structure of your literature review before you start
writing. Data abstraction will involve pulling data elements from the individual studies. Not every
study is designed or implemented equally, however, so review authors must also evaluate the
potential for bias in each study to help the reader make sense of the findings. Rule 3: Take Notes
While Reading If you read the papers first, and only afterwards start writing the review, you will
need a very good memory to remember who wrote what, and what your impressions and associations
were while reading each single paper. These inclusion criteria can be modified in the light of
developments within the topic area with new interventions, new standards, and new approaches.
GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations.
When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant
sources. Ultimately, this study proposes a twelve-item LR checklist. It is often written as part of a
thesis, dissertation, or research paper, in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.
IPCC special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. A good starting
point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to
write. Details of the protocol may also describe the tasks for different investigators, redundancy in
tasks to reduce bias and increase accuracy, and planned methods for resolving disagreements about
interpretation of the study data ( Neely et al. 2009 ). A clear outline of the steps undertaken in a
review can provide the transparency needed for replication, as well as appropriate updates when
additional data are generated in future studies. Explain why this has been the case and how these
approaches enhance or limit current understandings of the topic. This explanatory document was
drafted and circulated through several iterations among members of the writing subcommittee who
had all participated in the meeting. Among these, 30 (61%), 6 (12%) and 5 (10%) tools were
designed for addressing methodological quality, reporting and both, respectively, while 7 (14%)
tools did not report intended use of the tools. This expands on a previous definition of a systematic
review update. 10 An update asks a similar question with regard to the participants, intervention,
comparisons, and outcomes (PICO) and has similar objectives; thus it has similar inclusion criteria. In
systematic literature searching, a precision of two-three percent is common. Evaluate and select
literature. 4. Analyze the literature. 5. Plan the structure of your literature review. 6. Write your
literature review. While you probably already have a decent base of this from your research proposal,
you need to expand on this substantially in the dissertation or thesis itself. Assessing the contribution
of papers that have just appeared is particularly challenging, because there is little perspective with
which to gauge their significance and impact on further research and society. By focusing on a single
intervention or a few specific interventions for a particular condition, the investigator can ensure a
manageable results set. In this post, I’ll show you exactly how to write a literature review in three
straightforward steps, so you can conquer this vital chapter (the smart way). Provenance and peer
review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. We also recommend an assessment of bias
both for each study included in the reviewand across the entire review. Oral iron supplements for
children in malaria-endemic areas. Values greater than 75% may indicate that a change in the meta-
analysis method (random vs fixed effects) is needed. UM subscribes to Covidence for UM students,
faculty, and staff. Therefore, the abstract should indicate whether the sponsor of the research or the
researchers might have a conflict of interest in respect of the findings of the systematic review, for
example, as the manufacturer of the intervention being evaluated (examples 11a and 11b). For
example, scholars who published in the 1960s interpreted a historical event differently than those
who published in the early 2000s. For example, the strengths and limitations may be stated at the
end of the Results, under a separate heading, or with the Discussion or Conclusions, depending on
journal requirements. You should have a rough idea of your strategy before you start writing.
Systematic reviews are poor tools for hypothesis generation: for instance, to determine what
interventions have been used to increase the awareness and acceptability of a vaccine or to
investigate the ways that predictive analytics have been used in health care management. Systematic
Reviews: Literature Review Systematic Reviews: Literature Review When performing literature
searches for a systematic review it's important to use a wide range of resources and searching
methods in order to identify all relevant studies. There are established strategies for defining such
answerable search questions. Begin the Literature Research Process There is no getting around the
most challenging part of the literature review process, which is researching the literature. Box 2:
Examples of how different organisations decide on updating systematic reviews Agency for
healthcare research and quality (us). We also found some discrepancies in the tools identified or
recommended. In many cases, the topic (e.g., web services in computational biology) will
automatically define an audience (e.g., computational biologists), but that same topic may also be of
interest to neighbouring fields (e.g., computer science, biology, etc.). Rule 2: Search and Re-search
the Literature After having chosen your topic and audience, start by checking the literature and
downloading relevant papers. When this interval crosses the line of no effect, the effect could be null
or could even run in the opposite direction.
