Procedure ; (i) First of all calculate the weight of sodium carbonate required to prepare 100cn¥ of 0.1M sodium carbonate, For this purpose, the following calculations are made Molar mass of sodium carbonate = Na, CO, = 2x234+1x124+3x16 = 46412448 = 106g mol" Gi) Volume of solution required in dm’ = EOF = 0.1 dm’ (iii) No. of moles of Na,CO, required = Molarity of Na,CO, required « ution required in dm* 0.01 mole Volume of s = 01x01 stirring rod paper __ wedge stirring __ rod =a a> Na, Cos ° > weigh solute dissolve solute in rinse all solution carefully make up _ st ‘accurately small amount of solvent, into flask with to the mark on. and shal warm if necessary more solvent the flask : Preparing a standard solution of 0.1M Na, Co, (ps2) Star Chemistry Practical Notebook St: (Federal Board)= (iv) Mass of Na,CO, required (Xg) = Moles of Na,CO, x Molar mass of Na,CO, 0.01 x 106 = 1.06g Now take 10cm’ flask and wash it with distilled water. Then weigh exactly 1.06g of solution carbonate (as calculated above) on a watch glass and put it in the beaker. Now add 20 to 30 cm’ of distilled water in a fit etc beaker and dissolve the weighed Na, CO, by stirring with a glass rod. Then transfer this solution to 100 cm’ measuring flask. Add more distilled water in the beaker. Rinse the sides of the beaker and transfer the contents again to 100 cm’ measuring flask. Add more distilled water to the flask so that the volume is up to the mark of 100 cm’. Close the flask by the stopper and shake the flask to ensure homogeneous mixing of sodium carbonate. So 0.1M 100 cm’ Na,CO, solution has been prepared. Why Na,CO, is called washing soda and NaHCO, is called baking soda? “Ans. Sodium carbonate (Na, CO,) is used in preparing soaps that is why it is called oes pacing soe nies Dy et epg tng tae ec nto __is called baking soda. Sp hs jou bP Gil tnt Ans. ect ia aan te ee mes carbon dioxide gas. CH,COOH + Na,CO,.———»..CH, COONa +.CO,.+.H,O fea) te qo An. ices srhtion of fruit salt is used to treat indigestion. Can you - guess the composition of fruit salt. Ans,_Fruit salt is used to treat acidity of stomach. It contains NaHCO, citric acid or rartaric acid in it. Na,CO, an acid ora base? __ Sotstons ! Experiment 8 HSSWhat is carbonated water? What is the source of its acidity? Ans. When CO, gas is dissolved in water under high pressure, carbonated water 1s obtained. Soft drinks like Coca Cola, Sprite etc. contain CO, dissolved in them under high pressure. The source of its acidity is carbonic acid formed by the dissolution of CO, in water. What is the colour of an aqueous solution of Na,CO, in the presence of a drop of phenolphthalein indicator? Ans. Deep pink. Why magnesium hydroxide Mg (OH), is used in the syrup oF tablets of antacids? Ans, Magnesium hydroxide being basic in nature neutralizes the acidity of stomach. What is the commercial name of anhydrous Na,CO,? Ans. _ Soda ash. What are the two important uses of washing soda? Ttis used as water softener and in the preparation of detergents. ‘What is the chemical formula of washing soda? Ans.__Na,CO,.10H,0. What is.a primary standard? ~ _Ans._ It isa substance whose purity and stability are well established and with. _ which other standards may be compared is called primary standard. What do you mean by molarity?____ . ‘Ans. Moles of solute per litre of a solution is called molarity. Its represented by ___M. | What is the formula for finding the molarity? “Ans. Molatty (M)—= No. of moles of solute “Titres of solution fo Js OR ae Molarty (Mi Concentration (g / litre) larity (M) —= +p >Fula mass (g / litre) What do you understand by 1 litre? Ans... It is the volume occupied by. ee of water at 4°C and at normal atmospheric pressure. _____ | What is soda ash and what is its chemical formula? Ans. Soda ash is « eet po 2 esiom catenate and its chemical formulhi Na,CO,.