Architecture his chapter deals with the definition, kinds, mediums, and history of architecture. It also enumerates notable artists and their contributions in this field. Definition Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings, bridges, and other structures to satisfy individual and communal needs. It is a complex art inasmuch as the task of the architect is not only to create the design of the exterior of the building or similar structure, but also to do the design of its interior. Kinds of Architectural Construction Primitive men used to live in caves primarily because they did not have the tools for building houses and were not equipped with the knowledge of construction. When they began making implements, they started constructing tree houses and similar dwelling places. Through the years, the structures that house men have continuously improved. With the Industrial Revolution and the introduction of steel and other construction materials, the mushrooming of high-rise buildings (See Figs. 4.1 and 4.2.) is inevitable. Architects see to it that 103Parry oceekeeeemremeeere cn Fig. 4.1. Meralco Building Fig. 4.2 Ortigas Building the basic kinds of architectural construction form part of tg Oy Mesto buildings. These are the post and lintel, the cantilever, the arch, the truss, the vault, and the dome, Post and Lintel. The post and lintel consists of a horizontal beam called lintel and two vertical posts to support it. It is usually found in doors and entrances, The prehistoric “Stonehenge” (See Fig, 4.3.) illustrates this type of architectural construction. Cantilever: Similar to the post and lintel, the cantilever has two vertical posts for support and a horizontal beam with one end more extended than the other. Oftentimes, steel is used for this type of architectural construction because of its tensile strength. At times, wood is also used less frequently because of its tendency to warp, sag, and rot, Fig. 4.3 “Stonehenge,” a Post- and-Lintel Architectural Construction 104=. ‘Arch. The arch consists of several wedge-shaped blocks of stone called » ‘youssoirs held together by a key stone. It serves to support other structures such as roofs and to be a symbolic gateway. The Arch of Triumph in Paris, France, illustrates this type of architectural construction introduced by the Romans and dominant in Roman architecture. Dome. The dome is a large hemisphergral roof or ceiling that looks like an inverted cup. It is an extension of the principle of the arch capable of enclosing a wide area, “The Dome of the Rock” (See Fig. 4.4.) in Jerusalem is a classic example of this type of architectural construction. Vault. The vault (See Fig. 4.5.) is an arched structure of masonry usually forming a roof or ceiling. Similar to the dome, it is an extension of the principle of the arch capable of enclosing a vast expanse of space. It has several types, namely; barrel vault, groined vault, cross vault, ‘Welsh vault, and cloister vault. Truss. The truss (See Fig. 4.6.) consists of a braced framework of beams or bars forming one or more triangles. An assemblage of beams forming a rigid framework, it is usually used to support the roof. Mediums ‘The mediums used in architecture are classified into light and heavy materials. Light materials include paper, nipa, bamboo, and other light wood. All, except paper, form part of nipa huts and similar dwellings in tropical countries. The advantage of these materials is that they allow for good ventilation, but their disadvantage is that they are not resistant to fire and other natural elements. Thus, houses made of light materials, especially those in squatter or slum areas, are described as fire hazards. The trend now is toward the use of heavy materials which are not only fire-resistant but also durable and able to withstand natural forces such as earthquakes, landslides, storms, and floods, These materials are hardwood, stone, concrete (combination of cement, gravel, and sand), brick, steel, and cast iron..They always form part of high-rise buildings, for example, condominiums. History Prehistoric Period. The caves use men. After they had created th adzes, they began constructing indigenous in their surroundin} civilizations who came Up with enormous arc .d to be the first dwellings of the Stone Age eir tools and other implements such as the their tree houses with the use of materials gs. The Egyptians were among the ancient +hitectural works. 