1.

INTRODUCTION
Most of cities in India are facing problem due to inefficient management of waste
due to which there is serious health problem among municipal workers which even has
resulted in several deaths. The number of workers working for the garbage cleaning are
large due to large amount of waste being produced compared to that few years ago. It is
estimated by Centre Pollution Control Board (CPCB) that India produces around 26,000
tons of plastic garbage per day, out of which 10,000 tons remain uncollected. Currently,
4.6% of diseases in India is due to improper waste management increased to 3.40 billion
tons. Across the globe, garbage created by everyone according to the day averages 0.74 kg;
nevertheless, the variation is wide, ranging from 0.11 kg to 4.54 kg. By 2050, it is expected
that the total amount of garbage created in low-income nations would have increased by
more than thrice.
In the proposed work, we have used three type of sensor to sense wet and dry
garbage and dispose it in separate dustbin. One sensor is metal detector, second is infra-red
sensor module and third is moisture sensor. The sensors are attached with Arduino board
and two motor's. Also a mechanism is used at the bottom side of wet waste bin to connect
it to compost pit whenever IR Sensor generates a signal indicating wet waste bin is full.
The compost which will be produced can further be used in organic farming and urban
agriculture for better health and environment of human being. One more feature has been
proposed in the paper to intimate the IoT based waste collection system to collect the
garbage when metallic waste and/ or dry waste dustbin are full.
Therefore, we decided to create a Smart Dustbin System using IoT in order to
appropriately separate (segregate) waste based on its nature. Our system uses a variety of
sensors to identify the different sorts of waste and divides it into three different bins for wet
and dry.
1.1 OBJECTIVES
The Smart dry and wet waste management system utilizing IoT encompass
efficiency optimization, sustainable waste disposal practices, data-driven decision-making,
and community engagement. By leveraging technology to monitor, analyze, and respond
to waste management needs, this system contributes to building cleaner, greener, and more
sustainable urban environments.

1
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
The garbage management in cities should be effectively and efficiently
implemented. Most smart dustbin techniques so far only used IR sensors, Ultrasonic
sensors and RFID tags and only concentrated on waste management. This section discusses
about the existing approaches in the field of smart waste management. Insung Hong [Link]
[5] has suggested that replacing SGS(Smart Garbage Sensor) instead of RFID garbage
collecting system helps to improve their energy efficiency up to 16% and can reduce the
food waste reduction .Inside the SGS they have installed SGBs (Smart Garbage Bins) to
control the energy efficiency of the system.
In another framework, the paper proposed to design an electronic machine, which
allows you to offer a way to abnormal waste disposal gadget. The designed gadget uses
biosensor sensor, weight sensor and height sensor to locate overflow of the waste within
the dust bin and the quantity of pollution caused by unwanted toxic gases from the bin. It
included a GSM module to alert municipality about the overflow of the waste [6].
Fachmin Folianto [Link] [7] has suggested that it uses mesh network. It is used to
produce data and deliver it to the mesh network. Whenever the bins are filled they need to
be cleaned. The bin collector gives the route to collect the bins.
Vikrant Bhor [Link] [9] has suggested that when the system ensures that the garbage
bins are fully filled up to their maximum it must be cleaned using IR sensor, GSM mode
and microcontroller. When it is not filled it must be reported to the higher authority of a
particular contractor. It concludes that it has a clean environment and it decreases the total
number of trips the garbage collector vehicle rounds.
As per the statistics and study, garbage bins needs separate sections and various
indication facility so that respective authorities can monitor the bins effectively. Solid waste
management facility in India is very poor. There is no organized efforts and processing plan
to segregation. It leads to a lot of human efforts. This concept reduces the problems of
current waste management problems to a lot extent.