- sePrepare 250. HCI solution 6 ne Apporatus; © measuring flask 250 cm’ © burette © beaker © glass rod © funnel © wash bottle or dropper © distilled water © concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 Passa We know that Cone. HC¢ is about 12M. Since we want to prepare 0.1M hydrochloric acid from 12M Cone. HCl, we use the following dilution formula. Dilution formula: MV, = M,V, (Higher concentration) —_ (Lower concentration) . The solution must be 12x V, =0.1 x 250 made up to the mark. V, =0:1% 250 . While pouring the 12 Cone. HCt in the _1x 250 beaker, handle it “10x 12 carefully, because it =2.1cm can be dangerous for s aA your skin. It should not Now take 2.1em’ of Cone. HCtand pour it ina touch the skin, beaker containing about 30 cm’ of distilled water. Stir it |. The washing or rinsing with the glass rod and then transfer it into a measuring Site compete flask of 250 cm’. measuring flask. Add some more distilled water to the flask so that the volume is up to the mark of 250 cm’. Usually compounds are available in the crystalline state. It is easy to prepare solution of such compounds by weighing known mass and dissolving them in water. The compounds such as mineral acids are not solid rather they are available in aqueous solution of known molarity or percentage. Hydrochloric acd is commercially available as 12,0 M or 37% aqueous solution. This solution is then diluted to prepare solutions of desired concentration (molarity).Close the flask by the glass stopper and shake up and downward to ensure homogeneous mixing of HCt ‘The solution so prepared is 250 cm! 0.1M HC¢. Cone. Hct Graduated cylinder 2.1 cm? Conc. HCl + distilled water conc. HCl 2.1 + 247.9. cm" Pitta eels lal: Uaeanis Answer the following Questions. In Jead accumulator or car battery 6M sulphuric acid is used. Sulphuri _____acid which is available in the market is 18 M. How will you prepare __1000 cm’ of 6M sulphuric acid to be used in battery? Ans. Given solution of conc. H,SO, = To be prepared - 18M. 6M. —Formula _ = M,V,_=__M,V, 18x V, = — 6x 1000 - 2M 6x Therefore we will measure 333.3 cm’ of 18M H,SO, and dilute it with distilled water to 1000 cm’ in a measuring flask in order to get 6M H,SO,. = 333.3 cm’ HCCis secreted by the walls of our stomach for the proper digestion 0 protein food in our diet. Why. it is not safe to use HC/in our diet? Ans, Wecannot add HC¢ in our diet because it is already present in a suitable amount in. our body. The excess of which will otherwise cause acidity. However in particular cases it may be advised by medical specialist Which chemical is used to remove scales in an electric kettle? Ans. __Hydrochloric acid. {GBBT star Chemisty Practical Notebook Sth (Federal Board)Which common ions are present in aqueous solution of HCl and common salt? Ans. _ Aqucous solution of HCé contains H’, Cl, OH Aqueous solution of NaCl contains Na’, CL, H’ and OH’. Therefore common ion present in both the solutions are H’, Cl and OH. To save human life, saline glucose is injected. Do you think its concentration is important? Yes, because it can maintain homocostatic condition. What makes lemon juice a good house hold cleaning agent? “Ans... Citric acid. Can hydrochloric acid be used to clean mortar from brick? If so, then —___-how? : Yes. Hydrochloric acid can be used to clean mortar from bricks. Mortar is calcium hydroxide which reacts with hydrochloric acid to form a solution of calcium chloride. __Ca(OH), + 2HCt ——> Ca Ct, + 2H,O (29) (aq) eq co} What is meant by pickling of steel? “Ans, It is the process in which steel is dipped in an acid bath (usually HC¢) to remove rust from its surface. What is the molarity of conc HCl? ‘Ans It is almost 12M. (12 molar). What is aqua regia? "Ans, Three volumes of conc. HCl and one volume of conc. HNO, when mixed. _ together form aqua regia. . _ | What is the use of aqua regia? Ans. Ibis. a solvent for gold. Solutions /Experiment 9 WS)How mh ma J g¢: detode monn Sp Prepare 250 cm’ of 0.1 M oxalic acid solution. © beaker © wa z Sd © physical balance © conical 5; © distilled water © oxalic a ie Procedure First of all we have to calculate the weight of oxalic acid required to prepare 250 cm’ of 0.1M solution. For this purpose, the following calculations are made: (i) COOH Molar mass of oxalic acid =a .2H,O Hea Cr 0y2H20 COOH ‘ = 2x124+6x16+6X1 = 2449 +6 = 126 g mol" 3 250 2 = Topo 7 0.25 dm (iii) No. of moles of oxalic acid (H,C,O,. 