CSLASICLA PODERI
DMIDEL AEGS
DINTURSILA
EROVUOTINL
Historical trajectory of
Globalization
• Classical Antiquity
• Middle ages
• Industrial Revolution
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Explain the historical trajectory that led to the
increase of world interactions from the
classical antiquity to the 21st Century.
• Determine the most viable “origin” of the of
the highly globalized that we know today.
History of Early Humans
Classical Antiquity
• Classical antiquity is a broad term for a long period of cultural
history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the
interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome,
collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.
• It is the period in which Greek and Roman society flourished
and wielded great influence throughout Europe, North Africa
and the Middle East.
Classical Antiquity
• The classical antiquity is characterized by
the emergence of powerful empires with
very large territories.
• Like the Greek city-states, Roman Empire,
Han Dynasty of China and
Persian/Parthian Empire.
• These empires had a centralized
government and necessary institutions for
governance.
❖Empires like the Arab Empire, Persian Empire, Parthian
Empire, Indian Empire, Chinese empire and Roman
Empire exhibited extensive trade routes both inland and the
sea which paved way for easy exchanged of goods, services
and cultures among people in Africa, Europe and Asia. This
trade route is better known as the SILK ROAD.
MIDDLE AGES
• Europe after the fall of
Western Rome
• The Middle Ages, the medieval period of European history between the
fall of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of the Renaissance,
are sometimes referred to as the "Dark Ages”.
• The Eastern Roman Empire remained strong until the 13th Century
Accordingly, they dismissed the period after the fall of Rome as a “Middle”
or even “Dark” age in which no scientific accomplishments had been made,
no great art produced, no great leaders born.
• But this was not the case.
Middle Ages
• Many modern institutions (ex. Universities and
parliaments) originated from the Middle Ages.
• The first Universities (Bologna, Oxford, Paris) originated in the
Middle Ages.
• Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, and Doctor of Philosophy
Degrees were invented by medieval universities
• Medieval Monarchs began to call assemblies of nobles, clergy,
knights, and townspeople (Estates of the Realm) for policy
consultation (mainly taxation)
• Ex. English Parliament, French Estates-General, Leonese Cortes
The Middle Ages: Art and Architecture
• Romanesque cathedrals are solid and substantial: They have
rounded masonry arches and barrel vaults supporting the
roof, thick stone walls and few windows.
• Gothic structures have huge stained-glass windows, pointed
vaults and arches (a technology developed in the Islamic world),
and spires and flying buttresses.
"Black Death"
• Between 1347 and 1350, a mysterious
disease known as the "Black Death" (the
bubonic plague) killed some 20 million
people in Europe—30 percent of the
continent’s population. It was especially
deadly in cities, where it was impossible
to prevent the transmission of the
disease from one person to another.
• Scientists know the plague was
caused by a bacillus called Yersina
pestis, which travels through the air
and can also be contracted through
the bite of an infected flea or rat,
both of which were common in
the Middle Ages, especially on
ships.
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages
• After the fall of Rome, no single state or
government united the people who lived on the
European continent.
• Instead, the Catholic Church became the most
powerful institution of the medieval period.
• Ordinary people across Europe had to “tithe” 10
percent of their earnings each year to the
Church; at the same time, the Church was mostly
exempt from taxation. These policies helped it to
amass a great deal of money and power.
The Middle Ages:
The Rise of Islam
• After the prophet Muhammad’s
death in 632 CE, Muslim armies
conquered large parts of the
Middle East, uniting them under
the rule of a single caliph. At its
height, the medieval Islamic world
was more than three times bigger
than all of Christendom.
The Crusades
Around 1118, a French knight named
Hugues de Payens created a military
order along with eight relatives and
acquaintances that became the Knights
Templar, and they won the eventual
support of the pope and a reputation
for being fearsome fighters.
• Toward the end of the 11th century, the Catholic Church began
to authorize military expeditions, or Crusades, to expel Muslim
“infidels” from the Holy Land.
• The Crusades began in 1095, when Pope Urban summoned a
Christian army to fight its way to Jerusalem, and continued on and
off until the end of the 15th century.
FEUDALISM
❖In a feudal society, the king granted large pieces of
land called fiefs to noblemen and bishops.
❖Landless peasants known as serfs did most of the
work on the fiefs: They planted and harvested crops
and gave most of the produce to the landowner.
❖In exchange for their labor, they were allowed to live
on the land. They were also promised protection in
case of enemy invasion.
FEUDAL PYRAMID
• NOTE: Lords could be Kings of other
realms
Examples:
The Count of Champagne, a French
vassal, inherited the Kingdom of Navarre
from his uncle
• The Duke of Normandy conquered
England and became its King
•
NOTE: Lords could be vassals of multiple
Kings through inheriting multiple fiefs
• Example: The Duke of Burgundy was a
French vassal lord, but as Count of
Holland, he was a vassal of the Holy
Roman Emperor
Renaissance
The Renaissance was
a fervent period of
European cultural,
artistic, political and • Generally described as taking place from the
economic “rebirth” 14th century to the 17th century, the
following the Middle Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of
Ages. classical philosophy, literature and art.
Renaissance Geniuses
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519): Italian painter,
architect, inventor, and “Renaissance man”
responsible for painting “The Mona Lisa” and
“The Last Supper.
