Solving Question Paper

Question 1. What are the steps for insect proofing?

1. Seal your doors and Windows properly: Door sweeps, also called draft
stoppers, available in different types
2. Add Screens: Window Net etc.
3. Maintain your Yard
4. Seal Around Pipes Penetration
5. Repair Cracks
6. Cover Large Openings
7. Don’t invite pest to Dinner
8. Store Trash Properly
9. Keep Foundation Clear
[Link] Natural Predators

Question 2. How we can control flying through exclusion in a business

building?
Exclusion is the one of the most important approach to commercial pest
management. Pest exclusion is a preventative tactic that involves sealing up
areas/places of your building where pest are likely to enter. There are three
steps to control pests through exclusion.
Identification
Inspection
Preventive measures
Pest exclusion tools include door sweeps, air curtains, water resistant sealant,
insect light traps (ILTs), screens, window nets.
Question 3. State the condition for sticky trap placement in food processing
and dining area?
Glue board + Sticky tap + Musca-stick fly trap
Glue board is a glue trap used to capture and control crawling pests primarily
mice but can also be effective to use against roaches, spiders, centipedes etc.
This glue board is effective, easy and safe to use in areas where poison or other
pest control product are inhibited because glue traps are non-toxic to pests. The
glue board comes pre-baited with peanut butter scent or other desirable
attractant for pests. Before using the glue boards be sure to wear gloves to avoid
any human sense that may avoid the rodents. Peel off the wax paper to expose
the glue and place in mice prefer or other insects tracking paths like mice prefer
dark enclosed spaces. Folding the box keep the glue free of any contaminants
that may fall on the trap.
Glue board can be placed anywhere but it is most effective when placed in areas
with most pest activity. Entry of pest or rodents, right beside the doors and
window seals. Rodents do not like to travel across open spaces so place the trap
along walls, beside appliances and beside or under furniture. Be sure to place
the trap flush against the wall so that rodents travel across it. These glue boards
are safe to use around pets as there are no poison or chemical added to the glue
but they are very sticky so place traps out of the reach of children or pets.
Glue board should be checked daily and change the location after to three days
if you have not caught anything in that area. The glue boards won’t dry out but
they can collect dust and dirt and is less effective if laid down flat. If this
happen, throw away the dirty board and place a new one. The glue boards are
not lethal and the rodents and insects that get stuck on the glue board do not
immediately die and may come across a live pest. If you, child or pet get stuck
on the glue board you can use vegetable oil to loosen the stickiness.
Glue board Drawbacks:
Good against insects and mice but less effective against for larger rodents like
rats as they will strong enough to pull themselves off the glue. Set snap traps for
such rodents.
Question 4. How to kill German cockroaches effectively in a residential
kitchen?
Follow all the steps in pest control. Dust, aerosols and bait station are used.
Question 5. How we can control booklice and did it spread any disease to
humans?
Psocids or booklice are very common in new houses. This is because the
environment is relatively humid and these insects do well in humid conditions.
They likely came in on construction materials while the house was being built
and simply stayed. They feed mold that is growing in the humid areas they are
in. One fact about them is they don’t bite, sting or bother people or pets. They
are also found in older books or papers stored in damp conditions. These tiny
bugs also live outdoors on bark, feeding on mosses and lichens and in grass,
leaves and damp wood.
Control:
1. Reduce their food supply by cleaning with enzymes or borax/Boric acid,
then keeping the areas clean and free of molds and fungi.
 2. Use the dehumidifier or air conditioner in the infested or potentially
infestation areas to reduce moisture to below 50%. Using fans can also
help to increase the airflow. One to three weeks the low humidity will kill
the psocids.
3. Dispose of all moldy articles.
4. Silica aerogel, diatomaceous earth or boric acid can be dusted in non-
food area cracks and crevices, crawl space and other areas away from
children and pets to help dry out the area.
