MAT438 FOUNDATION OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS OCT2023-FEB2024

CHAPTER 1: TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

A function that is not algebraic (cannot expressed in terms of algebra) is called

transcendental function.

The transcendental functions are:

1. Trigonometric functions
2. Inverse trigonometric functions
3. Logarithmic functions
4. Exponential functions

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Trigonometric Functions: Sine, Cosine, Tangent

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Exercise:

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Special Trigonometric Ratio

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Definitions of Trigonometric Functions For a Unit Circle

An ordered pair along the unit circle (x, y) can also be known as (cos 𝜃, sin 𝜃), since the r
value on the unit circle is always 1. So to find the trig function values for 45° you can look on
√2 √2
the unit circle and easily see that sin 45°= 2 , cos 45° = 2
. With that information we can
√2 2√2
easily find the values of the reciprocal functions csc45°= = = √2 ,sec45°=√2 . We can
22
also find the tangent and cotangent function values using the quotient identities:

Example

1.

2.

3.

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Trigonometric Identities

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Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

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Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Arcsine, Arccosine, Arctangent

Recall Inverse Function:

Let’s recall that when trying to find the inverse of a function , we change this into

Then we make x and y swap place i.e.

Essentially, inverse functions undo anything operating on x in the original function.

In order to use inverse trigonometric functions, we need to understand that an inverse

trigonometric function “undoes” what the original trigonometric function “does,” as is the case
with any other function and its inverse.

Now, let’s try . If we swap the variables, as in . How do we solve for y? The
only way to do this is to take the inverse sine of both sides:

SERIOUS NOTE:

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Inverse sine can also be represented by

NOTE:
In order a function to have an inverse function, it must
pass the horizontal line test because when we find the
inverse, we are reflecting the function across the line
. Whatever we get must pass the vertical line test
to be considered as a function .

The graph of y = sin x does not pass the horizontal line test, so it has no inverse.

The graph of the inverse of cosine x is found by reflecting the chosen portion of the graph
of arcsin x through the line y=x

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Check this out: https://www.intmath.com/analytic-trigonometry/inverse-trigonometric-

functions-animation.php

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In other words, the domain of the inverse function is the range of the original function, and
vice versa, as summarized in figure below:

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Example:

Using the same circle

We can evaluate inverse

trigonometric functions using
calculators.

Steps using calculator:

1. Set to radian mode
2. Look for sin-1 or
arcsin

Example:
List the following values in degrees:

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Example:
Find the values of the following function using right triangle method

Example:
Simplify the following expressions:

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Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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PAST YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Without using calculator, evaluate

2. Use a right triangle method to simplify .

3. Use triangular method to evaluate .

4. Express in terms of .

5. Express in terms of .

6. Express in terms of .

7. Express in terms of .

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EXERCISES

1. Find the principal value of , for

2. Evaluate

3. Find the value of

4. Find the value of

5. Evaluate

6. Evaluate

7. Evaluate

8. Solve

9. Solve the trigonometric equation

10. Solve the trigonometric equation

Answer
1.

2.

3.

4.

5. -4
6.

7.

8.

9.

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10.

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