INTRODUCTION TO

COMPOSITIONAL SIMULATION

SIG4042 Reservoir Simulation

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Introduction

Definitions

Flow Equations
Contents
Functional Introduction
Dependencies

Black Oil Model as a

Pseudo-
Compositional
Definitions
Model

Questions
Flow Equations
Nomenclature

Functional Dependencies

Black Oil Model as a Pseudo-

Compositional Model

Questions

Handouts
(pdf file)

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 Introduction
Introduction
So far, we have only considered so-called Black Oil models. These models assume
Definitions that the hydrocarbons may be described as two components, oil and gas, and
that hydrocarbon fluid composition remain constant during the simulation. All
Flow Equations
fluid properties are assumed to be determined by oil pressure and bubble point
Functional
pressure only. All mass transfer between the two components is normally
Dependencies described by the solution gas-oil ratio term, Rso (although a oil-in-gas term to
handle condensate may easily be included in the Black Oil formulation).
Black Oil Model as a
Pseudo- Continue
Compositional
Model In reservoirs containing light oil, the hydrocarbon composition as well as pressures
affect fluid properties. Equilibrium flash calculations using K values or and
Questions
equation of state (EOS) must be used to determine hydrocarbon phase
Nomenclature
compositions. Compositional simulation is beyond the scope of this course,
however, we will in the following give a short introduction to the subject.
Continue

In a compositional model, we in principle make mass balances for each

hydrocarbon component, such as methane, ethane, propane, etc. In practice,
we limit the number of components included, and group components into
pseudo-components.

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 Definitions
Introduction
We still have oil and gas as flowing hydrocarbon phases. In the following we will
Definitions for simplicity exclude water, which would have a form identical to its form in
the Black Oil model.
Flow Equations

Functional We define:
Dependencies

Black Oil Model as a Ckg = mass fraction of component k

present in the gas phase
Pseudo-
Compositional
Model

Questions

Nomenclature Cko = mass fraction of component k

present in the oil phase
Continue

Thus, we have the conditions that for a system of Nc components:

Nc Nc

C kg 1 C
k 1
ko 1
k 1

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 Flow Equations
Introduction Then, a mass balance of component k may be written
(in one dimension, for simplicity):
Definitions

Flow Equations


x t

Ckg  g ug  Cko ouo     Ckg  g S g  Cko o So  
Functional
Dependencies
Continue
Black Oil Model as a Darcy's equations for each flowing phase are identical to the Black Oil equations:
Pseudo-
Compositional
Model
kkro Po kkrg Pg
uo   ug  
Questions
 o x  g x
Nomenclature

Where: Pcog  Pg  Po
Pcow  Po  Pw
So  Sg  1
Continue
Thus, we may write flow equations for Nc components as:

  kkrg Pg kk P  
x 
Ckg  g
 g x  o x  t

 Cko  o ro o    Ckg  g S g  Cko  o So  
k  1,..., N c
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 Functional Dependencies
Introduction
The properties of oil and gas phases depend on pressures and composition,
Definitions so that the functional dependencies may be written:

Flow Equations
 g ( Pg , C1g , C2 g ,...)
o ( Po , C1o , C2o ,...)
Functional
Dependencies

Black Oil Model as a

Pseudo-
 g ( Pg , C1g , C2 g ,...)
o ( Po , C1o , C2o ,...)
Compositional
Model

Continue
Questions

The equilibrium K-values may be used to determine component ratios:

Nomenclature

Cig
 Kigo (T , P,Cig , Cio )
Cio
Continue

The number of equations that must be solved in compositional simulation depends on

the number of components modeled. Often, we model the lighter components
individually, and group heavier components into a pseudo-component. If non-
hydrocarbons are involved, these may have to also be modeled separately.

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 Black Oil Model as a Pseudo-Compositional Model
Introduction The Black Oil model may be considered to be a pseudo-compositional model with
two components. Again neglecting water, if we define our components as:
Definitions

Flow Equations component 1 is gas

Functional
Dependencies component 2 is oil
Continue
Black Oil Model as a
Pseudo- Then:
Compositional C1 g  1 C2 g  0
Model

Questions  gS Rso  oS
C1o  C2o 
Nomenclature o Bo  o Bo Continue

Substitution of these mass fractions into the compositional flow equation yields:

  kkrg Pg kkro Rso Po     S g S o Rso 

    
x  Bg  g x Bo  o x  t   Bg Bg 

  kkro Po    So 

    
x  Bo  o x  t  Bo 

which are identical to the Black Oil model equations.

