Name: .

SCIENCE FACULTY

Revision of Year 10

SUGGESTIONS FOR WAYS TO USE THIS BOOKLET

This booklet contains summaries, glossaries and study questions for all of the Science topics studied in;

Year 10
Experimental Design Chemistry II Newtons Laws Genetics The Environment

Use this booklet to study for School Certificate Examination in November. Here are some suggestions for ways to use it. Read the summaries. Write answers for the study questions. Read articles from sources such as newspaper that have a scientific nature. Get someone to ask you questions about the article AND the Science within the article. For the words in the glossaries, write a word on one side of a card and its meaning on the other side and learn a set number of words and meanings every day. Write memory cards with text and pictures. On one side of a small card write a heading, eg, digestive system. On the other side write some facts (no more than 7) about the heading. Keep the information very brief. Give the word cards and memory cards to a family member or friend. Spell the word for them or tell them everything that you know about the heading. Select words at random and write meanings for them without looking at your prepared meanings. Convert summarised information into labelled diagrams. Make posters with words and pictures and display them somewhere at home where you will see them. Write poems about related words and ideas. Recite your summaries onto a tape and listen to them. Without looking at your summary book or study cards, write everything that you know about a word or idea. Teach the science in your summary book to someone else. Select study questions at random and write answers to them without looking at your prepared answers or notes. Give the study questions and answers to a family member or friend and ask them to quiz you. If you use this booklet in the ways suggested above, you will enjoy success in Science this year.

Experimental Design
OBSERVATIONS LEAD TO INFERENCES
We often try to explain what we observe. Whatever you think after you make an observation is called an inference. An inference is one possible explanation for what you observe. Example: You go to water your favourite pot plant. OBSERVATION some leaves have holes in them or parts missing INFERENCE - an insect has been eating it

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

The scientific method is one approach scientists use to find out information. It involves the following steps: 1. Making an Observation. The scientist notices something that gets him/her thinking. 2. Asking a Question. The observation may lead a scientist to ask questions such as why did that happen? or what would happen if.. 3. Forming a Hypothesis. Using the observations made initially and any other information collected the scientist makes a general statement, which is called a hypothesis. It is a possible answer to the question. 4. Making Predictions. This leads to designing experiments. 5. Testing the hypothesis. If the experimental results agree with the predicted results the hypothesis is supported. If the results do not agree with those that were predicted then the hypothesis must be changed. 6. Making a Conclusion. If the hypothesis is accepted as a good one, it will remain so until it can be shown to be wrong by further experimenting. It does not mean the hypothesis is a proven fact.

MAKING A HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis is not just a guess or inference. It is made after considering all available information. A hypothesis is a general statement. It is also important that it can be tested in an experiment. A hypothesis should not contain personal opinion, because it cannot be tested. DESIGNING SIMPLE EXPERIMENTS In experiments you change something and observe what happens. The change you build into the experiment is called the independent variable. The what happens that follows is called the dependent variable. As an example, suppose you wanted to know which rolls down a ramp faster, a small ball or large ball? You could release a tennis ball and a basketball at the same time, then observe which one reached the bottom first. The diameter of the ball would be the independent variable. The time they took to reach the bottom would be the dependent variable. CONTROLLING VARIABLES Very often in an experiment there are more than two variables (factors) that can affect the results. When doing an experiment you try to keep other variables constant or the same. This is called controlling the variables and makes the results more reliable. USING A CONTROL For an experimenter to say that the results collected are due to one particular cause, the experimenter must find out whether the same results are found when the cause is removed.

