Multiplexers in Digital Logic

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It is a combinational circuit which have many data inputs and single output depending on control
or select inputs. For N input lines, log n (base2) selection lines, or we can say that for 2n input
lines, n selection lines are required. Multiplexers are also known as “Data n selector, parallel to
serial convertor, many to one circuit, universal logic circuit”. Multiplexers are mainly used to
increase amount of the data that can be sent over the network within certain amount of time and
bandwidth.

Now the implementation of 4:1 Multiplexer using truth table and gates.
Multiplexer can act as universal combinational circuit. All the standard logic gates can be
implemented with multiplexers.

a) Implementation of NOT gate using 2 : 1 Mux

NOT Gate :

We can analyze it
Y = x’.1 + x.0 = x’
It is NOT Gate using 2:1 MUX.
The implementation of NOT gate is done using “n” selection lines. It cannot be implemented
using “n-1” selection lines. Only NOT gate cannot be implemented using “n-1” selection lines.

b) Implementation of AND gate using 2 : 1 Mux

AND GATE
This implementation is done using “n-1” selection lines.

c) Implementation of OR gate using 2 : 1 Mux using “n-1” selection lines.

OR GATE

Implementation of NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR gates requires two 2:1 Mux. First multiplexer
will act as NOT gate which will provide complemented input to the second multiplexer.

Implementation of Higher order MUX using lower order MUX

a) 4 : 1 MUX using 2 : 1 MUX

Three(3) 2 : 1 MUX are required to implement 4 : 1 MUX.

Similarly,
While 8 : 1 MUX require seven(7) 2 : 1 MUX, 16 : 1 MUX require fifteen(15) 2 :1 MUX, 64 : 1
MUX requires sixty three(63) 2 : 1 MUX.
Hence, we can draw a conclusion,
2n : 1 MUX requires (2n- 1) 2 : 1 MUX.

b) 16 : 1 MUX using 4 : 1 MUX

In general, to implement B : 1 MUX using A : 1 MUX , one formula is used to implement the
same.
B / A = K1,
K1/ A = K2,
K2/ A = K3

………………

KN-1 / A = KN = 1 (till we obtain 1 count of MUX).

And then add all the numbers of MUXes = K1 + K2 + K3 + …. + KN.
For example : To implement 64 : 1 MUX using 4 : 1 MUX
Using the above formula, we can obtain the same.
64 / 4 = 16
16 / 4 = 4
4 / 4 = 1 (till we obtain 1 count of MUX)
Hence, total number of 4 : 1 MUX are required to implement 64 : 1 MUX = 16 + 4 + 1 = 21.

An example to implement a boolean function if minimal and don’t care terms are given
using MUX.
f ( A, B, C) = Σ ( 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 ) with don’t care (7) using 4 : 1 MUX using as
a) AB as select : Expanding the minterms to its boolean form and will see its 0 or 1 value in Cth
place so that they can be placed in that manner.

b) AC as select : Expanding the minterms to its boolean form and will see its 0 or 1 value in Bth
place so that they can be place in that manner.
c) BC as select : Expanding the minterms to its boolean form and will see its 0 or 1 value in Ath
place so that they can be place in that manner.
Applications of Multiplexer:

Multiplexer are used in various fields where multiple data need to be transmitted using a single
line. Following are some of the applications of multiplexers –

1. Communication system – Communication system is a set of system that enable communication

like transmission system, relay and tributary station, and communication network. The efficiency
of communication system can be increased considerably using multiplexer. Multiplexer allow
the process of transmitting different type of data such as audio, video at the same time using a
single transmission line.
2. Telephone network – In telephone network, multiple audio signals are integrated on a single
line for transmission with the help of multiplexers. In this way, multiple audio signals can be
isolated and eventually, the desire audio signals reach the intended recipients.
3. Computer memory – Multiplexers are used to implement huge amount of memory into the
computer, at the same time reduces the number of copper lines required to connect the
memory to other parts of the computer circuit.
4. Transmission from the computer system of a satellite – Multiplexer can be used for the
transmission of data signals from the computer system of a satellite or spacecraft to the ground
system using the GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites.
The Demultiplexer
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The demultiplexer is a combinational logic circuit designed to switch one common input line to
one of several seperate output line

The data distributor, known more commonly as a Demultiplexer or “Demux” for short, is the
exact opposite of the Multiplexer we saw in the previous tutorial.

The demultiplexer takes one single input data line and then switches it to any one of a number of
individual output lines one at a time. The demultiplexer converts a serial data signal at the input
to a parallel data at its output lines as shown below.

1-to-4 Channel De-multiplexer

Output Select
Data Output
Selected
a b

0 0 A
0 1 B

1 0 C

1 1 D

The Boolean expression for this 1-to-4 Demultiplexer above with outputs A to D and data select
lines a, b is given as:

F = abA + abB + abC + abD

The function of the Demultiplexer is to switch one common data input line to any one of the 4
output data lines A to D in our example above. As with the multiplexer the individual solid state
switches are selected by the binary input address code on the output select pins “a” and “b” as
shown.

Demultiplexer Output Line Selection

As with the previous multiplexer circuit, adding more address line inputs it is possible to switch
more outputs giving a 1-to-2n data line outputs.

Some standard demultiplexer IC´s also have an additional “enable output” pin which disables or
prevents the input from being passed to the selected output. Also some have latches built into
their outputs to maintain the output logic level after the address inputs have been changed.

However, in standard decoder type circuits the address input will determine which single data
output will have the same value as the data input with all other data outputs having the value of
logic “0”.

