E3S Web of Conferences 97, 01032 (2019) https://doi.org/10.
1051/e3sconf/20199701032
FORM-2019
Big data technology in construction
Nikolay Garyaev* and Venera Garyaeva
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Yaroslavskoe shosse, 26, Moscow, 129337, Russia
Abstract. The article presents the results of the analysis of the use of
large amounts of data in the construction industry, new trends such as
BIM, IOT, cloud computing, intelligent buildings and smart cities with
great prospects for application. These problems are related to the presence
of huge amounts of data produced by the construction industry during the
entire life cycle of a building, which are not fully used for optimizing
processes and making decisions in construction.
1 Introduction
The development of information technology leads to the constant growth of structured and
unstructured data volumes (Big Data). Today, companies have to deal with petabytes of
data. Google processes over 30 petabytes of data per day, while Facebook receives more
than 10 million photos per hour. Presumably, by 2020 the amount of data on the Internet
will increase to 44 zettabytes. This avalanche-like data growth allows you to solve a huge
number of problems and create new research directions. Today, Big Data is compared to
the oil of our time. The availability of big data allows you to take a fresh look at various
areas of human activity. The construction industry is no exception. It is also significantly
affected by the digital revolution.
2 Information modeling
One of such areas is Building Information Modeling (BIM), designed to collect
multidimensional information about a construction site, with the support of interdisciplinary
cooperation of stakeholders. BIM data is usually compressed in various proprietary formats
in 3D coding. These various data collected in the BIM model are constantly updated in the
process of design, construction and operation and are saved after the end of the service life
of the objects. BIM files of a building model easily reach 100 GB in size. This data in any
format and form is of great value for the industry.
With the advent of embedded devices and sensors, objects begin to generate massive
data at the stage of operation and maintenance, which ultimately leads to a sharp increase in
data on the construction site. This huge amount of BIM data is pushing the construction
industry into the era of big data. Big data has certain parameters, first, their size (terabytes,
petabytes, data exabytes, etc.); secondly, a variety of heterogeneous data formats, such as
text, audio, video, graphics, data from sensors and much more; and third, the transfer speed.
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 97, 01032 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199701032
FORM-2019
Construction data is huge due to large volumes of design data, graphs, corporate
resource planning system (ERP), financial data, etc. A variety of construction data can be
classified into various file formats supported in construction programs and applications. In
addition, construction data is dynamic, which stems from the streaming nature of data
sources, such as sensors, RFID and BMS (building management system). Using this data to
optimize the design, construction and operation of the next frontier of innovation in the
industry.
Today, the tasks of developing methods for estimating parameters of big data, defining
approaches to their structuring, accumulation, testing and storage, as well as determining
the relationship between formats and their streaming become very important. The
competitive advantage is the ability to transform the results of big data analysis to identify,
understand and respond to hidden trends in order to make management decisions.
In the field of big data analysis, there are many areas, but in a simplified form, they are
usually divided into two categories: Big Data engineering and Big Data Analytics
(Scientist). Although these directions are interdependent, they differ from each other.
3 Big Data engineering
Big Data engineering is engaged in designing a system for processing, collecting and
storing data that allows processing petabytes of data and providing access to various user
applications to the results of data processing. This requires specialists with good
programming skills, knowledgeable network technologies, able to interact via the Internet
and work professionally with computer equipment.
4 Big Data Analytics
Big Data Analytics searches for patterns in large data arrays obtained from off-the-shelf
systems developed by Big Data engineering. The direction of data analysis in itself is quite
extensive and includes such specializations as Data Mining, Text Mining, Visual Mining,
OLAP, Process Mining, Web Mining, Real-Time Data Mining, Stream Mining, Multimedia
Mining, Spatiotemporal Data Mining, Information Network Analysis, Biological Data
Mining, Financial Data Mining
Big data analysis includes the development of various systems of classification and
forecasting to study trends and patterns, followed by the interpretation of results.
To work with data analysis requires specialists who own the methods of search,
selection, grouping, analysis, integration and visualization of data.
One of the Big Data processing tools available is the open source Apache Hadoop and
Apache Spark platforms, which allow you to process huge amounts of semi-structured data
from heterogeneous sources. Platforms allow you to analyze data lake of data websites,
financial analysis, research, create microservice buses for real-time data processing, for
example, site segmentation, fraud detection, transport monitoring, etc.
However, studies using large building data processing are rarely used to process data
from BIM building information models, because the data is intertwined and very relative
and difficult to distribute across different Hadoop blocks. This placement leads to a
decrease in query performance due to the increase in disk I / O needed to merge sparse data
together for analysis. To overcome this, it is necessary to develop a preprocessing and data
sharing module that allows you to analyze and split the logically relevant portions of BIM
data (by floor number or material family), while storing them in adjacent Hadoop locations.
To maximize the use of the central processor, it is necessary to introduce multithreading
during data analysis.
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Based on the above, you can configure Hadoop for BIM data, and implement query
components as applications for collision detection and estimating the number of
information models. The purpose of the study is to develop an interactive user interface for
querying data, based on natural language processing to extract very complex BIM data.