Setting up 2 or more identical situations that can be used to compare any changes that take place is called a controlled experiment. The situation that is kept the same during the experiment is called the control. Another technique used to obtain more reliable results is to repeat (or replicate) the experiment. Repeating experiments means there is more evidence that the result is not due to chance alone.
STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Circle the hypotheses that are unscientific: A Tea is better than coffee B Expensive jogging shoes last longer than cheap ones C Smoking a cigar each day makes you live longer D Heavy pendulums swing faster than lighter ones E Listening to heavy metal music is bad for you F there are more stars in the sky now than there were 1000 years ago G Brown hair is stronger than blonde hair H Diet Coke tastes better than Coca-Cola I Thin vibrating things produce a sound of higher pitch than thick things J Mosquitoes are attracted to warm surfaces more than cold surfaces 2. For each hypothesis below write down the independent and dependent variables. The first one is done for you. Hypothesis 1 Long pendulums swing faster than short pendulums Independent variable the length of the pendulum Dependent variable - the time it takes the pendulum to swing Hypothesis 2 small pieces of metal dissolve faster in acid than large pieces of metal. .. .. Hypothesis 3 Light coloured cars stay cooler than dark coloured cars. . . Hypothesis 4 Iron rusts faster in sea water than in fresh water. .. .. Hypothesis 5 More sugar dissolves in hot water than in cool water.

3. Design an experiment which answers the following question: Does ice melt faster when rock salt is put on it?

Chemistry II
STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
An atom is the smallest particle of matter. It contains protons - positive subatomic particles found in nucleus of atom neutrons - neutral subatomic particles found in nucleus of atom electrons - negative subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom

There are more than 110 known elements. Their names and symbols are found in the Periodic Table
The elements are arranged in the Periodic Table in order of increasing atomic number. The horizontal rows are called periods. The vertical columns in the Periodic Table are called groups and elements in the same group have similar properties. Group 1 elements (Li, Na, K) are called the alkaline metals. They are all metals and solids at room temperature. They all have one electron in the outer electron orbit and form ions with a charge of +1. They react with water. Group 2 elements (Be, Mg, Ca) are called the alkaline earth metals. They are all metals and are solids at room temperature. They all have two electrons in the outer electron orbit and form ions with a charge of +2. They react with acid. Group 7 elements (F, Cl, Br, I) are called the halogens. They are all metals and are solids, liquids and gases at room temperature. They form ions with a charge of 1. Group 8 elements (He, Ne, Ar) are called the inert gases or noble gases. They are all non-metals and are gases at room temperature. They have a full outer electron orbit and so do not react with other elements.

COMPOUNDS
A compound is a substance made from two different elements joined together. New compounds are made by rearranging atoms from existing elements and compounds. Every compound has a chemical formula that shows the types and numbers of atoms in the compound.

COMMON COMPOUNDS
NAME hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid sodium hydroxide ammonia sodium chloride calcium carbonate magnesium sulfate potassium nitrate FORMULA HCl H2SO4 NaOH NH3 NaCl CaCO3 MgSO4 KNO3 GROUP acid acid base or alkali base or alkali salt salt salt salt

The above table shows several chemical groups. The hydroxides end in OH The chlorides end in Cl The carbonates end in CO3 The sulfates end in SO4 The nitrates end in NO3

SYMBOLS FOR ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, ATOMS AND MOLECULES

Symbols can be used to represent atoms, elements, compounds and molecules. An atom is the smallest particle of matter. It is represented by a single shape.

An element is a substance that is made of only one type of atom; it cannot be decomposed. It is represented by a single shape or two of the same shape joined together.

A compound is a substance that is made of two or more different types of atoms joined together. It is represented by two or more different shapes joined together.

A molecule is a substance that contains two or more atoms joined together. Some molecules are elements (same atoms joined together) and are represented by two of the same molecule joined together eg. H2. Other molecules are compounds (different atoms joined together) and are represented by two or more different shapes joined together.

PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
In a precipitation reaction, two solutions are mixed together to produce an insoluble solid called a precipitate, eg. copper + sodium copper + sodium sulfate hydroxide hydroxide sulfate Copper hydroxide is insoluble in water and so it is the precipitate. STUDY QUESTIONS 1. What is an atom? 2. What is the difference between an atom and a molecule? 3. Draw a labelled diagram of an atom showing the location and features of protons, neutrons and electrons. 4. In the Periodic Table, what is the name given to the a) columns b) rows? 5. What information about elements is contained in the Periodic Table? 6. What is the name given to the elements in group 8? 7. What information about a compound is contained in its chemical formula? 8. What is the chemical formula for hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride? 9. How are new compounds formed? 10. What is a precipitate?

Sample questions: 1. Identify what this diagram represents. (1 mark) Answer: .

2. State the valency of oxygen. (1 mark) .. 3. Describe a trend within the Periodic Table. (3 marks) ... ... ... ... 4. Explain how a precipitate forms. (3 marks) ... ... ... ...

5. Different metals react with water at varying rates as shown below. sodium
most reactive reactive

magnesium

iron

lead

copper
least

i. Select the metal that would be most suitable to make water pipes.

...
ii. Discuss why it is the best choice.

... ... ...

GENETICS
CHROMOSOMES, GENES AND DNA Chromosomes are tiny thread-like structures in the nucleus of cells. Human cells contain 46 chromosomes that exist as 23 pairs. The X and Y chromosomes are called the sex chromosomes because they determine the sex of an individual. XX = female and XY = male. Genes are located on chromosomes and carry the information that determines an individuals characteristics. Children inherit 23 chromosomes from each parent which means that they receive half of their genes from each parent and so resemble each of their parents in some ways. Environmental factors also have some effect in determining the characteristics of an individual. Chromosomes are made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which has a double helix structure, that is, it looks like a twisted ladder. DNA contains two strands of sugars and phosphates joined along their length by pairs of bases. The base pairs are adenine-thymine (A-T) and cytosine-guanine (C-G).

DNA REPLICATION Cells divide to produce new cells for growth, repair and reproduction. Before they divide, their DNA must be replicated (copied) exactly so that the new cells receive the correct DNA which means that normal growth, repair and reproduction will occur. MUTATIONS A mutation is a change in a gene and it occurs when DNA is not replicated exactly. Some mutations are an advantage eg, a mutation in a wild variety of grape produced the Concord grape which is larger and sweeter than other grapes. Other mutations are a disadvantage eg, the disease cystic fibrosis comes from a gene mutation and it causes abnormal cell function that produces excess mucus in the lungs and digestive tract. BIOTECHNOLOGY Biotechnology is the use of living organisms to produce useful materials for medicine and industry. Some examples of biotechnology are using yeast to make alcohol, using bacteria to clean up oil spills, using bacteria to produce human insulin, cloning, stem cell therapy, DNA fingerprinting. GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering is a type of biotechnology that changes genes. It involves inserting genes from one species into the chromosomes of another species. The recipient of the inserted genes is called a transgenic organism. One use of genetic engineering in medicine is the production of human insulin by bacteria. The gene for human insulin is inserted into bacteria and then the bacteria make human insulin. The insulin is collected and given to diabetics. The benefits are that it provides an unlimited supply of insulin and many diabetics are not allergic to it. One use of genetic engineering in agriculture is the protection of cotton plants from caterpillars. The Bt bacterium contains a gene that produces a protein that kills caterpillars. This gene is inserted into the cells

of cotton plants so that the plants make the protein. When the caterpillar eats the plant, it takes in the protein and dies. Two benefits are that farmers use less pesticide sprays and they get a higher yield of cotton.

GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS

Genetic engineering is used in agriculture to produce genetically modified crops (GM crops). GM crops have been inserted with a gene that makes them superior to conventional crops, such as crops that are higher quality, disease resistant, grow in poor soils, have a higher yield, have a shorted growing period. All of these benefits produce a larger, better quality crop harvest which results in a higher profit for farmers. The use of GM crops however is causing concern because of their unknown long term impact on ecosystems. For example, crops with inbuilt pesticides kill insect pests that eat them but they might also kill insects that are not pests. As a result, this would threaten damage to all organisms in the food web. STUDY QUESTIONS 1. What are chromosomes and where are they found? 2. Where are genes found and what do they do? 3. Where is DNA found? 4. What name is given to the structure of DNA? 5. Why do cells divide? 6. Why must DNA be replicated exactly before a cell divides? 7. Why do ova and sperm contain 23 chromosomes instead of 46 chromosomes? 8. What is a mutation? 9. Describe one example of an advantageous mutation and one example of a disadvantageous mutation. 10. What is biotechnology? 11. What is genetic engineering? 12. Describe one use of genetic engineering in a) medicine b) industry 13. Discuss the use of GM crops.

DNA & the Double Helix Models are used often in Science to help explain how things function and to improve understanding. 1. What do the letters for D.N.A stand for?

2. Outline the role/function of DNA in the body? ___________________________________________________________________ 3. Name the 4 base pairs of DNA that make up part of the rungs of the double helix molecule?

4. Along with base pairs. Name the compound that completes the rungs of the double helix? __________________________________________ 5. Name the molecule that links the rungs of the double helix together. __________________________________________

6. Using the following shapes to help represent the individual compounds found in DNA.

Draw a model of the double helix.

7. Use the lollies provided to create a model of DNA. (Remember each different colour /or shape should represent one part/compound)

Sample questions:
1. Sometimes DNA does not replicate exactly during cell division. When this happens the offspring cells are different to the parent cells. Identify the term that refers to alternation of the DNA structure. Answer . 2. Science attempts to explain the world around us. Scientists try to identify trends and patterns from there observations and discoveries. State ONE example that shows the benefit of using a model in genetics. 3. Describe one social or ethical issue of using biotechnology. ..(2marks) 4. Generally, identical twins who have been brought up together since birth think alike, share common tastes and interests, and are generally much more alike in appearance than identical twins who have been separated at birth. Explain why identical twins who have been separated at birth sometimes develop different. ..(2marks) 5. Outline ONE medical use of nuclear radiation . Discuss the benefits and/or problems assosciated with its use. ... ..(3marks) Note this argument does not have a for component. Therefore a detail against component is acceptable. If the question was Assess, add your opinion on the end (your discussion should be expanded further). ... If the question was Evaluate, add your opinion AND why on the end (your discussion should be expanded further). ... ... ...

Newtons Laws
DISTANCE, SPEED AND TIME The distance travelled by an object is equal to its average speed multiplied by the time it takes to travel the distance. distance d = average speed vav x x time t

Average speed is the total distance travelled by an object divided by the time it takes to go that distance. average speed vav = = distance travelled d time taken t

Distance is measured in metres (m), average speed in metres per second (m/s) and time in seconds (s). DISTANCE TIME GRAPHS Distance time graphs show the distance travelled by a person or object as time passes. The slope of the line in any section of the graph is the speed of the person or object in that period of time.

ACCELERATION AND FORCE Acceleration is a change in speed eg, speeding up, slowing down, starting, stopping, and/or a change in direction. A force is needed to change the speed and direction of an object, that is, a force causes acceleration. INERTIA AND NEWTONS FIRST LAW OF MOTION Inertia is the tendency of an object to stay at rest or keep moving at the same speed in the same direction. For example, if you are standing in a moving bus and it suddenly stops you will keep moving forwards because of your inertia. Newtons First Law of Motion states Unless a force acts on it, a stationary object will stay at rest and a moving object will continue to move at the same speed in the same direction. Cars have technology to oppose inertia and so protect passengers from injury and death. For example, when a car stops suddenly, the seat belt stops the passenger from moving forwards. In cases where the passenger moves forwards, the air bag stops them from hitting the windscreen or steering wheel. A head restraint works in the opposite way. When a car is hit from behind, the head restraint stops the passengers head from moving backwards. NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION Newtons Second Law of Motion states The acceleration of an object is determined by its mass and the force acting on it and is defined by the equation Force F = = mass m x x acceleration a