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 Questions
Introduction
1) What are the principal differences between a Black Oil model
Definitions
and a compositional model?
Next
Flow Equations 2) Under what conditions do we need to use a compositional model?
Functional 3) What are the components and the phases used in Black Oil modeling?
Dependencies
4) What are the components and the phases used in compositional
Black Oil Model as a
Pseudo- modeling?
Compositional
Model 5) Write the continuity equations required for compositional modeling.
Questions 6) A Black Oil fluid description may be regarded as a subset of

Nomenclature
a compositional fluid description. Define the pseudo-components
required in order to reduce the compositional quations to Black Oil
equations.

All questions are taken from former exams in Reservoir Simulation

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 Nomenclature
Introduction
B - formation volume factor
 - porosity
Definitions Ckg - mass fraction of component k
 - viscosity, Pa·s
Flow Equations present in the gas phase
 - density, kg/m3
Functional Cko - mass fraction of component k
Dependencies
present in the oil phase
Black Oil Model as a
Subscripts:
Pseudo-
EOS - equation of state
Compositional g - gas
Model K - absolute permeability, m2
o - oil
Questions k - permeability, m2
w - water
Nomenclature
kr - relative permeability,
Nc - number of components
P - pressure, Pa
Pc - capillary pressure, Pa
Rso - solution gas-oil ratio
S - saturation
t - time, s
u - Darcy velocity, m/s
x - spatial coordinate Back to presentation

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 General information
Introduction

Definitions Title: Introduction to Compositional Simulation

Teacher(s): Jon Kleppe
Flow Equations
Assistant(s): Szczepan Polak
Functional
Dependencies
Abstract: Black Oil model assumes that the hydrocarbons may be described
as two components, oil and gas, and that hydrocarbon fluid
Black Oil Model as a
composition remain constant during the simulation. In reservoirs
Pseudo- containing light oil, the hydrocarbon composition as well as
Compositional pressures affect fluid properties. In a compositional model, we
Model make mass balances for each hydrocarbon component.

Questions
Keywords: Black Oil model, compositional model, mass fraction, component
Topic discipline: Reservoir Engineering -> Reservoir Simulation
Nomenclature
Level: 4
Prerequisites: Good knowledge of reservoir engineering
Learning goals: Learn basic principles of Reservoir Simulation
Size in megabytes: 0.6
Software requirements: -
Estimated time to complete: 15 minutes
Copyright information: The author has copyright to the module

About the author

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 FAQ
Introduction

Definitions

Flow Equations

Functional
Dependencies

Black Oil Model as a

Pseudo-
Compositional
Model

Questions

Nomenclature

Info FAQ References Summary

 References
Introduction

Definitions
Aziz, K. and Settari, A.: Petroleum Reservoir Simulation, Applied Science
Flow Equations Publishers LTD, London (1979)

Functional
Dependencies Mattax, C.C. and Kyte, R.L.: Reservoir Simulation, Monograph Series, SPE,
Richardson, TX (1990)
Black Oil Model as a
Pseudo-
Compositional Skjæveland, S.M. and Kleppe J.: Recent Advances in Improved Oil Recovery
Model Methods for North Sea Sandstone Reservoirs, SPOR Monograph, Norvegian
Petroleum Directoriate, Stavanger 1992
Questions

Nomenclature

Info FAQ References Summary

 Summary
Introduction

Definitions

Flow Equations

Functional
Dependencies

Black Oil Model as a

Pseudo-
Compositional
Model

Questions

Nomenclature

Info FAQ References Summary

 About the Author
Introduction
Name
Definitions
 Jon Kleppe
Flow Equations Position

Functional  Professor at Department of

Dependencies Petroleum Engineering and
Applied Geophysics at NTNU
Black Oil Model as a
Pseudo-
Compositional
Model
 Address:
Questions  NTNU
 S.P. Andersensvei 15A
Nomenclature
 7491 Trondheim

 E-mail:
 [email protected]

 Phone:
 +47 73 59 49 33

 Web:
 http://iptibm3.ipt.ntnu.no/~kleppe/

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