2
 2. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
The proposed block diagram of smart waste segregation system. Arduino Uno
ATmega328P is used as controller. The garbage level inside the garbage bin is continuously
monitored by an ultrasonic sensor set up inside the garbage bin. The ultrasonic sensor
transmits ultrasonic sound, and the sound waves get reflected by the waste inside the
garbage bin. There is a time gap between transmitting ultrasonic sound and receiving the
reflected sound waves. With the help of this time gap, the percentage filled up inside the
garbage bin is known. If the percentage of garbage is greater than 85%, then Ultrasonic
sensor sends the alert signal to the Arduino Uno. Arduino sends the alert message to
computer. Until garbage is emptied, process terminates. An ultrasonic sensor is attached to
the front side of the garbage bin. IR sensor detects the object when placed on the plank.
Based on the moisture content present in the object, moisture sensor will detect the type of
waste. The waste is segregated accordingly in to the bins. Servo motor helps in the process
of placing the waste in respective bins by rotating the plank.
Most of the times, the garbage bins are overflowing with excess waste and are
scattered out in the street. These scattered wastes get either decayed or burnt in that place
or overflows all over which leads to serious health issues to humans. The wastes which are
dumped are segregated by Humans which leads to health problems to them.
To overcome this problem a well organised waste segregation and monitoring
system has been designed. It is an IoT based Waste Segregation and Monitoring system
which is an innovative way to keep the cities clean and healthy. Since the population of our
world is increasing rapidly, the environment should be clean and hygienic in order to lead
a better life. This is a model for Waste Segregation for Smart cities.
The foremost goal of this project is to automatically segregate the wastes and to
perceive the level of the dustbins which is delivered through wireless mesh network. With
such information, litter bin providers and cleaning contractors are able to make better
decision for the efficient disposal . IR sensor identifies the objects, Moisture and metal
sensors detects the wet and metal waste.
Ultrasonic sensor observes the levels of bin. The waste is dropped inside the bin
where the sensor identifies the type of the waste. The Bin consists of three partitions inside
were each bin collects each waste respectively.

3
 The motor then rotates and respective partitions gets opened and respective wastes
are collected. The status of the bin is displayed in Thing speak server.

Fig 2.1 Proposed Block Diagram

2.1 FLOW CHART

Fig. 2.2 Flow Chart

The workflow of the proposed smart waste segregation system. When the object is
placed on the plank one by one, servo motor will turn on and IR sensor detects the object.
Depending upon the type of object placed on the plank, moisture sensor detects whether
the object is wet or dry. Depending upon this result, servo motor sends the waste into
corresponding bins. Later ultrasonic sensor measures the distance from the surface of the
bin to garbage. When the bin is full, sensor sends a message to Arduino Uno and this signal
is passed to user. The process terminates here until bin is empty.

4
 [Link] COMPONENTS
3.1 ARDUINO UNO MICROCONTROLLER
A simple Arduino Uno microcontroller forms the heart of the system . The Arduino
Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet) . It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

Fig. 3.1 Arduino Uno Microcontroller

3.2 IR SENSOR
This is used to detect whether there is any kind of waste present in the dustbin. IR
Sensor works using a particular light sensor to detect a single light wavelength in the
InfraRed (IR) spectrum. By using an LED which produces light at the same wavelength as
what the sensor is expects, the intensity of the received light is recorded. When waste is put
near the IR sensor, it means waste is present and it is ready for segregation. The light from
the LED reflects from the object and into the light sensor. A huge change in the intensity
is created, which denotes that an object is present. This sensor gives a logical 1 output
which denotes that there is a presence of an object and logical 0 output in the absence of
the object. This is fed as input to the microcontroller.

Fig. 3.2 IR Sensor

5
3.3. MOISTURE SENSOR
The Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity of the
surrounding medium. In wet waste, dielectric permittivity is a function of the water content.
The sensor creates a voltage corresponding to the dielectric permittivity, and hence the
water content of the waste . Thus it helps to differentiate between wet waste and dry waste.
IR sensor for level detection- An IR sensor will detect the presence of waste and detects
the level of waste. This detects the level and communicates to the microcontroller if the
level crosses a particular threshold.

