A phonologie, Phonological pro, ule is a fis formal way of expr ESN OF dh 1 or morpho. ie ph aye. Phen Hronic sound chan eal rule A in Renerative ph Lae uations the human brain pertorae wh Reuage. They may use phe aoe (1995) detine: representatioy commonly Hoy as a not {-related operation 1, spoken HOF ee or both, John Gold of sounds nderlying, level and the sur id izations" about the different ways a sound nments, That is to say, phonological rules describe al sound, fe notation oF distinctive feature: ' * Phonological rutes as mappi In this case, the Bruce Hayes (2000) describe can be pronour how s between two different lev wwe level they bisa B0es from the abstract representation stored in their brain to the b ical rules start with the underlying Fepresentation of a sound (the phoneme t final surtace form, or what the speaker actually pronounces, When an underlying form has multiple surface forms, this is often referred to as allophone. For example, the English Plural -s may be pronounced as (s] (in "eats"), [2] (in “eabs"), oF as [iz] (in "buses", these forms are all theorized to be stored mentally as the same -s, but the surface pronunciations are derived through a phonological rule. 2 - The Idea behind Phonological Rules Generative phonologists, who have worked extensively the basic assumption that every speaker has a mental lexicon full of abstract entries of Phonological forms in his or her head. These abstract stored entries are underlying representations and serve as input for the phonological rules. These underlying forms then undergo a derivational process which is defined by the phonological rule. The output of this process is the phonological representation. culate when they speak. In general, phonole is stored in the speaker's mind) and yield the phonological rules, work on Phonetic representation Underlying representation -—--- Phonological rules — Also, phonological rules are used with lexical phonology in the sense that it is a theory in which morphological and phonological rules are brought together within a single framework. : 117), the following phonetic realizations are to account for the According to Katamba (198 formulation of such rules as: a- Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginning of a stressed syllable. b- - Consonants are labialized (rounded) before rounded vowels. c- - Velar consonants are fronted (palatalized) before high front vowels These rules provide an explicit means of capturing the general principles of various phonological processes: 1) assimilation, 2) dissimilation, 3) deletion, 4) insertion, and 5) metathesis.Ie Assimilation: Hyman (1952: 22 segment in a chain of » 7 exment vetghbort ation is a process whereh to it. From the point of distir ee inctiveness, assinilat Assimilation }On patterns manifest thre Seer manifest three sub- types 1c. free Variation or contextual assimilation, The change affects ® cere taf that segment. For example, /rn/ mn tsuenpit and dered {m] (Labiodental nasal) instead of bilabial {rm}, Sunslarhy. fant ® is often rendered as {1m} Also, /V/ is devoiced after /{/ and /A/ in flight and clean and lips are rounded) in (he due to the occurrence of articulation of /p/, /k/, and /1/ in pool, cool, loom, respectively rounded vowel /u: / immediately after these consonant segments b+ Phonemic assimilation is often referred to as “neutralisati more systematized, ic., not subject to free variation. It also results 9 Y oof two phonemes. For example: /n/ and /n/ are neutralized in think (0K ave to / haft tu’, /2! and /s! in newspaper /nju:speipa/, and so on. Dives states that some assimilation such as in newspaper are obligatory * boundaries, however, they are optional, and tend to be more frequent 1p the ed the speaking style and tend to be more frequent in the informal and relaxed formal and relax the speaking style Morphological or moi morpheme. It usually morphophonemic rule. For examp singular, possessive, contracted for voiceless consonants: stops, roots, Philip's, it's. - 2 ‘Tom's, he's. /- iz/ after sibilant consonants: reaches, assimilation can be progressive OF regressive milation is regressive and when the chan: one which affects 2 whole ant (allomorph) according 10 f- s suffix (plural, 3rd person after phophonemic assimilation is decides the morpheme vari le: The distribution o! rms are and has) show three allomorphs: - s after voiced segments: goes. boys. bridges, James's, George's ‘When the ge involves From the point of distribution or change, change involves the preceding sound, the ass a following sound it is progressive. he progressive assimilation rul a voiced consonant except 2.~ The following are examples of tl plural becomes /-2/ when preceded b - The /-s/ morpheme of the eded by a voiceless consonant except 'U. /-d! becomes /-t/ when prec 's follows: uence of a bilabial consonan| Regressive can be shown a! t that follows. (ten. minutes) - /n/ becomes /m/ under the infl - /A/ becomes /t/ when followed by a voiceless, (used to).or /V. five pence, have to ft becomes /1y/ when followed by /k/ or /y/ ~/s/ becomes / {/ when followed by / / 2. - Dissimilation Dissimilation refers to the process by which one senund bhecemnes differant Sound. For example, the word “pilgrim” derives ultirmately fron the Latin perear Fesults from dissimilation of the first r under the influence of the sexeomd 7 A wpernal dissimilation is haplology, in which the second of the two identical or sirrilae vyllakies = teuppet Examples include the standard moder British pronunciations of with two syllables rather than three and the common pronunciation of “libry.” Both assimilation and dissimilation are commonly subsumed under the articulation.” ” 3- Deletion An elision or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such 2s 2 vow?! whole syllable) in a word or phrase. The word elision is frequently used in lings descrsn of living languages, and deletion is often used in historical linguistics for 2 bi For example, most Americans English speakers do not pronounce the ( process by which a sound present in the phonemic form is removed from the phooes certain environments. 4. Insertion Insertion is when an extra sound is added between two others. It occurs, fo English plural rule: when the plural morpheme z is added to “bus.” “bs unpronounceable, so a short vowel (the schwa, [2]) is inserted between [s] and the [ are two types of insertion: prosthesis and epenthesis, the former refers to the insermo © segment at the beginning while the latter refers to the insertion inside a word. Snoopy + /e/ — /esnupi/ (prothesis) glass + plural /s/ + /gleesaz/ (epenthesis) > [+stop] /[+nasal] _ [+fricative] 9 > [a]/{s]_ [2]There is iS a special kind another conse a ; r consonant. This occurs i s Which involves inserting a schwa between a liquid and Bian occurs in nonstandard English between [0 and eo words Arthritis [ao@oraltls] Athlete [a@alit] 5- Metathesis within a word of letters, Metathesis i 5 's is an aspect of the English language. It is the transposition sh Words: History and sounds oF oo th Minkova and R. Stockwell comment in "Englis om oat ‘Although metathesis occurs commonly in many languages, the ¢ for it can be identified only in very general terms: Certain sound combinations, ofien involving [r), are more susceptible to metathesis than others.” The word " comes from the Greek word meaning to transpose. It's also known as @ "metathesi: permutation. --- asterisk integral / and /s/ as in apse aspe Lass (1984: 188) states that in old English there are interchanges of / aspen, COsp Cops.