Force is measured in Newtons (N), mass in kilograms (kg) and acceleration in metres per second per second (m/s2). This law means that the larger the mass then the larger the force needed to accelerate it, that is change its speed. For example, it easier to push a small vehicle than a large one, large trucks accelerate slowly from traffic lights. NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION Newtons Third Law of Motion states For every force there is an equal and opposite force. For example, when a gun fires a bullet, it pushes the bullet forwards. The bullet then pushes backwards on the gun with the same force. The burning fuel in a rocket engine pushes hot exhaust gases out of the rocket. As this happens, the gases push on the inside of the rocket forcing it upwards. GRAVITY, MASS AND WEIGHT Gravity is the force that pulls all objects down towards the centre of the earth. All objects in the universe have their own gravity. Gravity keeps artificial satellites in orbit around earth, keeps planets in orbit around the sun and stops the air in the atmosphere around earth from escaping into space. The mass of an object is defined as the amount of matter in an object. It is measured in kilograms (kg) or grams (g) on a beam balance. The weight of an object is defined as the force of gravity pulling down on the object. It is measured in Newtons (N) on a spring balance. g is the acceleration due to gravity and on earth it is equal to 9.8 metres per second per second (9.8m/s2). On the moon, g is equal to 1.6m/s2. The weight of an object is equal to its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity. Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity W = m x g An object on the moon has the same mass as it has on earth but less weight because g is less on the moon. Out in space objects have mass but are weightless because g is equal to 0m/s2. STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Using an example, explain the relationship between distance, average speed and time. 2. A car travels at an average speed of 90km/h for 2.5h. Using the equation d = vt, calculate the distance travelled by the car. 3. What is acceleration? 4. What is the relationship between acceleration and force? 5. What does Newtons First Law of Motion state? 6. Using an example, describe one effect of inertia. 7. Identify one safety feature in a car and explain how it opposes inertia to protect passengers from injury and death. 8. What does Newtons Second Law of Motion state? 9. A truck of mass 10 000kg accelerates from traffic lights at 2m/s/s. Using the equation F=ma, calculate the force required to cause this acceleration. 10. Using an example, explain the difference between mass and weight. 11. What does Newtons Third Law of Motion state? 12. Describe one example of Newtons Third Law of Motion. 13. What is the difference between mass and weight? 14. Using the equation w=mg, calculate the weight of a 50kg person on a) Earth where g = 10 b.) the Moon where g = 1.6.

SAMPLE QUESTIONS: 1. Identify a piece of scientific equipment used to measure distance. (1 mark) . 2. State the formula for speed. (1 mark) .. 3. Determine the speed of a car in metres per second, if it travels a distance of 1800 metres in 2 minutes. (2 marks) ... ... 4. Describe what a standard drink of alcohol is, and how many may be safely drunk before driving a car. (3 marks) ... ... ... ... ... ... 5. Explain how an airbag protects the occupants of a car when an accident occurs. (4 marks) ... ... ... ... 6. Contrast the difference between speed and velocity. (2 marks)

7. Discuss the safety issues of wearing seatbelts in moving vehicles. (5 marks)

Consider the following points the cost of motor vehicles is greater with seatbelts fitted being thrown through a windscreen causes great injuries or death modern car seatbelts are self-adjusting in an accident a seatbelt may cause bruising the fatality rate in accidents was halved after compulsory seatbelt wearing some passengers are uncomfortable while wearing seatbelts most front crash accidents cause passengers to be thrown forward seatbelts must be worn in vehicles that have them fitted Connect related points in a logical order. Begin with at least one positive or good point.

... ... ... ...

Continue with at least one negative or bad point.