Fig. 3.3 Moisture Sensor

3.4 DC MOTOR
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the
motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force in the form of rotation.
Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries,
motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power grid,
inverters or electrical generators. An electric generator is mechanically identical to an
electric motor, but operates in the reverse direction, accepting mechanical energy (such as
from flowing water) and converting this mechanical energy into electrical energy.
DC motors are renowned for their versatility, adaptability, and controllability,
finding applications across various industries. Their simplicity allows for easy speed and
direction control, making them suitable for a wide array of devices and systems. Brushed
DC motors, with brushes and a commutator, offer straightforward construction and are
commonly found in appliances, toys, and automotive applications. Meanwhile, brushless
DC motors, relying on electronic commutation for more efficient and maintenance-free

6
operation, are prevalent in industries requiring higher precision and reliability, such as
robotics, industrial automation, and aerospace. These motors play a pivotal role in countless
electromechanical systems, underpinning the functionality of devices ranging from
household appliances to advanced machinery, showcasing their indispensability in modern
technology

Fig. 3.4 DC Motor

3.5. ULTRASONIC SENSOR
The Ultrasonic sensor used in the prototype. This HC-SR04 sensor is used for
measuring distance. It uses sound waves to calculate the same. There are 4 pins – Echo,
Ground, Trigger and VCC. External controller is triggered by Trigger pin that sends
ultrasonic waves whereas echo pin sends ultrasonic waves and duration it takes to travel
decides the distance available in the bin. VCC will take up to 5V and gives the voltage so
that the sensor can run.

Fig. 3.5 Ultrasonic Sensor

3.6. GSM
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications. A GSM Modem is a
device that modulates and demodulates the GSM signals. The modem used is SIMCOM

7
[Link] soon as the IR sensor for level detects that the dust bin is full, it sends a message
to the local waste management department or municipality indicating that the bin is full
and the garbage needs to be collected. As we have explained earlier, the proposed system
is divided into two categories. The figure 2 as shown below represents the flowchart of
waste management process. We have declared a variable ir which represents IR sensor
output. If ir variable is found to be high, it indicates that the dustbin is full and initiates the
GSM to send a message to the municipal groups. If it is low, then no action is taken.

Fig. 3.6 GSM Module

8
 4. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
4.1 Advantages
Efficient Collection and Routing:
Sensors installed in waste bins can monitor the fill levels of both dry and wet waste
in real-time.
Optimized routing of waste collection vehicles based on real-time data, reducing
unnecessary trips and fuel consumption.
Cost Savings:
Reduced operational costs due to optimized routes, fuel savings, and efficient
resource allocation.
Predictive maintenance capabilities can prevent equipment failures, minimizing
repair costs.
Environmental Impact:
Decreased carbon footprint due to optimized collection routes and reduced fuel
consumption.
Promotes recycling and waste reduction by providing insights into waste
composition and patterns.
Data-Driven Decision Making:
Access to data analytics and insights on waste generation patterns, allowing
municipalities and businesses to make informed decisions.
Historical data can be used for long-term planning and policy development.
Real-time Monitoring and Alerts:
Immediate detection of overflowing bins, allowing for prompt action to prevent
littering and environmental hazards.
Alerts for maintenance issues or irregularities in waste collection processes.
User Engagement:
Integration with mobile apps or other platforms to engage and educate users about
proper waste disposal practices.
Incentivize recycling through reward programs or community challenges.
Improved Hygiene and Public Health:
Minimized risk of disease spread due to timely waste collection and reduced litter.
Optimal waste disposal practices contribute to a cleaner and healthier environment.

9
Smart Sorting and Recycling:
Integration of sensors and technologies to aid in the sorting of recyclables from non-
recyclables.
Enhanced recycling processes through the identification and separation of different
types of waste.
Scalability and Flexibility:
Modular and scalable systems that can adapt to the changing needs of a growing
population or evolving waste management regulations.
Integration with other smart city initiatives for a holistic approach to urban
planning.
Compliance and Reporting:
Automated reporting on waste management activities, helping municipalities
comply with regulations and demonstrate accountability.
Streamlined regulatory compliance through accurate and accessible data.
4.2 Applicaitions
Smart Cities:
Integration into the broader smart city infrastructure for a holistic approach to urban
planning, resource management, and sustainability.
Public Spaces:
Monitoring waste bins in parks, streets, and other public spaces to maintain
cleanliness and hygiene.
Residential Areas:
Efficient waste collection in residential neighborhoods, optimizing routes and
schedules based on real-time data.
Commercial Establishments:
Monitoring waste generation in businesses and commercial areas, promoting
responsible waste disposal practices.
Event Management:
Temporary deployment for monitoring and managing waste during events or
festivals, ensuring timely and efficient cleanup.
Tourist Areas:
Smart waste bins in tourist destinations to handle the fluctuating waste generation
associated with varying visitor numbers.