2H,O) required = Molarity of oxalic acid required x Volume of solution required = 0.1 x 0.25 = 0.025 mole (ii) Volume of oxalic solution required weighed solute dissolve solute Finse al solution carefuly make up _stOff accurately in small amount into flask with to the mark on and of solvent more solvent the flask Preparing a standard solution w@ Star Chemistry Practical Notebook Sth (Federal Board)(iv) Mass of oxalic acid required (Xg) = Mole of oxalic acid x Molar mass of oxalic acid = 0.025 x 126 = 3.150g ‘Then weigh exactly 3.15g (as ind put it in the beaker, 1, Take one litre flask and wash it with distilled water calculated above) of oxalic acid on a watch gla 2. Add 20 to 40 cm’ of distilled water and dissolve oxalic acid by stirring it with a glass rod. Then transfer the solution to 250 cm! measuring flask. Add some more distilled water in the beaker. Rinse the side of the beaker and transfer the contents to 250 cm* measuring flask, 3. Add more distilled water to the flask so that the volume is up to the mark of 250 cm’, Close the flask by the glass stopper and shake the flask up and downward to ensure homogeneous mixing of oxalic acid, 4. So the solution prepared is exactly 250 cm’, 0.1M / ESET oxalic acid. _ Astandard solution of such substances is prepared by ‘weighing the primary standard and dissolving it in a known volume of pure water. Short Questions and Answers Answer the following Questions. Which one of the following acids is not used as part of our food? a. Tartaric acid __b. Citric acid _c. Lactic acid d. Benzoic acid d. Benzoic acid. Which acid is present in milk? Lactic acid Is oxalic acid a weak or a strong acid? Iris a strong organic acid. What is the name of anion obtained when oxalic acid is dissolved in : water? Solutions / Experiment 10 wyAns, Oxalate ion (C,O} ) frost Some people drink light coffee and some strong. The same is true for tea. What is the difference in these two types as far as their concentration is concerned? ‘Ans, Concentration of a solution depends upon the amount of solute and the solvent. Light coftce contains a large amount of H,O (about 98.8%). Strong, coffee contains water to about 95.0%. Same is the. case with light and strong tea. [EGIGE How stains of rust are removed from cotton fabrics? ‘Ans, Oxalic acid is used to remove stains of rust from cotton fabrics. For this purpose few crystals of oxalic acid are moistened with water and rubbed. on the affected area. Then fabric is rinsed with water. ‘What happens to the body if oxalic acid is ingested by chance? Onalic acid is poisonous in nature, If itis ingested by chance, then concentration of oxalate ions in blood is increased which precipitates calcium ions of the blood as calcium oxalate. Calcium ions are needed for the proper control of the muscles. Since they have been removed from the blood therefore there is sudden involuntary contraction of the muscles. Define basicity of an acid. “Ans, The numberof ionizable hydrogen atoms present in one molecule of an acid is called basicity of an acid. What is the basicity of oxalic acid. & Ans. Itis two. §EGM Name two gases which led to the term acid rain. Ans, Carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide. These gases are present in large quantities in industrial areas. When it rains the gases dissolve in water to produce acid and hence the term acid rain. SO, + HO —— H,SO,. sulphorous ad ‘ Soon 2H, oO. (HG Which acid is present in vinegar? se oan _ Ans. Acetic acid. Which acid is present in: 1. Sour milk 2. Grapes. Ans. 1. Lactic acid is present in sour milk. 2. Citric acid is present in grapes. What is the molar mass of i. oxalic acid. ii. acetic acid. Ans. ceranatmass of alicacd er .2H,O is 126 and that of acetic acid CH, COOH is 60. @ ‘Star Chemistry Practical Notebook 9th (Federal Board)7 Sino we ye 8 Seg are 100 cm’ of 0.1 M NaOH solution from the given 1M solution. ori vet : 1. First we calculate the volume of 1M NaOH required to prepare 100 cm’ of 0.1M from the dilution formula. MY, = M, Vz (Higher concentration) _ (Lower concentration) Where M,=1 V,=2 M, = 0.1 V, = 100 cm* Pipette flask 1M NaOH ‘solution 100 cm? Solitons / Experiment 1 YUPutting the values in dilution formula M,V, = MV, 1x V,=0.1 x 100 vy, 0.1 x 100 i i i V, =10cm’ | 2. From the beaker containing IM NaOH take 10 cm’ of this solution by the help, of a graduated cylinder preferably by the help of 10 cm’ pipette and-transfer ity 100 cm’ measuring flask, i 3. Add distilled water and make up the volume of the solution up to the mark by | the help of a dropper. Then stopper the measuring flask. 