The implementation of the Boolean expression above using individual logic gates would require
the use of six individual gates consisting of AND and NOT gates as shown.
4 Channel Demultiplexer using Logic Gates

The symbol used in logic diagrams to identify a demultiplexer is as follows.

The Demultiplexer Symbol

Again, as with the previous multiplexer example, we can also use the demultiplexer to digitally
control the gain of an operational amplifier as shown.

Types of Demultiplexers
1 to 4 Demultiplexer

The 1 to 4 demultiplexer consists of one input, four outputs, and two control lines to make
selections The below diagram shows the circuit of 1 to 4 demultiplexer.

1 to 4 Demultiplexer

The input bit is Data D with two select lines A and B. The input bit D is transmitted to four
output bits Y0, Y1, Y2, and Y4.

When AB is 01 The upper second AND gate is enabled while the other AND gate is disabled.
Thus, only one data is transmitted at Y1. If D is low, then Y1 is low and if D is high, Y1 is high.
The value of Y1 depends on the value of D.

If the control input changes to AB=10 all the gates are disabled except the third AND gate from
the top. Then D is transmitted to output Y2.

Truth Table

The below is the truth table for the 1 to 4demultiplexer.

 1 to 4 Demux Truth Table

1 to 8 Demultiplexer

A 1 to 8 demultiplexer consists of one input line, 8 output lines and 3 select lines. Let the input
be D, S1 and S2 are two select lines and eight outputs from Y0 to Y7. It is also called as 3 to 8
demux because of the 3 selection lines. Below is the block diagram of 1 to 8 demux.

1 to 8 Demux Block Diagram

Truth Table

The below is the truth table for 1 to 8 demultiplexer. It tells the functionality of the demux, like,
if S1S2S0=000, then the output is seen at Y0 and so on.
1 to 8 Demux Truth Table

Using the above truth table the logic diagram of the demultiplexer is implemented using eight
AND and three NOT gates. The different combinations of the select lines select one AND gate at
given time, such that data input will be seen at a particular output.
 1 to 8 Demux Circuit Diagram

A 1 to 8 demultiplexer can be implemented using two 1 to 4 demultiplexers. Implementation of

large output demultiplexers becomes complex, so smaller demux is used to implement large
demultiplexers.
 1 to 8 Demux using Two 1 to 4
DEMUXs

1 to 16 Demultiplexer

1 to 16 demultiplexer has one input data, four select lines A, B, C and D and 16 output lines Y0
to Y15. This is implemented using AND and NOT gate. 1 to 16 demultiplexer is implemented
using the logic circuit below.

1 to 16 Demux

This can be implemented using 1 to 8 demultiplexer, 1 to 4 demultiplexer and 1 to 2

demultiplexer.

Truth Table

The below truth table shows the operation of 1 to 16 demultiplexer.

 1 to
16 Demux Truth Table

Applications of Demux

 A demultiplexer is used to connect a single source to multiple destinations. Demultiplexers are

mainly used in the field of the communication system.
 DEMUX-
Applications

 Demultiplexers are used for the reconstruction of parallel data and ALU circuits.
 The demultiplexer receives the output signals of the multiplexer and converts back to the
original form of the data at the receiving end. MUX and DEMUX work together to carry out the
process of communication.
 Demultiplexer helps to store the output of the ALU in multiple registers and storage units in an
ALU circuit. The output of the data the ALU is fed as data input to the DEMUX. Each output of
the DEMUX is connected to the multiple registers which can be stored in the register.
 A serial to parallel converter is used for reconstructing the parallel data from the incoming serial
data stream. In this technique, serial data from the incoming serial data stream is given as the
input to the DEMUX at regular intervals. A counter is attached to the control input of the demux.
This counter directs the data signal output of the demux where these data signals are stored.
When all data signals have been stored. The output of the demux can be retrieved and read out
in parallel.

Therefore, this is the basic information about types of Demultiplexers. I hope you might have got
some fundamental concepts about this topic. Furthermore, any doubts regarding this article or
electronics projects, You can write your views about this topic in the comment section below.
Difference between Decoder and
Demultiplexer
Decoder:
This Decoder is a combinational logic circuit and its purpose is to decode the data given to it. It
is made of n number of input lines and 2*n number of output lines. For every probable input
condition, there are various output signals and depending on the input only one output signal will
produce the logic. So, this n-to-2n decoder is also called as min-term generator where each
output outcomes only at particular input.

Demultiplexer:
This Demultiplexer is kind of same to the decoder, but it contains select lines as well. It is used
to send the single input over the multiple output lines. It accepts data from one input signal and
transferred it over the provided number of output lines. It contains data input line, select lines
and output lines.

Difference between Decoder and Demultiplexer:

S.No. Comparison Decoder Demultiplexer

These are Logic circuit which
It is a Combination circuit which
decodes an encrypted input
1. Basic routes a single input signal to
stream from one to another
one of several output signals.
format.
n number of input lines and 2n n number of select lines and 2n
2. Input/Output
number of output lines. number of output lines.
3. Inverse of Encoder. Multiplexer.
In Detection of bits, data In Distribution of the data,
4. Application
encoding. switching.
It is used for changing the It is used as a routing device to
5. Use format of the instruction in the route the data coming from one
machine specific language. signal into multiple signals.
6. Select Lines Not contains. Contains.
Employed in data-intensive
Majorly implemented in the
7. Implementation applications where data need to
networking application.
be changed into another form.