... ... ... ... If the question was Assess, add your opinion on the end (your discussion should be expanded further). ... If the question was Evaluate, add your opinion AND why on the end (your discussion should be
expanded further).

... ... ...

The Environment
CYCLES Water cycle ensures continual supplies of fresh water for plants and animals. Carbon-oxygen cycle ensures continual supplies of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis by plants and oxygen for respiration by plants and animals. Nitrogen cycle ensures continual supplies of nitrogen in the form of nitrates in the soil for use by plants and then animals as they eat plants.

ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC FACTORS An organism is affected by abiotic and biotic factors in its environment. abiotic physical factors eg. temperature, water availability, wind speed, soil type, soil pH, humidity biotic biological factors eg. predators, prey, competitors, disease-causing organisms

ENVIRONMENT, HABITAT AND BIODIVERSITY

environment all the things that surround and affect an organism in its life habitat the place in an environment where a plant or animal lives biodiversity the variety of organisms in an environment

INTRODUCED SPECIES The introduction of animals and plants into Australia since European settlement has had devastating impacts on ecosystems. The rabbit was introduced into Victoria in the mid 1800s. The small population reproduced very quickly and spread rapidly into other states. The large numbers of rabbits stripped the land bare of grass and dug burrows over much of the land. As a result, some small native mammals, such as the bilby, were forced to compete with the rabbit for food and space and the consequences were disastrous. The lack of food and space caused large numbers of native animals to perish while surviving animals were pushed into harsher environments. The flourishing rabbit population also led to a rise in the fox and feral cat populations, both of which preyed on numerous native animals. All of these factors resulted in a severe decrease in the reproduction of native animals and survival of their offspring, leading to a rapid decline. Ultimately, numerous native species became endangered or extinct.

ENERGY RESOURCES
Combustion is a chemical reaction in which the above fuels combine with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and produce CO2 and H2O. fuel + oxygen CO2 + H2O

ENERGY AND FUELS Energy is an important resource because it enables us to do work. Much of our energy comes from the non-renewable fossil fuels, coal, petroleum and natural gas. Coal is used in power stations to generate electricity, petrol and diesel from petroleum are used as fuel in vehicles and natural gas is used for cooking and heating. GREENHOUSE EFFECT The earth has a normal greenhouse effect a layer of CO2 in the atmosphere allows some heat from the sun to radiate from the earth back out into space, keeping the earths temperature in a suitable range for plants and animals to thrive. However, the excessive burning of fossil fuels is enhancing the greenhouse effect. The combustion of these fuels produces CO2 which is released into the atmosphere. As this CO2 layer increases in size, less of the suns heat is radiated back into space. Instead it is trapped on the Earth, causing the Earth to get hotter (global warming) and experience climate change, which in turn damages ecosystems. ALTERNATIVE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Alternative energy sources such a solar energy, wind power and hydroelectricity can be used to generate electricity. There are several advantages with all three sources.

Firstly, they are all renewable. In sunny areas, there are long periods of sunlight during which solar energy falls on solar cells and is converted to electrical energy. In windy areas, there is a continuous supply of wind to turn the blades of the wind generators. In mountainous areas with high precipitation, there is plenty of water to generate hydroelectricity. Secondly, they do not contribute to the greenhouse effect. Unlike fossil fuels, these energy sources do not produce CO2 in the course of electricity production. Consequently, they do not contribute to the greenhouse effect. There are however some disadvantages associated with these energy sources. Firstly, solar cells are only useful in areas that have plenty of sunlight. When solar energy strikes solar collectors, it is converted to electrical energy, but when the amount of sunlight is reduced by cloud cover or other factors, then the amount of electrical energy is also reduced. As a result, the electricity supply does not meet demand and so needs a backup supply. Secondly, some people consider wind generators to be visual pollution of the landscape. These generators are large towers with three long blades attached at the top. They are commonly white in colour and are placed on high points in the landscape. As a result, they can be seen over large distances and change the appearance of the landscape in a way that some people dislike. Thirdly, the construction of hydroelectricity dams and pipelines damages ecosystems. Trees are cleared to lay pipelines and valleys are flooded to build dams. Both of these cause enormous destruction to the vegetation which results in much habitat loss leading to large loss of animal life.