5. Commercial products that help to control molds and fungi will also help
keep the area clean and maintain control of mold feeding pests.
Booklice do not bite humans and they do not spread any disease.
Question 6. Rift valley disease is caused by which mosquito?
Among animals, RVF (Rift valley Fever) virus is spread primarily by the bite
of infected mosquitos, mainly the Aedes species which acquire the virus by
feeding on infected animals. This disease is most commonly seen in
domesticated animals such as camel, buffalo, goat, sheep, and cow.
Question 7. Write the name of five cockroache species, name of container
which has eggs and how many eggs? Recommend any chemicals for control
with active ingredient.
Name of five cockroaches species:
German, Brown banded, American, smoky brown cockroach and Oriental.
Female cockroaches produce egg cases, known as oothecae, which
contain many eggs and are enveloped by a protein that gradually hardens
into a strong protective casing. Some cockroach species drop the egg
cases while other species carry it until the eggs are ready to hatch in a
safe location. The German cockroach carries ootheca until the eggs inside
it are ready to hatch. One ootheca can contain up to 50 eggs. On
average, females produce one ootheca each month for ten months.
There are normally about 25 to 35 eggs per ootheca/egg case. The
eggs take 6 to 7 weeks to hatch. The nymph grows molting about 10-
12 times to reach the adult form.
Advion cockroach gel bait is best for roaches’ infestation which has
indoxacarb 0.6% as an active ingredient. Ecogel is also effective against these
notorious creature which mainly contain active ingredient imidacloprid
(2.15%). Magnum (Imidacloprid 2.15%)
Question 8. Write immature larval stages of mosquito. Explain which stage
we can target.
The larva (plural - larvae) of mosquitoes lives in the water and comes to the
surface to breathe. Larvae shed (molt) their skins four times (1st, 2nd, 3rd and
4th) growing larger after each molt. Culex and Aedes larvae have siphon tubes
for breathing and hang upside down (vertical) from the water surface.
Anopheles larvae do not have a siphon and lie parallel to the water surface to
get a supply of oxygen through a breathing opening. Mansonia larvae attach to
plants to obtain their air supply. The larvae feed on microorganisms and organic
matter in the water. The mosquito larva is also called wriggler. During the
fourth molt the larva changes into a pupa within 5 days.
All the stages of mosquito can be targeted but the most important is control
these insects in the larval stage because all the larval stage of mosquitoes are
limited to water until they reach to pupa. At the larval stage the mosquitoes are
called wrigglers because they wriggle around in the standing water where the
get the required nutrients. This is the easiest stage to kill the mosquitoes. After
once they reach to maturity it becomes very difficult to control mosquitos
especially on commercial or large scale. Larvicides are used to kill mosquito
larvae i.e. Bti, S-Methoprene, Temephos etc.
Question 9. What are the biological and technical agents used for
controlling mosquitoes?
Biological agents:
Effective biological control includes predatory fish that feed on mosquito larvae
such as [Link] (Gambusia/Gambezi) and some [Link] fishes (carps
and minnows). 3. Dragonfly is also predator of mosquito larvae. 4. Some duck
also feed on mosquito larvae. 5. Toxorhynchites mosquito also called
elephant mosquito or mosquito eater. These mosquitoes offer an alternative
form of biological control because their predatory larvae often feed upon the
larvae of vector species of mosquitoes. 6. The use of elongated round-headed
nematode worms like Mermithidea is also among the list of suggested
biological agents.
Question 10. What chemicals are used to kill mosquitoes effectively?
Organophosphates (Malathion and naled) and phyrethroids (permethrin,
pyrethrin, resmethrin etc) insecticides have been used to control mosquito
populations in their larval and adult stages. Effective larvicides used are: Bti,
S-Methoprene, Temephos etc. Mosquito adulticides (Organophosphates,
Pyrethroids) are used as ULV sprays.
Question 11. Write three diseases spread by rats.
Bubonic Plague: A disease of rodents caused by bacterium. Fleas feeding
on infected rodent would transmit the disease to the next host (rat or human)
through biting.
Murine typhus: A rickettsia disease transmitted by rat Fleas to humans.
Scrub typhus: A rickettsia disease transmitted by rickettsia-infected Mites