105Fig. 4.6 Kinds of Truss ‘Their pyramids built to entomb their leaders, the pharaohs, are one of the wonders of the Ancient World. These Structures are more complex than their earlier counterpart, the mastaba, a chamber for the dead, The Babylonians also constructed their own structures, the famous of which are the Hanging Garden of Babylon (another ancient wonder) and the Tower of Babel, a ziggurat, Greek Period. The Parthenon typifies the architecture of this period. Adorned with relief sculpture by Phidias and his assistants, it exemplifies the post- and-lintel system of architecture, Other well-known buildings are the Temple of Diana (another ancient wonder), Erechtheum, and the Temple of Winged Victory. ‘The Greeks are famous for their architectural orders Re OR |(See Appendix B.): the Doric (with the simplest capital), the Ionic (with a capital having ram's horns or volutes), and the Corinthian (with a capital having acanthus leaves). Roman Period. The greatest contributions of the Romans to Western civilization are in the field of architecture. While they adopted the three classical orders of Greek architecture, they added the Tuscan order (with a plain abacus capital but without flutings) and the composite order (with a bell-shaped capital having two rows of acanthus leaves surmounted by scrolls). Unlike the Greeks, the Romans combined the orders in one building (Ortiz et al., 1976). They also introduced the dome, a structure exemplified by the Colosseum. Besides this semi-circular structure, the Arch of Triumph, the Baths of Caracalla, the Pantheon, and the Roman aqueducts were built during this period. Medieval Period. The architecture during the Middle Ages is divided into four artistic styles: Early Christian, Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic. Early Christian architecture (See Fig. 47) is typified by the old Basilica of St. Peter (326 AD.) (See Fig. 4.8.) in Rome, dedicated by Emperor Constantine and known tobe the first Christian church, Byzantine architecture is exemplified by the 6th century Hagia Sophia, built in Constantinople and designed to conform to the Greek cross with four equilateral arms, as opposed to the Latin cross with only three equilateral arms. The Romanesque church has a massive, horizontal emphasis, an east-west orientation of the basilica, and a cruciform shape, with a long central aisle, the nave, traversed by the transept at right angles. Contrasted to the Romanesque church, the Gothic cathedral has a vertical emphasis, with its high, pointed spires. A good example of this is the Chartres Cathedral in France (Ortiz et al, 1976). ‘Another example is the San Sebastian Church in the Philippines. Surviving examples of medieval secular (non-religious) architecture are castles and fortified walls (e.g, Walls of Intramuros) which primarily served for defense. Renaissance Period. Renaissance architecture involved the construction of aristocratic residences called palazzos (Cosimo de Medicis Medici- Riccardi Palace in Florence designed by Michelozzi and the Rucellai Palace in Florence designed by Leon Battista Alberti) and churches (the dome of the Florence cathedral designed by Brunelleschi and the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome designed by Michelangelo) (Ortiz et al., 1976). Mannerist Period. Mannerism, as a period style, is exemplified by the works of Giorgio Vesari (Palazzo degli Uffizi in Florence), Bartolommeo Ammarati (courtyard at the Palazzo Pitti in Florence), and Andrea Palladio (Villa Rotonda in Vicenza and S, Giorgio Maggiore in Venice). (Janson, 1991) 107 %Sacriaty or Vestry Fig.4.7 Parts of a Church, an Early Christian Architecture (Source: Running Press’ Cyclopedia: The Portable Visual Encyclopedia, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Running Press Book Publishers, 1993.) Fig. 4.8 St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, Italy 108thurch of San Carlo alle Quatro Fontane designed by Francesco Borromini, Baroque architecture is characterized by ahighly ornamented facade, giant ‘and twisted columns, broken pediments, and common decorative motifs (Ortiz et al., 1976). Classic Period. “The classical style found its full expression in 17th century architecture in the Palace of Versailles, built for the court of King Louis XIV by Mansart and Le Vau (Ortiz et al., 1976).” Modern Period. The Bauhaus, a school of design founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany in 1919, was responsible for the development ‘of an International Style of architecture and design, which gradually spread throughout the industrial world, In the Bauhaus Building, many architectural and industrial ideas flourished; however, central to Bauhaus teaching were Louis Sullivans principle that form follows function and William Morris’ belief that utility and aesthetics could be integrated. Frank Lloyd Wright, an American pioneer in early 20th century architecture affected the International Style, but he developed his own style that never fit into any category. Most of the skyscrapers built during the 20th century and the early years of the 2st century are applications of the modern style. Baroque Period. Exemplified by the C. Notable Artists Local Architects Arguelles, Carlos D. ‘A contemporary of Juan Nakpil, Arguelles designed the Philamlife Building on United Nations Avenue, considered as one ofthe finest buildings in Southeast Asia (Espina etal, 2004). He also designed Development Bank of the Philippines and Philippine National Bank on Escolta. Alli, Armando