Study in reverse: The most important topics are at the end of the assigned sections.
Properties and evaluating denite integrals by the nding anti-derivatives and using the fundamental theorem. Be sure to spend enough time on these topics. Organize the new properties on separate sheets of paper.
Anti-Dierentiation
An anti-derivative of f is a function F with F (x) = f (x). A consequence of the Mean Value Theorem is the fact that any two anti-derivatives on a closed interval dier by a constant. You should memorize the table on Stewart, 5th Ed., page 354 or the slightly expanded (equivalent) table of indenite integrals on Stewart, 5th Ed., page 406. Every dierentiation formula can be reversed to give an anti-dierentiation formula. You need to be able to work uently to nd anti-derivatives or the equivalently, indenite integrals. The following general properties of anti-derivatives hold and follow from the related rules for dierentiation. In the table, we assume that F is an anti-derivative of f and G is an anti-derivative of g, that is, F = f, G = g. Function General Anti-Derivative cf (x) cF (x) + C f (x) + g(x) F (x) + G(x) + C Complete the table on a single sheet of paper from the references above.
Summation (sigma ) Notation
Copy the Properties on Stewart, 5th Ed., page 381 onto a single page. Compare to the anti-derivative table and the denite integral table created below. Note, however, unlike dierentiation, not all functions can be integrated in terms of simpler functions. New functions arise (see the second face of the Fundamental Theorem). Know how to work with the notation for Riemann sums for a small number of intervals:
i=n
f (x )x i
i=1
Properties of Denite Integration
On a single sheet of paper, copy the Table of Properties One through Eight on Stewart, 5th Ed., page 385 and 387. Compare and contrast with the previous tables.
Fundamental Theorem and Denite Integration
Part I: If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function F (x) = is, F (x) = f (x).
x a
f is an anti-derivative of f , that
b Part II: If f is continuous on [a, b], then a f (x) dx = F (b) F (a) = F (x)|b for any F which is a an anti-derivative of f , that is, F (x) = f (x).
Note that these two parts demonstrate that the process of dierentiating a function and of creating a new function via integration with a variable upper limit are inverse processes, up to a constant of integration. 1
Applications of Denite Integration
The (signed) area of the region bounded by y = f (x), x = a, x = b and the x-axis is the denite integral b a f (x) dx.
Technical Tools: The Substitution Rule
b a u[b] u[a]
The following fundamental formula (the analog of the chain rule) is the ars magnus of integration. f [u[x]]u [x]dx = f [u]du
Technical Tools: The Substitution Rule
The Art of Integration Unlike dierentiation, not all functions can be integrated in terms of simpler functions. New functions arise (via the rst part of the Fundamental Theorem), such as the natural log function and the normal (Do you grade on a curve?) probability distribution. Here is the fundamental formula (the analog of the chain rule) to the ars magnus of integration. Question: Of what practical use is the fact that the two integrals
b a
f [u[x]]u [x]dx
u[b] u[a]
and
f [u]du
are equal? Answer: Notational magic allows us to take the more complicated integral and replace it with the less complicated but equal integral. We pair them up as follows: f [u[x]] < > f [u] u [x]dx < > du
b a u[b] u[a] d c.
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Important Word and Concept List
1. Regular Partition of an interval [a,b] 2. Denite integral of a function f over the interval [a, b] . 3. Anti-derivative
Be able to give a complete, grammatically correct sentence dening the following words:
Sample Test
1. Compute the following parts of the method of regular partitions to evaluate (a) Determine a regular partition of [1, 3] into 5 sub-intervals. (b) Estimate the area under the graph of y = x2 between x = 1 and x = 3 using the above partition and inscribed rectangles. 2. Find the following sums: (a) (b)
3 i i=1 i+1 n i=1 2i + 3 1
Write legibly and clearly. Be sure to show your work. x2 dx.
5
n 1 1 i=1 1+i/n n .
3. Interpret as the area of a region: limn region.) 4. Evaluate the following: (a) (b)
0
4
(Describe precisely the boundary of the
4x + 7x + 3 dx
dx 1+x2 2
5. Anti-derivatives (a) In one complete sentence, dene the concept of an anti-derivative of f . (b) Find (d) Dx
x 1 x 1
cos(t) dt
(c) Explicitly show that the preceding answer is an anti-derivative of cos(x). sin2 (t) dt
6. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y = cos(x), x = /3, x = /2 and the x-axis. There are many additional problems for review in the miscellaneous problems at the end of each chapter.