feeding on human through biting. Transmitted by mites amongst rodents in
scrubby areas. Accidental infections in man: campers, hikers.
Spotted fever: A rickettsia disease transmitted by rickettsia-infected Ticks
feeding on human through biting. Larvae feed on rodents; adults feed on
dog as their host.
Question 12. Define the abbreviation I.G.R and V.M.D.
I.G.R: An insect growth regulator is a substance (chemical) that inhibits
the growth or life cycle of an insect. IGRs are typically used to control
populations of harmful pests, such as cockroaches, mosquitoes and fleas
etc. IGRs target harmful insect population while causing less effects to
beneficial insects. IGRs do not affect the CNS and thus are friendlier to
“worker insects” within closed environment. IGRs prevent an insect from
reaching maturity by interfering with the molting process. IGRs kill the
insects within 3 to 10 days. Some IGRs cause insects to stop feeding long
before they die. IGRs can be used in-house and is safe to spray on carpets
and furniture and lasts up to six months. As IGR is hormone so it has no
side effects on other animals such as mammals, birds etc.
Example: Hydroprene, S-Methoprene, Azadirachtin, pyriproxyfen.
V.M.D (Also called DV0.5): Volume median diameter.
Half (1/2) of spray = Smaller droplets
Half (1/2) of spray = Larger droplets
Question 13. Life cycle of mosquito and immature larva, which stage we
focus to control?
Life Cycle:
The mosquito goes through four separate and distinct stages of its life cycle:
Egg, Larva, Pupa, and Adult. Each of these stages can be easily recognized
by its special appearance. Mosquito lives for 2 to 4 weeks and up to 8 weeks
depends on condition.
Egg: three places: 1. Stagnant water 2. Water edge/damp soil 3. Aquatic
plant. In the case of Culex species, the eggs are stuck together in cluster of
up to 200. Aedes and Anopheles, as well as many other genera, do not make
egg cluster, but lay their eggs singly, Aedes eggs are like banana and shape
ended, anopheles eggs are slightly round in the middle. Culex and
Anopheles lay their eggs on the water surface, while many Aedes lay their
eggs on damp soil that will be flooded by water. Some Aedes species lay
 their eggs in clean water. Most eggs hatch into larvae within (2-3 days).
Water is a necessary part of their habitat.
Larva: The larva (plural - larvae) of mosquitoes lives in the water and
comes to the surface to breathe. Larvae shed (molt) their skins four
times(1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) growing larger after each molt. Culex and Aedes
larvae have siphon tubes for breathing and hang upside down (vertical) from
the water surface. Anopheles larvae do not have a siphon and lie parallel to
the water surface to get a supply of oxygen through a breathing opening.
Mansonia larvae attach to plants to obtain their air supply. The larvae feed
on microorganisms and organic matter in the water. The mosquito larva is
also called wriggler. During the fourth molt the larva changes into a
pupa within 5 days.
Pupa: The pupal stage is a resting, non-feeding stage of development, but
pupae are mobile, responding to light changes and moving of their tails
towards the bottom or protective areas. This is the time the mosquito
changes into an adult. When development is complete, the pupal skin splits
and the adult mosquito emerges.
Adult: The newly emerged adult rests on the surface of the water for a short
time to allow itself to dry and all its body parts to harden. The wings have to
spread out and dry properly before it can fly. Blood feeding and mating does
not occur for a couple of days after the adults emerge. How long each stage
lasts depends on both temperature and species characteristics. For instance,
Culex tarsalis, a common California (USA) mosquito, might go through its
life cycle in 14 days at 70° F and take only 10 days at 80° F. On the other
hand, some species have naturally adapted to go through their entire life
cycle in as little as four days or as long as one month.
All the stages of mosquito can be targeted but the most important is control
these insects in the larval stage because all the larval stage of mosquitoes are
limited to water until they reach to pupa. At the larval stage the mosquitoes
are called wrigglers because they wriggle around in the standing water where
the get the required nutrients. This is the easiest stage to kill the mosquitoes.
After once they reach to maturity it becomes very difficult to control
mosquitos especially on commercial or large scale.

