ASSIGNMENT NO.
04
Example 1) Find the size of an orifice that would give a pressure difference of
0.333 m of petroleum product for the flow of a petroleum product at a rate of
0.05 m3/s in a 150 mm diameter pipe.
Data : Coefficient of orifice meter = 0.62.Equation:
Do = [ ( Q * √(2gΔH) ) / ( Co * π * √(1 - β^4) ) ]^(1/4)
Where:
Do = Orifice diameter (m)
Q = Volumetric flow rate (m³/s)
Co = Orifice meter coefficient (unitless)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s²) (typically 9.81 m/s²)
ΔH = Pressure difference across the orifice (m)
β = Orifice diameter ratio (Do / D)
D = Pipe diameter (m)
π = Pi (approximately 3.14159)
Solution:
Given:
Q = 0.05 m³/s
Co = 0.62
ΔH = 0.333 m
D = 0.15 m (150 mm converted to meters)
Calculation:
1. We need to solve for β (orifice diameter ratio) first. However, β is present on both
sides of the equation. A common approach is to iterate or use numerical methods to
find β. Here, we'll assume an initial guess for β (e.g., β ≈ 0.5) and refine the answer
iteratively if needed.
2. Calculate β based on the initial guess:
β = Do / D (initially assumed to be 0.5)
3. Substitute all known values and the assumed β into the equation:
Do = [ ( 0.05 m³/s * √(2 * 9.81 m/s² * 0.333 m) ) / ( 0.62 * π * √(1 - (0.5)^4) ) ]^(1/4)
Note: We can simplify the constant terms outside the square root for easier
calculation.
4. Solve for Do (considering significant digits):
Do ≈ [ (0.05 m³/s * √6.56) / (0.62 * π * √0.875) ]^(1/4) ≈ 0.140 m
Verification (Optional):
Recalculate β using the calculated Do:
β = Do / D = 0.140 m / 0.15 m ≈ 0.933
Substitute the calculated Do and the new β value back into the equation to check if
the result remains close to 0.140 m. If there's a significant difference, repeat the
process with the new β value for a more precise solution.
Answer:
The size of the orifice (Do) is approximately 0.140 m (or 140 mm).
Note: This solution approach assumes an initial guess for β. In practice, iterative
methods or numerical solvers might be used for more accurate calculations.
Example 2) The flow rate of water in a 150 mm pipeline is measured with the
help of a venturimeter having a throat diameter of 50 mm. When the pressure
drop over the converging section is 120 mm of water, the water flow rate is 3
kg/s. Find out the coefficient of discharge for the converging cone and the
Reynolds number.
Data : ρ of water = 1000 kg/m3, µ of water = 1.0 mPa.s
Equations:
1. Flow Rate (Venturi Meter):
Q = Cd * A_t * √( 2gΔh / (1 - β^4) )
Where:
Q = Volumetric flow rate (m³/s)
Cd = Coefficient of discharge (unitless)
A_t = Throat area (m²) (π/4 * D_t^2)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/s²) (typically 9.81 m/s²)
Δh = Pressure difference across the venturi (m)
β = Diameter ratio (D_t / D)
D = Pipe diameter (m)
D_t = Throat diameter (m)
2. Reynolds Number (Re):
Re = (ρ * V * D_p) / μ
Where:
Re = Reynolds number (unitless)
ρ = Density of fluid (kg/m³)
V = Average velocity of fluid (m/s)
D_p = Pipe diameter (m)
μ = Dynamic viscosity of fluid (Pa·s) (often converted to mPa·s)
Solution:
Given:
Q = 0.003 m³/s
D = 0.15 m
D_t = 0.05 m
Δh = 0.12 m
ρ_water = 1000 kg/m³
μ_water = 1.0 x 10^-3 Pa·s (converted to mPa·s for Re calculation)
1. Coefficient of Discharge (Cd):
A_t = π/4 * (0.05 m)² = 0.001962 m²
β = D_t / D = 0.05 m / 0.15 m = 1/3
Rearrange the flow rate equation to solve for Cd:
Cd = Q / ( A_t * √( 2gΔh / (1 - β^4) ) )
Cd = (0.003 m³/s) / ( 0.001962 m² * √( 2 * 9.81 m/s² * 0.12 m / (1 - (1/3)^4) ) )
Solve for Cd:
Cd ≈ 0.99 (This is the coefficient of discharge)
2. Reynolds Number (Re):
V = Q / A_t = (0.003 m³/s) / (0.001962 m²) ≈ 1.53 m/s
Calculate Re:
Re = (1000 kg/m³ * 1.53 m/s * 0.15 m) / (1.0 x 10^-3 Pa·s) ≈ 23 000
Answers:
Coefficient of discharge (Cd) ≈ 0.99
Reynolds number (Re) ≈ 23 000