Big Data Analytics has rich intellectual traditions borrowed from a wide variety of areas
of expertise. Traditionally, many related disciplines have the same goal - to find useful
patterns in the data. These related areas include statistics, data mining, predictive analytics,
business analytics, knowledge discovery from data, data analytics, Data Science and now
Big Data. Big data analysis includes many of the methods that have already been
developed. Effective analysis begins with properly configured data collection, allowing you
to formulate reliable conclusions, so most of the work presented focuses on the analysis of
big data.
5 Cloud computing Big Data
Cloud computing is an Internet computing paradigm where access to demand is provided to
the shared pool of customizable resources. The idea of the approach is to transfer data
storage and perform calculations to third-party data centers.
As a result, it becomes possible to simultaneously access cloud services to several users
without the need to purchase separate licenses. Cloud services offer three service options.
The first is infrastructure as a service (IaaS). In IaaS, the user is granted access to manage
virtual computers and cloud network services. The second is a platform as a service (PaaS).
PaaS provides the user with services related, in particular, to development environments,
such as operating systems, programming languages or databases. The third service is the
provision of software as a service (SaaS). SaaS provides access to applications, such as
Revit 360, over the Internet. Cloud computing is widely used in the construction industry
because it supports the integration of tasks in BIM applications. The author used the cloud
for context-sensitive computing based on BIM. Were connected Google SketchUp, Google
Apps, Autodesk BIM 360 and Viewpoint, in the Amazon EC2 cloud to support most of the
functions of the designers. An attempt was made to integrate cloud computing with the
latest technologies such as VR / AR and social networking business services, creating a
virtual environment for better visualization and understanding of BIM models. Cloud
computing can significantly accelerate the introduction of IT in the construction industry,
transforming many specific tasks in the design, construction and operation of buildings.
The role of big data in this transformation is huge.
6 Big Data and the Internet of Things (IOT)
The rapidly developing technologies lead to the fact that electronic devices are becoming
smaller and more powerful, and high-speed Internet is becoming cheaper and more
accessible. This has led to the emergence of various devices connected to the Internet and
ultimately, the emergence of the Internet of Things (IOT) technology. The main idea is to
integrate smart devices and vital control objects through the Internet. Combining physical
and digital worlds creates exciting opportunities. IOT has been successfully applied in all
industries, including logistics, transportation, asset tracking, smart homes, smart buildings,
energy, defense and agriculture. The research conducted by the author showed the
possibility of using RFID to monitor construction and quality control, and, in the case of
integration with BIM documents, to quickly search and locate objects. The use of IOT in
construction represents an unlimited number of use cases and requires thousands of sensory
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E3S Web of Conferences 97, 01032 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199701032
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devices for data collection, which necessitates working with big data. Figure 1 shows the
scheme of data transmission over the Internet.
Fig. 1. Big Data and the Internet of Things (IOT)
7 Smart buildings and Big Data
With the development of digital technology, a modern building is becoming a complex
intellectual system that includes such subsystems as building automation, life safety,
telecommunications, user systems, object management systems, control and interaction
with building maintenance services. Smart building integrates technology into building
systems through a single view. These systems generate huge amounts of data, and most of
this data often remains unused. To realize the full potential of a smart building and optimize
the overall performance of a building using predictive analytics, a serious analysis of big
data is necessary. For example, an approximate calculation of the database volumes
obtained from the operation of sensors related to temperature, airflow, lighting, movement
of people, air quality control installed in a 24-story building, showed that over 8 months
more than 2 billion data records will be accumulated that reaches the limits of conventional
relational databases. To overcome this limitation is possible only on the basis of the
implementation of Big Data technology, which will make up for the technological gap and
ensure the integration of sensors, users, control systems, equipment to expand the
innovative services provided by the intelligent building.
8 Smart City and Big Data
Solving the problems of the Smart City to improve the functioning of urban services based
on big data analysis opens up new perspectives for developers and data analysts. Scopes of
the Big Data for the Smart city have a wide range of application. The distribution of video
surveillance cameras in cities is widely used for various kinds of analysts and is
successfully used to combat crime. Figure 2 presents an ecosystem of big data and a smart
city.
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Fig. 2. Smart City and Big Data
An important task is to analyze traffic for event detection (event detection), which can
greatly affect the traffic situation in the city. For planning urban infrastructure, it is
important to track the geolocation of urban events that attract a large number of people,
such as sports events, festivals, concerts, etc. for their planning and conduct.
9 Conclusions
The use of big data technology in construction is not enough. The huge amounts of data
produced by the construction industry during the entire life cycle of a building are not fully
utilized. At the same time, the development of technologies required for storing,
computing, processing, analyzing and visualizing big data demonstrates an increase in the
efficiency of construction processes.
The article analyzes the use of big data technologies in the industry, discusses the
possibilities and ways of using big data in cloud computing, the Internet of things, smart
buildings, smart city. As a result of the study, we concluded that the introduction of the
latest, very flexible and powerful big data technology is slow, despite the fact that the
analyst based on this data has long been used in the construction industry. The demand for
Big Data technology is increasing with the introduction of new trends in construction
practice, such as BIM, IOT, cloud computing, intelligent buildings and smart cities that
have great potential for use.
This work was financially supported by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian
Federation (#NSh-3492.2018.8).
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