RADIOISOTOPES AND RADIATION

Radioisotopes are elements emit radioactive radiation. There are three types of radioactive radiation: Gamma rays high frequency, high energy electromagnetic waves that are the most penetrating and most dangerous type of radiation. This energy is also called nuclear energy as it comes form the nucleus of atoms. Beta particles fast moving streams of electrons Alpha particles positively charged helium nuclei that are the least penetrating type of radiation.

The half-life of a radioisotope is the time taken for half of the atoms to radioactively decay. Some radioisotopes such as uranium are dangerous because they have a long half-life which means that they emit radiation for a long period of time.

USES OF RADIOISOTOPES
Radioisotopes are radioactive forms of elements. They have many uses in medicine and industry. They are used widely in medicine to kill cancerous tumours. When exposed to nuclear radiation, the DNA in the cancerous cells of a tumour is damaged which causes the cells to self-destruct and so the tumour is destroyed. Radioisotopes are also used in medicine for medical diagnosis. They are injected into the body and transported by the blood to all parts of the body where they are detected by gamma cameras to provide images of the heart, brain and other organs. These images then allow doctors to diagnose and treat illnesses. Radioisotopes are used in industry to detect problems with equipment. They are added to liquids and gases flowing in pipes and then traced to look for leaks in the pipes. Such leaks show up fractures in the pipes which, once repaired, reduce the risk of larger damage to the pipes and surrounding structures and so lead to increased profits for industry. While there are many benefits associated with the use of radioisotopes, there are also concerns, in particular, the damage caused due to contamination by radioactive waste. Radioisotopes must be prepared, transported and disposed of safely to avoid accidents that release them into the environment. Contamination by such accidents seriously harms living things and the environment in both the short term and the long term.

STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Why are these cycles in nature important: a) water cycle b) carbon-oxygen cycle c) nitrogen cycle 2. Choose an animal and describe three abiotic factors and three biotic factors in its environment. 3. What are introduced species? 4. Explain how introduced species can impact on native species. 5. Name two fossil fuels. 6. Describe some uses of coal and petroleum in the production of energy by combustion. 7. Define the term air pollution. 8. Explain how carbon dioxide produced in the combustion of fossil fuels contributes to the greenhouse effect. 9. Identify two renewable energy sources used to generate electricity. 10. Why are they called renewable sources? 11. Discuss the use of one of these renewable energy sources as a way of generating electricity without contributing to the greenhouse effect. 12. What are the names of the three types of radioactive radiation emitted from the nuclei of radioactive element? Which ones are the most penetrating? 13. Explain why radioisotopes that have a long half-life are dangerous. 14. Describe two uses of radioisotopes. 15. Describe a problem associated with the use of radioisotopes.

Sample questions: 1. List features of the biotic and abiotic environments. (1 mark) Biotic .. Abiotic 2. Identify renewable and non-renewable resources. (1 mark) Renewable Non-renewable. 3. Describe the importance of energy to our society. (1 mark) ... ... 4. Explain the enhanced greenhouse effect and its affect on world temperatures. (2 marks) ... ........... ........... ... 5. Distinguish between Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiation in terms of matter, charge and penetration. (3 marks) 6. Outline how human activities have impacted on variety of ecosystems, including introduced species, land clearing, etc. 7.Discuss the positive and negative features of the nuclear industry. ( 5 marks )

Consider the following points: lower Carbon dioxide emissions methods of waste disposal accidents Radioisotopes - cancer treatment - advanced diagnostics less pollution Connect related points in logical order. Begin with at least one positive or good point. Continue with at least one negative or bad point.