10
Industrial Zones:
Monitoring and managing industrial waste in manufacturing zones, ensuring
compliance with environmental regulations.
Educational Institutions:
Implementing smart waste solutions in schools and universities to educate students
about responsible waste disposal and recycling.
Healthcare Facilities:
Monitoring and managing medical waste in healthcare institutions to ensure safe
and proper disposal.
Transportation Hubs:
Smart waste management at airports, bus stations, and train stations to handle the
high volume of waste generated in transit areas.
Hotels and Hospitality:
Monitoring waste in hotels and resorts to ensure a clean and pleasant environment
for guests.
Waste-to-Energy Facilities:
Providing data on waste composition and volume to optimize the operation of
waste-to-energy facilities.
Remote Monitoring:
Utilizing IoT for monitoring waste in remote or less accessible areas where regular
manual checks might be challenging.
Climate Resilience:
Monitoring and managing waste in areas prone to natural disasters to ensure a quick
response and minimize environmental impact.
Community Engagement:
Involving the community through mobile apps or online platforms to report issues,
participate in recycling initiatives, and stay informed about waste management efforts.

11
 6. CONCLUSION
Automated Waste Segregator has been successfully implemented for the
segregation of waste into metallic, dry and wet waste at a domestic level. However, it
cannot segregate ceramic into dry waste because of its higher relative dielectric constant as
compared to other dry wastes. Noise can be eliminated in the sensing module to increase
accuracy and overall efficiency. This system has its own limitations. It can segregate only
one type of waste at a time with an assigned priority for metal, wet and dry waste. Thus,
improvements can be made to segregate mixed type of waste by the use of buffer spaces.
Since, the time for sensing metal objects is low the entire sensing module can be placed
along a single platform where the object is stable to ensure better results.

12
 7. FUTURE SCOPE
The Automatic Waste Segregator has been implemented for the segregation of
waste into dry, wet and metallic waste. Smart dustbin is an innovative step in the direction
of bringing a change in the current garbage disposal system. Further the self-changing
technology can be implemented so that the battery of the smart bin is low on power then
using solar tracker the smart bin.

13
 [Link]
[1] Álvaro Lozano Murciego, Gabriel Villarrubia González, lberto LópezBarriuso, Daniel
Hernández de La Iglesia, Jorge Revuelta Herrero and Juan Francisco De Paz Santana,
“Smart Waste Collection Platform Based on WSN and Route Optimization “ – 2016.
[2] [Link] , Aayushi Gupta , Shariq Mohammed Shaikh , StutiJha, Suchitra
V,“Microcontroller Based Automatic Waste Segregator”, International Journal Of
Innovative Research In Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation And Control Engineering
Vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2015
[3] Jose M. Gutierreza, Michael Jensenb, Morten Heniusa and Tahir Riazc, “Smart Waste
Collection System Based on Location Intelligence” - 2015.
[4] WoikomReshmi, RamkumarSundaram, M Rajeev Kumar, “Sensor Unit for Waste
Management: a Better Methodfor Frequent Data Updating System”, Nov 2014.
[5] InsungHong, SunghoiPark, BeomseokLee, JaekeunLee, Da ebeomJeong, and
SehyunPark, “IoT-Based Smart Garbage System for Efficient Food Waste management” -
Scientific World Journal-Aug 2014.
[6] Nishigandha Kothari,”Waste to Wealth”, NSWAI, New Delhi, Jul. 2013
[7] Daniel Hoornweg et al., “WHAT A WASTE A Global Review of Solid Waste
Management”, Urban Development & Local Government Unit World Bank, Washington,
DC, No.15, Mar. 2012.

14