LIGHTING SYSTEM and
COMPONENTS
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Types of Electric Light Sources
• Lamp Ballasts
• Luminaires
LIGHTING TECHNOLOGY
Incandescent Bulb
Fluorescent Lamp
Compact Fluorescent Lamps
High Intensity Discharge
Mercury Vapor
High Pressure Sodium Metal Halide
Low Pressure Sodium Light Emitting Diode
INCANDESCENT LAMPS
Oldest and least energy-efficient electric
lighting technology
Lamp life quite short (less than 1k hours)
Relatively poor efficacy typically < 15
lumen per watt
Color temperatures between 2400 K and
2900 K
No control gear required to ignite the
lamp
Widely used in domestic applications
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
Higher efficacy (lumens per
watt), and longer life than
incandescent lamps
The most common light
source for residential and
commercial applications
COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS
Efficiency Higher than IL
Purchase Cost – Moderate
Longer Operating hours
Operating Cost is Low
Varying Colors
(warm white and daylight)
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) Lamps
Generate more light and heat,
while requiring less electricity.
Relatively long life and high
lumen output per watt.
Typical applications:
interior areas where lights are
left on for long periods or
exterior applications such as
landscaping, parking, and
security lighting.
MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS
Produces light when current
passes through a mercury
vapor in the lamp
Lowest efficacy of the HID
family
Rapid lumen depreciation
Low Color Rendering Index
(CRI)
METAL HALIDE
Similar to mercury vapor
but contains other metal
additives to produce
better color
good color rendition
high lumen output
well suited for sports
arenas and stadiums
large auditoriums and
convention halls
HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM
Produces light when
current passes through a
sodium vapor
Golden white light with
“fair” color rendition not
as good as metal halide
Used in industrial,
commercial and
institutional applications
Slightly more efficient
than metal halide
LOW PRESSURE SODIUM
Similar to high pressure
sodium but different metal
additives
Most efficient HID lamp type
Worst color rendition of the
HID lamps…blue and reds
appear as grey and yellow/
brown
Primarily for outdoor security
and street lighting
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
Releases photons when an
electron in the “n” regions
combines with the holes in
“p” region
The light is dispersed though
the epoxy lens
Light is uni-directional
High average life
Low power consumption
Lamp Efficacies
LAMP LUMENS LUMENS/WATT
100-W incandescent 1750 18
100-W tungsten halogen 1880 19
13-W compact fluorescent 900 69
32-W fluorescent 2950 92
175-W metal halide 14000 80
150-W high pressure sodium 16000 107
Source: IESNA Lighting Education: Fundamental Level
Comparison
EFFICACY Average Color
Light Source Lumens Per Watt Lamp Life Rendering
(LPW) ( Hours ) Index
(CRI)
Standard Incandescent 5 to 20 750 to 2,000 100
Tungsten / Halogen 15 to 25 2,000 to 4,000 100
Compact Fluorescent 20 to 55 6,000 to 10,000 80
Mercury Vapor 25 to 50 Up to 24,000 15 - 30
Tubular Fluorescent 60 to 100 15,000 to 24,000 50 - 90
Metal Halide 45 to 100 10,000 to 25,000+ 60 - 90
High Pressure Sodium 45 to 110 Up to 24,000 9 - 70
[Link]
Comparison
Efficacy Lifetime Color Temperature
Technology CRI
(lumen/W) (hrs) (K)
Compact
80-90 60-70 6,000-10,000 2700-6500
Fluorescent
Incandescent 100 12-18 750-1,500 2400-2900
Linear Fluorescent 70 - 90 80-100+ 20,000 2700-6500
Halogen 100 16-29 2,000-4,000 2850-3200
Up to
White LED 65-90 20-50 2700-6500
100,000
[Link]
[Link]
SIZES OF LINEAR/TUBULAR
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
T12, 40W T8, 32W,
36W T5, 14W,
28W
DIMENSIONS OF LINEAR/TUBULAR
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
Industry Standard Dimension
T5 = 5 / 8 = 0.625 = 1.58 cm
T8 = 8 / 8 = 1.0 in = 2.54 cm
T12 = 12 / 8 = 1.50 in = 3.81 cm
DIMENSIONS OF LINEAR/TUBULAR
FLUORESCENT LAMPS
FLUORESCEN
T LAMP LAMP
DIMENSION
COLOR
TEMPERATUR
E
F40WT12 865
FLUORESCEN COLOR
TT LAMP RENDERING
WATTAGE
RATING
FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST
Ballasts are used with all electric gas-
discharge lamps to apply high starting voltage
and regulate current through the lamp.
The two general classes of ballasts are
MAGNETIC and ELECTRONIC
FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST
TYPES OF LAMP BALLASTS
(Circuit type and Operation)
Pre-heat start operation
Rapid start operation
Instant start operation
OPERATION OF LAMP AND BALLAST COMBINATION
Starter or
switch
36 – 40 watts
Fluorescent lamp
220-230
volts
Ballast 10 – 12 watts
Fluorescent lamp + ballast = 50 52 watts ok
= 40 watts x
LUMINAIRE
A complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or
lamps designed to distribute the light, hold the
the lamps, and connect the lamps to mains.
LUMINAIRE
Luminaires (or lighting fixtures) have a mirror-like
surface that focuses light directly and evenly and
increases lumen output.
TYPES OF LUMINAIRES
Recessed Mounted Type
TYPES OF LUMINAIRES
Surfaced Mounted Type
TYPES OF LUMINAIRES
Recessed Type (Flush Mounted)
TYPES OF LUMINAIRES
Surfaced Mounted (Open Type)
TYPES OF LUMINAIRES
Hanging or Suspended Type
TYPES OF LUMINAIRES
Hanging or Suspended Type
LUMINAIRE (Refractors)
Plastic refractors have superior photometric
performance over glass refractors
LUMINAIRE (Refractors)
Glass refractors highest durability and can
withstand high temperature but poorest optical
control
TYPES OF LUMINAIRE
END OF PRESENTATION
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