Dominador N. An architect, planner, and environment consultant (APEC), Alli has been for more than two decades a practitioner in technological professions, preparing comprehensive land use plans (CLUPS), development master plans (DMPs), site master plans (SMBs), transportation system/facility plans, architectural designs for commercial, institutional, recreational, and residential structures, and allied design work. Antonio, Pablo S. (January 25, 1902-June 14, 1975) National Artist of the Philippines for Architecture in 1976, Antonio is.a pioneer of modern Philippine architecture. He designed the Ideal Theater, Life 109iversi . He finished hj. University Campus. : tern Uni ancial assistance from Engr the Legislative Building i Far Eas ter, Manila Polo Club, and n draech at the University of London with the a a Ramon Arevalo, for whom he worked as an assis project Concio, Cesar H. Concio designed the Redemptorist Church in Baclaran and UP Protestant Chapel. De Guzman Arellano, Juan M. (Born April 25, 1888) i i Guzman Arellano is best Greatly influenced by Art Deco architecture, De , known for Manis Metropolitan Theater, which was controversially modern during his time. He also designed the Manila Post Office Building, the Jones Bridge, and the Executive House (1926), which now houses the National Museum of the Philippines. Gutierrez, Gregorio Gutierrez designed the Sta. Cruz Church. (See Fig. 4.13.) Locsin, Leandro (August 15, 1928-November 15, 1994) National Artist of the Philippines for Architecture in 1990, Locsin is best known for the Cultural Center of the Philippines (See Fig. 4.7). His other works are the Church of the Holy Sacrifice in the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City, St. Andrew's Church (circular), Antipolo Church (circular), and Philippine International Convention Center. Luis, Lira ‘The first Filipino architect conferred with a Master of. Architecture degree at the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture, Luis isa global LEED architect holding architectural licenses in two countries, the USA and the Philippines. An award-winning architect, design correspondent, and best-selling author, she ae her first audio-book entitled “FRANKly Speaking: It’s the wRIGHT fay” Mangio, Nestor S. An internationally famous architect, Mangio is an environmental planner, a successful real estate and community developer, and a world. i ned lecturer and convener in urban design and environmental p soe lanning.Fig. 4.9 Cultural Center of the Philippines Designed by Leandro Locsin Fig. 4.10 Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, ‘Spain He was appointed by Pres. Fidel Ramos as a director of the Bases Conversion Development Authority, Clark Development Corporation, and Fort Bonifacio Development Corporation. Manosa, Francisco Famous for his design of the Coconut Palace in Tagaytay, Francisco Manosa is the most outspoken champion of an indigenous Filipino architecture. He shared his expertise through his book entitled “Designing Filipino: The Architecture of Francisco Manosa,’ which ‘showcases his designs for ten residential 114projects, five churches, four commemorative structures, five bevels jects, five : : projects, five institutional projects, four international expositions, ious industrial projects, Manosa, Jose A noted Filip.ao architect, Jose Manosa is known for designing the San Miguel Corporation Building. He believes that not only prominent and well-to. do families deserve the services of an architect. Mapua, Tomas (Born December 21, 1888) One of the founders of the Mapua Institute of Technology and the first registered Filipino architect, Mapua supervised the designing of the Philippine General Hospital on Taft Avenue and Training School Building of Normal School. Nakpil, Juan F, A teacher and a civic leader, Nakpil isa pioneer and innovator in Philippine architecture. He designed the 1937 International Eucharistic Congress; moreover, he rebuilt and enlarged the Quiapo Church in 1930 and added a dome and a second belfry to the original design. He also reconstructed Dr. Jose Rizal's house in Calamba, Laguna. Among his major works are Geronimo de los Reyes Building, Magsaysay Building, Rizal Theater, Capitol Theater, Captain Pepe Building, Manila Jockey Club, Rufino Building Philippine Village Hote, Iglesia ni Cristo Church in San Juan, San Miguel Pro-Cathedral, Quezon Institute Hospital, Social Security System Building in Quezon City, UP Administration Building, and UP Library. Ocampo, Fernando ‘Ocampo designed the Manila Cathedral, Antipolo Cathedral, and UST Palacio, Genaro 0, Palacio designed the San Sebastian Churchthe Tagaytay Highlands in Cavite and the Ci in spa) in tig fr ind the Crystal Springs (a mountain spa) santos-Viola, Carlos A. A well-known “kapilya” designer, Santos-Viola used to work for Juan Nakpil & Associate, The first chapel of the Christian evangelical group Iglesia ni Cristo that he designed was the Cubao chapel, which marked the start