Question. 14. Which generation of baits we are using and RBS placement.
We are using second generation of baits in Rodent Bait Stations.
Brodifacoum, Difenacoum, Bromadialone and Difethialone.
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3):
This is one of the most dangerous rodenticide also used for rat control.
This poison causes very high calcium and phosphorus level in the body,
resulting in severe, acute kidney failure.

Bromethalin:
Causes swelling of the brain in rats and mouse.

Mechanism of action:
It works by uncoupling oxidative phoshorylation in the brain and liver
mitochondria and can result in brain swelling (cerebral edema)
Common signs of poisoning:
Incoordination (ataxia), tremors, seizures, paralysis, and eventually death
Threat: With bromethaline, cats are more sensitive than dogs.

RBS placement: Near rodent burrows, against walls or along travel routes
used by the rodents. Rodents do not go out of their way to find baits. For
mice place the bait station no more than 10-12 feet apart in areas where
mice are active. RBS placement depends on the type of rodent and its
habitat or harborage or location and their active site.
Question 15. Differentiate between soft bait and hard bait.
Liquid bait/Soft bait:
An increasing number of insecticides and rodenticides are being formulated
as liquid bait. Liquid rodenticides or pesticides are mixed with water and
placed in bait station. Two major benefits:
Liquid rodenticides are effective in controlling rodents, especially rats, in
areas where they can not find water. They are also effective in areas where
complete availability of food reduces traditional baits ineffective.
Hard/solid bait: As the name indicates they are available in the form of
granules, powder and bait blocks. Used in the bait station or without bait
station outside for flies and other invading insects if the form granules.
Example, Golden Marlin for flies and Final All weatherblok for
rodenticides.
Question 16. Write any commercial name of piperonyl butoxide. Its mode
of action.
Piperonyle butoxide is not a pesticide/insecticide but act as a synergist to
increase the activity of pesticides such as carbamates, pyrethroids etc.
Without piperonyl butoxide, an insect may degrade a pesticide before an
effect can occur. Insects have enzyme in their bodies that breaks down
some insecticides before they cause any effect to them. PBO stops some
of these enzymes and allow insecticides more time to work. Piperonyl
butoxide is available under different brand names:
Chirotox (PBO 5%)
Mastercid Micro (PBO 6%)
Delta S (62.4 g/L). PBO is most widely used synergists. N-Octyl
bicycle-heptane Dicarboximide.
Question 17. Difference between space treatment and residual spray in
term of V.M.D type of nozzle used in each one and the size of droplets of
spray.
Space treatment: Space treatment is one of the insecticidal methods to control
the adult insect pests within the space, within the room, warehouse or building.
The size of the droplets in space treatment spray is 10-20 µm.
Residual spray or Indoor residual spray (IRS): Residual spraying is usually
carried out in the form of a fine spray made to the surface where insects may
come into contact. As its name indicate, IRS involves coating the walls and
other surfaces of a house with residual insecticide as the droplets of the spray
are much larger (30 µm), they settle very quickly on the surface of treated areas.
Residual effects usually last from a few days to about a week to sever months
depending on the product used. Mosquitoes rest or land in treated areas may be
killed. Equipment used for spraying can range from a small hand-held
compression sprayer to a gas-powered backpack sprayer to a hydraulic
mist blower. Residual spraying should only be conducted when the mosquito
population reaches an annoying level and there is a threat of mosquito-borne
diseases. When it is applied in areas where the general public may have access,
it is necessary to post warning notices so that passersby will not touch the
treated areas unintentionally.
Question 19. Define the abbreviation with explanation, PS, F and M.
PS= Soluble powder:

Soluble powder formulations looks like wettbale powder. However

when mixed with water, soluble powders dissolve completely and form
a true solution. Can be used and sprayed onto surfaces, cracks, cervices
to control different pests.
F= Flowable: Manufacturers use these formulations when the active
ingredient is a solid that does not dissolve in either water or oil. The active
ingredient, soaked on a substance such as clay, is crushed to a very fine
powder. The powder is then suspended in a small amount of liquid. The
resulting liquid product is quite thick. Flowables and liquid share many of
the features of emulsifiable concentrates and they have similar
disadvantages. They require moderate agitation to keep them in suspension.
Leave visible residues, similar to those of wettable powders.

Advantage: Flowables/liquids are easy to handle and apply

Disadvantage: They contain solid particles, so they are abrasive to nozzles

and pumps. Flowable and liquid suspensions settle out in their containers.
Always shake them thoroughly. Because flowable and liquid formulations
tend to settle, manufacturers package them in containers of five gallons or
less to make remixing easier.