Tools for assessing quality of studies investigating health Objectives We aimed to identify existing
appraisal tools for non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs) and to compare the criteria that
the tools provide at the quality-item level. For you to identify the gap(s) in the literature and then use
this as justification for your own research topic. The PRISMA for Abstracts checklist will guide
authors in presenting an abstract that facilitates a quick assessment of review validity, an explicit
summary of results, facilitates pre-publication or conference selection peer review, and enables
efficient perusal of electronic search results. Potential strengths of the overall body of evidence that
might apply for a particular outcome of a systematic review include: a large effect (example 8a);
demonstration of a dose-response relationship (example 10a, below); and that all biases would be
likely to reduce the effect rather than increase it. For example, if you are reviewing literature about
women and religion, key themes can include the role of women in churches and the religious attitude
towards women. Definition of update The PUGs panel defined an update of a systematic review as
a new edition of a published systematic review with changes that can include new data, new
methods, or new analyses to the previous edition. To address a particular research query, it attempts
to collect all available information on a specific subject. Much of the information used in an
annotated bibliography can be used also in a literature review, so you’ll be not only partially drafting
your lit review as you research, but also developing your sense of the larger conversation going on
among scholars, professionals, and any other stakeholders in your topic. Additionally, as we
categorised quality items based on the order of conducting an NRSI (ie, from study design to results
presentation), we did not provide specific suggestions on how to select tools based on bias
categories. Be sure to meet with a reference librarian if you are unsure how to create an effective
search strategy. Research Questions: Please define the research questions for your study in the first
step. Step 2. Definitions: In general, we use some formal words in our study, therefore it’s a good
idea to provide definitions for these terms to make things clearer. As shown in figure 2 and table 2,
all domains and most items were addressed by existing tools, but for each item, the number of tools
with sufficient descriptions was relatively small. How to Integrate Critical Voice into Your Literature
Review (Video) Look at the topic sentences of each paragraph. Adding a number after adj will
determine how many words you want to “allow” between your two terms. Try to analyze the
patterns, turning points, and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Systematic
reviews usually rate at the top of evidence hierarchy since they analyze and evaluate results from all
available, original research articles that answers a specific research question. Whitaker and colleagues
(2010) conducted a systematic review where the protocol was not only defined ahead of time, but
was published as a reviewed manuscript ( Rowe et al. 2008 ). Standards provide guidance about best
practices for conducting and reporting LCA studies while providing flexibility in how reviews of any
type should be conducted (ISO 2006a, 2006b). Scopus also covers 250 million quality web sources,
including 13 million patents. It will also help them to choose the most appropriate method for their
own study. 4. How to cite a literature review in APA format. Other question design methods that
outline the key components of interest or that perform a limited literature review to better inform a
planned systematic review can also be valuable, especially if the amount of literature available on a
topic or the appropriate scope for a review question is not initially clear ( Booth and Fry-Smith 2003;
Torgerson 2003 ). User testing and stakeholder feedback contributed to the development of
understandable and useful Summary of Findings tables for Cochrane reviews. If a reviewer is up to
the job of producing a well-organized and methodical review, which flows well and provides a
service to the readership, then it should be possible to be objective in reviewing one's own relevant
findings. Besides, in the Study design domain, ENCePP 36 and RECORD 40 sufficiently described
at least 4 of the 11 items, while in the Data quality domain, TREND 34 and Genaidy et al 35
sufficiently described at least 4 of the 10 items. In the Data analysis and Results presentation
domain, STROBE was the only tool that sufficiently described two of the thee items, while 7 and 12
other tools sufficiently described only one item, respectively. Dogan RI, Murray GC, Neveol A, Lu Z
(2009) Understanding PubMed user search behavior through log analysis. Does the study help me
understand the topic better. There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media. Keep
Both New and Old Sources in Mind It’s essential for a literature review to be current, so you’ll want
to explore what’s been said recently, but don’t neglect key older sources. What you include in each
depends on the objective of your literature review. Studies are not created equal, and the weight
parameter lets researchers account for these differences in the analysis. It’s often a good idea to start
with a test search where you use the subject headings and synonyms you’re already familiar with.