EXPERIMENT 1

Aim :
To simulate the output waveform of series RLC circuit

Software Required :
⮚ MATLAB Version R2023A
⮚ SIMULINK
⮚ Components in library of Simulink like resistor, capacitor, inductor, voltage source, voltage
measurement, scope and powergui.

Theory : An RLC circuit is a fundamental electrical circuit consisting of three passive components: a
resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C) connected in series. These components have unique
properties and interactions that are essential for various electronic applications.

Resistor (R): The resistor is an electrical component that offers resistance to the flow of electric
current. Its resistance is measured in ohms (Ω) and dissipates electrical energy in the form of
heat. In an RLC circuit, the resistor is primarily responsible for dissipating energy, resulting in
the damping of oscillations and the gradual decrease of current and voltage amplitudes over
time.

Inductor (L): An inductor is a coil of wire that stores energy in the form of a magnetic field when
current flows through it. It opposes changes in current and has the property of self-inductance. In
an RLC circuit, the inductor stores and releases energy, which can lead to the creation of
oscillations and resonant behavior when combined with the capacitor. The inductor also causes
phase shifts in the circuit's voltage and current.

Capacitor (C): A capacitor stores energy in an electric field between its plates when voltage is
applied across it. It opposes changes in voltage and can release stored energy when the voltage
across it changes. In an RLC circuit, the capacitor stores and releases energy, contributing to the
circuit's oscillatory behavior. The capacitor also causes phase shifts, but they are opposite to
those caused by the inductor.

The interaction between these components results in the RLC circuit's behavior. When excited by an

external voltage source, the circuit can exhibit resonance at a specific frequency where the capacitive and

inductive reactances cancel each other out. At resonance, the impedance of the circuit is minimized,

allowing maximum current flow. The circuit can also exhibit transient behavior, with oscillations and

damping occurring when the source is removed or altered.

RLC circuits find applications in various electronic devices, including radio tuners, filters, and signal

processing circuits. Understanding their properties and behaviors is crucial for designing and analyzing

complex electrical systems and ensuring their optimal performance in practical applications.

Resonant Frequency (f₀): 1. The resonant frequency is the frequency at which the inductive and

capacitive reactances cancel each other out, resulting in a purely resistive circuit.

2. At resonant frequency, the impedance of the circuit (the total opposition to the flow of current) is at

its minimum, and the current is maximized.

Low Frequencies (f < f₀): 1. At low frequencies, the inductive reactance (XL) dominates, and the circuit

behaves primarily as an inductive circuit.

2. Current lags behind the voltage.

High Frequencies (f > f₀): 1. At high frequencies, the capacitive reactance (XC) dominates, and the

circuit behaves primarily as a capacitive circuit. 2. Current leads the voltage. The phase angle ϕ between

the current and voltage depends on the relationship between the inductive and capacitive reactances.

At resonance, ϕ=0 (purely resistive), while at other frequencies, ϕ can be either positive (leading) or

negative (lagging). Overall, a series RLC circuit can exhibit a wide range of behaviours depending on

the frequency of the applied AC voltage. It is a fundamental circuit configuration and is used in various

applications, including filters, tuning circuits, and impedance matching circuits.

 Circuit Diagram:

FIG 1.1

Simulation Model :

Fig 1.2

Observations :
Voltage across
Voltage at

resistor

Time(t) Time(t)

Graph of Vin v/s time Graph of V R v/s time

 Voltage across capacitor (V)
Voltage across inductor
(V)

Time(t) Time(t)

Graph of VL v/s time Graph of V C v/s time

Result :
Thus we find that the voltage through inductor lags from the voltage through resistor and the voltage
through capacitor leads from the voltage through the resistor.

Studying the waveform of an RLC circuit reveals critical insights into its behavior. It helps identify
resonant frequencies, transient responses, and phase shifts. This knowledge enables efficient circuit
design, analysis of signal processing, and resonance exploitation in electronic applications, enhancing
the understanding and utility of RLC circuits in various fields.

Precautions and Sources of Error :

⮚ The software takes time to initialize so wait until the blank model is created; otherwise the
system may hang.
⮚ Make sure to use PowerGUI with measurement blocks.
⮚ A blue component cannot be connected to a black component directly for that you need a
converter as blue is a physical model and black represents mathematical model.