M or ME= Microencapsulated: Microencapsulated pesticides are

insecticides where the pesticides active ingredient whether dry or
liquid is covered or encapsulated by a protective coating.
Microencapsulated pesticides are mixed with water and sprayed in the
same manner as other spray formulations. After spraying, the coating
breaks down and slowly releases the active ingredient.
Microencapsulated materials have several advantages:

 Highly toxic materials but safer for applicators to mix and apply due to
protective layer.
 Delayed or slow release of the active ingredient prolongs its
effectiveness.
 Slowly volatile.
 No damage to surface
 Good on porous surface
 No bad smell because of protective coating.

Microencapsulated materials, however, pose a special hazard to bees.

Foraging bees may carry microencapsulated materials back to their nests
because they are about the same size as pollen grains. As the capsules break
down, they release the pesticides, poisoning the adults and brood (Youngs).
Breakdown of microencapsulated material to release the pesticides sometimes
depends on weather conditions. Under certain conditions, the
microencapsulated materials may break down more slowly than expected.
Question 20. Write three types of rats and their habitat.
1. Norway rat or sewer rat: Rattus norvegicus (Rn): Originally, this specie
liven in forest, but has since developed as a commensal species with
humans, preferring to almost anywhere humans are present. The rats now
make their homes in a variety of habitats from forest and open fields to
sewer (Drain) and buildings.
2. House rat or roof rat: Rattus rattus (Rr): Brown in color. Typically they
lives in colonies. Roof rat prefer to nest in the upper parts of building such
as attics (roof space) and rafters (a beam forming part of the internal
framework of a roof, (Pashto: Chat ki Che Chalai V). Generally preferring
sheltered or covered habitats. Roof rats are attracted to lush landscapes,
dense vegetation and fruit trees. A roof rat spends most of the day sleeping
in nest.
3. House Mouse: Mus musculus (Mm): Black in color. Mouse/Mice are
hardy creatures that are found in nearly every country. They can live in
forests, grasslands and manmade structures easily. Mice typically make a
burrow underground if they live out in the wild. This burrow helps them to
protect from predators.
Question 21. Differentiate between anopheline and non-anopheline
larvae.
Anophline larva:
1. Larva of anopheles mosquito is surface feeder and have no siphon
tube.
2. It remains parallel to water surface.
3. The proboscis and palp have same length.
Non- Anophline larva:
1. Culex and Aedes larvae have siphon tubes for breathing and hang
upside down (vertical) from the water surface.
2. There is presence of small palp near proboscis.
Question 22. Describe the following pictures whether they are ULV or
high pressure volume etc.
Question 23. Which chemical will abdobe earlier in the body?
Carbamate, organophosphate etc.
Carbamate abdobe earlier in the body. (Not sure)

Organophosphates:
Active Ingredients: Parathion, Diazinon, Dichlorvos, etc.
Organophosphates are human made chemicals that poison insects and humans.
They are the most widely used insecticides today. Organophosphates affect the
nervous system by disrupting the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, which
is a neurotransmitter that function in the brain and body. Most
organophosphates are insecticides. They were developed during the early 19th
century, but their effects on insects and on humans is same, which was first
discovered in 1932. Some are very poisonous (they were used in World War
II as nerve agents). However, they usually are not persistent (Hang On) in the
environment.
Carbamate:
Active ingredient: propoxur, carbaryl, bendiocarb, methomyle.
Carbamate are used as sprays or baits to kill insects by affecting their brain
and nervous system. They are used to kill roaches, ants, fleas, crickets etc.
Carbamate pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting an enzyme that
regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. The enzyme effects are usually
reversible.
(Extra Question): Inorganics—Borates and Diatoms:
Inorganics are insecticides made from elements, compounds, and minerals
which do not contain carbon.
Sulfur and arsenic are inorganic insecticides which were in common use
from about 1930 until 1960. They are very toxic and should not be used.
Boric acid, silica aerogel, and diatomaceous earth are the inorganics
currently in use.

Question 28. Write commercial/brand name for IGRs used in UAE?

Gentrol, Starycide.
Question 29. How we can identify rats by poop?
Rodent droppings are good indicator of the pest in an area. Rats dropping are
shiny black and 1-2 cm long look like dark brown jelly beans. Roof rate has ½
inch long droppings with pointed ends. Whereas mice droppings are small ¼
inches and smooth with pointed ends.