Power System Operation and
Control
1
Overloaded Transmission Line
-152 MW 154 MW
Bus 2 37 MVR -24 MVR Bus 1
104% 104% 1.00 pu
359 MW
179 MVR
1.00 pu
Thermal limit
343 MW
of 150 MVA -49 MVR
-57 MW 89 MW
150 MW AGC ON
18 MVR -24 MVR 100 MW
234 MVR AVR ON
58 MW -87 MW
-16 MVR 29 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 pu
179 MW
90 MVR
150 MW AGC ON
102 MVR AVR ON
https://www.powerworld.com/download-purchase/demo-software
Interconnected Operation
• Power systems are interconnected across large distances.
• Individual utilities only own and operate a small portion of the
system, which is referred to an operating area (or an area).
Operating Areas
• Transmission lines that join two areas are known as tie-lines.
• The net power out of an area is the sum of the flow on its tie-lines.
• The flow out of an area is equal to total gen - total load - total losses = tie-
flow
Area Control Error (ACE)
❑ The area control error mostly the difference between the actual power
flow out of area, and scheduled power flow.
❑ ACE also includes a frequency component.
❑ Ideally, the ACE should always be zero.
❑ Because the load is constantly changing, each utility must constantly
change its generation to “chase” the ACE.
❑ ACE can never be held exactly at zero.
❑ Utilities keep track of this value. If it gets sufficiently negative, they will
“pay back” the accumulated energy.
Home Area ACE
-12 MW 12 MW
Bus 2 2 MVR -2 MVR Bus 1
1.00 pu
255 MW
128 MVR
1.00 pu
106 MW
-1 MVR
-6 MW
227 MW OFF AGC -17 MW
5 MVR 2 MVR 100 MW
135 MVR AVR ON
17 MW 6 MW
-5 MVR -2 MVR Area 2
Home Area
Bus 3 1.00 pu
128 MW 20.0
Scheduled Transactions
64 MVR
0.0 MW 150 MW AGC ON
Area Control Error (MW)
10.0
Off AGC 57 MVR AVR ON
0.0
-10.0
-20.0
06:15 AM 06:30 AM
Time
ACE changes with time
Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
• Most utilities use automatic generation control (AGC) to
automatically change their Active power generation to
keep their ACE close to zero.
• Usually, the utility control center calculates ACE based
upon tie-line flows; then the AGC module sends control
signals to the generators every couple seconds.
Three Bus Case on AGC
-22 MW 22 MW
Bus 2 4 MVR -4 MVR Bus 1
1.00 pu
214 MW
107 MVR
1.00 pu
100 MW
2 MVR
-42 MW -22 MW
150 MW AGC ON
13 MVR 7 MVR 100 MW
124 MVR AVR ON
42 MW 22 MW
-12 MVR -6 MVR Area 2
Home Area
Bus 3 1.00 pu
Scheduled Transactions 107 MW
53 MVR
With AGC on, net
0.0 MW 171 MW AGC ON tie flow is zero, but
ED 35 MVR AVR ON
individual line flows
are not zero
Contingencies
• Contingencies are the unexpected loss of a significant device, such as a
transmission line or a generator.
• No power system can survive a large number of contingencies.
• First contingency refers to loss of any one device.
Reactive Power
Reactive power is supplied by
generators
capacitors
transmission lines
loads
Reactive power is consumed by
loads
transmission lines and transformers
Reactive Power
Reactive power doesn’t travel well - must be supplied locally.
Reactive must also satisfy Kirchhoff’s law - total reactive power into a bus
MUST be zero.
Reactive Power Example
-152 MW 154 MW
Bus 2 37 MVR -24 MVR Bus 1
104% 104% 1.00 pu
359 MW
179 MVR
1.00 pu
343 MW
-49 MVR
-57 MW 89 MW
150 MW AGC ON
18 MVR -24 MVR 100 MW
234 MVR AVR ON
58 MW -87 MW
-16 MVR 29 MVR Reactive
Note
Bus 3 1.00 pu
power
reactive 179 MW
90 MVR must also
line losses 150 MW AGC ON
sum to
are about 102 MVR AVR ON
zero at
13 Mvar
each bus
Voltage Magnitude
Power systems must supply electric power within a narrow voltage
range, typically with 5% of a nominal value.
Reactive power and voltage magnitude are tightly coupled.
Greater reactive demand decreases the bus voltage, while reactive
generation increases the bus voltage.
Voltage Regulation
different types of devices participate in voltage regulation:
generators: reactive power output is automatically changed to keep terminal voltage within
range.
capacitors: switched either manually or automatically to keep the voltage within a range.
Load-tap-changing (LTC) transformers: vary their off-nominal tap ratio to keep a voltage
within a specified range.
Five Bus Reactive Power Example
1.00 pu
200 MW
100 MVR
1.000 pu
100 MW
143 MW 12 MVR
5 MVR
61 MW
405 MW AGC ON
-2 MVR 100 MW
96 MVR AVR ON
-40 MW
Bus 4 24 MVR -60 MW
0.982 pu Bus 3 5 MVR
100 MW
LTC 10 MVR
3 L 0.994 pu Voltage
0.995 pu
Transformer is Bus 5
100 MW magnitude is
100 MW 50 MVR
controlling load 0 MVR 79 MVR controlled by
voltage capacitor
PowerWorld Simulator
The software is capable of performing a load flow analysis of a
power system.
Can be used to analyze various types of faults for determination of
proper circuit breaker selection.
• The per unit (PU) voltages and phase angles (degrees) are provided for
each voltage bus.
• The actual power outputs (real and imaginary) are displayed for each of
the generators.
• The actual power flows (real and imaginary) are provided for all
transmission lines.
• The ratings of the connected load and PFC are included on the one-line
as well.
The system consists of:
(3) buses
(2) generators
(3) transmission lines
(9) circuit breakers
(1) static load
(1) power factor correction capacitor (PFC).
Load Flow Analysis Results with Power Factor Correction (PFC)
•
For this analysis, a power factor correction capacitor (PFC) rated at 20 MVAR (capacitive) was
connected to the load BUS 3.
• The purpose of the capacitor was to increase the voltage at load BUS 3 by providing leading
VARs to the power system network.
• It is easily determined from the results that the capacitor provides all of the necessary VARs
to the power system network.
• The power flows (real and imaginary) are now opposing one another on the 2 transmission
lines feeding the connected load.
• Also, some of the capacitive VARs are consumed by the connected load, the remaining VARs
are provided to the power system network. The voltage at the load BUS 3 is increased.
Short Circuit Analysis
The provided fault calculations include balanced three-phase, single line to ground,
double line to ground, or line to line faults.
The appropriate short circuit sequence networks are solved and the voltages
(magnitude and angle) are determined for each voltage bus.
The triangles are scaled to show the magnitude of the fault current contribution from
each machine and transmission line.
A bolted three-phase fault was applied to BUS 2.
The resulting fault currents that flow in the power system network are displayed on the
one-line diagram including the contributions from all other connected equipment.
Also, the resulting voltages (magnitude and phase angle) at each bus are
shown.