Renaissance Geniuses
• Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536):
Scholar from Holland who defined
the humanist movement in Northern
Europe.
➢Translator of the New Testament
into Greek.
Renaissance Geniuses
• Rene Descartes (1596–
1650): French philosopher
and mathematician
➢The father of modern
philosophy.
➢Famous for stating,
“I think; therefore I am.”
• Donatello (1386–1466): Italian sculptor
celebrated for lifelike sculptures like
“David,” commissioned by the Medici
family.
• Sandro Botticelli (1445–1510): Italian
painter of “Birth of Venus.”
• Raphael (1483–1520): Italian painter who
learned from da Vinci and Michelangelo.
Best known for his paintings of the
Madonna and “The School of Athens.”
• Michelangelo (1483–1520): Italian sculptor,
painter, and architect who carved “David”
and painted The Sistine Chapel in Rome.
Age of Exploration
AGE OF EXPLORATION
• The era known as the Age of
Exploration, sometimes called the Age of
Discovery, officially began in the early
15th century and lasted through the 17th
century.
• The period is characterized as a time
when Europeans began exploring the
world by sea in search of new trading
routes, wealth, and knowledge.
The Birth of the Age of Exploration
• Many nations were looking for goods such as silver and gold, but
one of the biggest reasons for exploration was the desire to find a
new route for the spice and silk trades.
Impact Age of Exploration
• Explorers learned more about areas such as Africa and the
Americas and brought that knowledge back to Europe.
• Massive wealth accrued to European colonizers due to trade
in goods, spices, and precious metals.
• Methods of navigation and mapping improved, switching
from traditional portolan charts to the world's first nautical
maps.
• New food, plants, and animals were exchanged between the
colonies and Europe.
• Indigenous people were decimated by Europeans, from a
combined impact of disease, overwork, and massacres.
• The work force needed to support the massive plantations in the
New World, led to a 300 year slave trade that had an enormous
impact on Africa.
• The impact persists to this day, with many of the world's
former colonies still considered the "developing" world, while
colonizers are the First World countries, holding a majority of the
world's wealth and annual income.
Impact Age of Exploration
The Discovery of the New World
• Christopher Columbus, an Italian
working for the Spanish monarchy,
made his first journey in 1492.
• Columbus found the island of San
Salvador in what is known today as the
Bahamas.
• He also explored the island of
Hispaniola, home of modern-day Haiti
and the Dominican Republic.
Opening the Americas
• John Cabot, an Italian explorer working for the English, reached what is believed to be
the coast of Newfoundland.
• Giovanni da Verrazano, who discovered the entrance to the Hudson River in 1524.
• Henry Hudson, who mapped the island of Manhattan first in 1609.
The End of the Era
• The Age of Exploration ended in the early 17th
century after technological advancements and
increased knowledge of the world allowed
Europeans to travel easily across the globe by sea.
REFORMATION
• In the 16th century, Martin Luther, a
German monk, led the Protestant
Reformation – a revolutionary movement
that caused a split in the Catholic church.
• Counter-Reformation: The Catholic
Church reforms abuses that led to the
Reformation
• Refers to historical changes in thought &
belief, to changes in social & institutional
organization, that unfolded in Europe
between roughly 1550-1700;
• Beginning with Nicholas Copernicus
(1473-1543), who asserted a heliocentric
(sun-centered) cosmos, it ended with
Isaac Newton (1642-1727), who
proposed universal laws and a
Scientific Mechanical Universe.
Revolution
• Galieo (1564-1642)
• Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) Mathematician and astronomer
• Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) - “Leviathan.”
• Dante (1265–1321) - “The Divine Comedy.”
• Niccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527) - “The Prince” and “The
Discourses on Livy.”
• William Shakespeare (1564–1616) England’s “national poet” and the
most famous playwright of all time, celebrated for his sonnets and
plays like “Romeo and Juliet.”
Age of Reasoning/Age of Enlightenment
More and more
intellectuals and
scholar rejects ideas
which is prevalent
during those times
including the Divine
Right of Kings and
Queens
• Age of Reasoning/Age of
Enlightenment – after Renaissance, there
is intellectual awakening. The focus now
completely shifts from faith to reason.
Industrial Revolution
• A period that refers to the
shift from hand-made or
small-scale production to
mass production made
possible by new innovations.
Industrial Revolution
• The invention of steam engine by James Watt is
considered to be one of the major catalysts of
the industrial revolution.
• Steam engine is the energy behind
advanced inventions in textiles (power
loom, spinning mule) and transport
(steam powered locomotives and ships)
and was one of the primary causes for
the transition from human power to
machine power.
Telegraph
(Samuel Morse) Sewing Machine Telephone Incandescent light bulb
(Elias Howe) (Alexander Graham Bell) (Thomas Edison)
Imperialism
• Imperialism is the conquest of one
set of people by another.
Two waves of imperialism Nester
(2010)
• Age of Sail or also known as the Age
of Discovery/Encounter (1450-
1850)
• Age of Steam (1850-1950)
REFERENCES
• [Link] › definition › Classical+antiquity
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
Enabling Activity 1
• Make an INFOGRAPHIC about a time/an era when you think globalization may
have begun.
• STANDARDS
• Content – 10 points
• information/photos are easy to understand and related to the era chosen
• Organization – 10 points
• Information is organized and interesting
• SUBMISSION: December 12, 2023