of his long-lasting work relationship with the INC. Despite the fact that he designed ae all over the Philippines, he was a devout Catholic throughout his entire life. Toledo, Antonio Toledo designed the Legislative Building, Manila City Hall, and Agriculture and Finance Building. Foreign Architects Aalto, Alvar (18 98-1976) A Finnish modern architect, Aalto displayed in his works a carefully crafted balance of intricate and complex forms, spaces, and elements. Among his works are Bell Tower in Kauhajol, Municipal Hospital in Alajol, Viipuri Library, Defense Corps Building, Helsinki University of Technology, and Helsinki House of Culture, all in Finland, and Baker House, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Boehm, Gottfried ‘A German architect, Boehm worked for Rudolf Schwarz, another prominent German church architect. Among his major works are Zublin Office ‘Town Hall in Bensberg, Municipal Building in Building (1985) in Stuttgart, Rheinberg, Restaurant in Bad Kreuznach, Deutsche Bank in Luxembourg, and Public Library (2004) in Ulm, all in Germany. Gropius, Walter (1883-1969) ‘A German architect, Gropiu and Harvard Graduate Center in Cambridge, Loos, Adolf (1870-1933) ‘An Austrian architect, Loos was one of the most important pioneers of the modern movement in architecture. ‘Among his major works are Caf Museum, ung Rudolf Kraus, Steiner House, Scheu Wohnung Leopold Langer, Wohnt House, Horner House, Rufer House, and Villa Stross, all in Vienna, Austria. s designed the Bauhaus in Dessau, Germany Massachusetts. 113Maki, Fumihiko A Japanese architect, rare because of his srclecrre architectural theory. Some of his F Complex in Fujisawa, National Museum Church of Christ, all in Japan. jor figure in Japanese archi, a maj design and his contribution, "* ajor works are Hillside Terrace Apart, maj f Modern Art in Kyoto, ang Tie Roche, Kevin ; ; One of the founders of the firm Kevin Roe J Disha, ng Associates, Roche produced some of contemporary nefat is ea and influential civic and corporate architecture. A ee ‘istiog ea are Oakland Museum of California in Oakland, For a ‘ ling New York City, Knights of Columbus Building in New oo. rennet, United Nations Plaza in New York City, Fine Arts Center of the versity of Massachusetts in Amherst, National Aquarium in Baltimore, Maryland, Quincy Market in Boston, Massachusetts, and many buildings on the campus of the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York. Rossi, Aldo One of the most influential architects during the period 1972-1988, Rossi is recognized internationally in the areas of theory, drawing, and architecture. His major works include the Asaba Design Studio in Tokyo, University of Castellanza in Castellanza, San Carlo alla Barona Church in Milan, Canary Wharf Office Complex in London, Palazzo del Cinema in Venice, City Center in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and Disney Office Complex and Celebration in Disneyland, Orlando. Saarinen, Eliel (1873-1950) A Finnish architect, Saarinen has a career spannii and spanning for 50 years ied into te Pas the first phase when he was'a pacts in Finland ‘or 25 years and the second phase when he emi it : 1923 and stayed there. Finnish he Beaders Pavili ition Uni in Pati Clubhouse of Luther Factory in ‘ile, as one tae Saint Paul’ Church in Tartu, Estonia, First Christian Church in Cohibs Indiana, Christ Church Lutheran in Minneapolis, Minne: Biel Fenton Community Center in Fenton, Michigan are some of his aie a : 114Scarpa, Carlo An enigmatic character in the history e and de: ‘ i‘ istory of modern archit i : y ‘cture and design, Scarpa did designs studied and patterned after by architects and students throughout the world, His major work: palermo, Palazzo Ca’Foscari in Venice, Ver all in Italy. Siza, Alvaro A Portuguese architect, Siza is one of the best-known architects in Portugal of the 20th century. He produced Numerous projects for clients in Portugal (houses, schools, and other institutions) and designed the Residential Complex Schilderswijk West in The Hague, Netherlands and Centro Galiziano (Museum of Modern Art) in Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Tange, Kenzo A world-renowned Japanese architect of the second half of the 20th century, Tange fused the architectural traditions of Japan with the contemporary philosophy and traditions of the western world. His major works include the Peace Memorial Park of Hiroshima, Kagawa Prefectural Government Building in Takamatsu, St. Mary’s Cathedral in Tokyo, Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building in Shinjuku, and Tokyo Dome Hotel. Wright, Frank Lloyd (1869-1959) A world-renowned American architect, Wright is one of the architects in the world whose designs are studied by students and professionals in the field. Among his major works are Kauffmann House in Bear Run, Pennsylvania, “Guggenheim Museum (See Fig. 4.10.) in New York, Johnson Wax Building in Wisconsin, and Unity Church in Oak Park, Illinois.