4. Shake the flask well in order to mix the solution throughly. : 0.1M NaOH 100 cm’ has been prepared in Tay this way by taking 10 cm’ of 1M NaOH, GAS QA Short Questi ions Gui oo Answer the following Questions. §EQIH How is soap prepared? ‘Ans, Soap is prepared by mixing any vegetable oil such as groundnut oil, sunflowt oil, linseed oil or coconut oil with caustic soda solution. {QT Caustic soda is known to be extremely deliquescent compound. What does the word deliquescent means? 3 Ans. _A substance which turns to liquid by absorbing moisture from air is called a, deliquescent substance. QB What happens to the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution whe it is left in an open beaker? - Aas, _ Itwill absorb moisture and CO, gas from air. Its concentration will also decrease due to absorption of moisture and formation of small amount of + sodium carbonate. 2NaOH + CO, —-—». Na,CO, + H,O chistes: washes mM (§62T Star Chemisty Practical Notebook Sth Federal Board) 1(RQ Which chemical is used to clean sinks in the bath room? Ans, Sodium bicarbonate, (QUE What is the difference between soap and synthetic detergents? | Ans. Ordinary soap is prepared by the chemical action of NaOH on vegetable oils while detergents are petroleum products which can work in all kinds of water | i.e. soft or hard water, Ordinary soap can only work in soft water, ime Is it possible to prepare 0.1M solution from 0.0LM? ) Ans, No. Because we can only prepare dilute solutions from a concentrated solution and 0.01M is a dilute solution than 0.1M. | §EQHAE Why it is necessary to use distilled water while preparing solutions? Ans. Because the solution prepared are of a definite molarity. For this purpose ordinary water which contains many dissolved impurit If such water is used then the solution of required mol prepared accurately: {QUE What is the principle of dilution? ‘Ans, To prepare a dilute solution from a concentrated solution the dilution formula is used. | MY, (Higher concentration) [GOH Why NaOH js not a primary standard? "Ans, Because it absorbs CO, and water or moisture from air during weighing. | SET What happens when NaOH is dissolved in water? Ans. Heat is produced. Reaction is exothermic. (ROAM What do you mean by acidity of base? ‘Ans. _ It is the number of replaceable hydroxyl groups (OH) present in the molecule ofa base e.g. acidity of NaOH is one and that of Ca(OH), is two. MY, (Lower concentration) ow {QNEZ) 1 mole of NaOH has how many grams? ‘Ans, 40 g. (L mole = molar mass or formula mass) RQ What is the molarity of solution which contains 1g mole of a substance dissolved per litre of its solution? Ans, Itis called molar solution. [RQAH Whar is the molarity of the solution which contains 1 g per litre of NaOH in it? ‘Ans. Itis 0.025M. (QBS) What is the commercial name of sodium hydroxide? ‘Ans. Itis called caustic soda. a Sutons /Exponment 11 [6Prepare 100 cm’ of 0.01. M Na,CO, solution from tl he flask 100 cm” 0 glass rod © pipette © beaker funnel © dropper Bert 1. First we calculate the volume of 0.1M Na,CO, required to prepare 100 cm’ of 0.01M Na,CO, from the dilution formula. MY, = M,V; az FREE (Higher concentration) (Lower concentration) Where M, = 0.1 V,=? M, = 0.01 V, = 100cm* pipette flask 0.1M Na,Co, Taking 10 cm* z ing 10 om pepePutting the values in dilution formula M, V, = M, V, 0.1.x V, = 0.01 x 100 v, = 0.01 x 100 : O21 x 100 x 10} 100 x I 2. From the beaker containing 0.1M Na,CO, take 10 cm’ of this solution by the help of 10 cm* pipette and transfer it to a 100 cm’ measuring flask. . Add distilled water into this flask and bring the level of this solution up to the mark by the help of a dropper. Stopper the measuring flask. 4. Shake the flask well in order to mix the solution thoroughly: "Ans. Soda glass is a mixture of sodium silicate and calcium silicate. It is prepared. __by heating silica (SiO,), calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate ina furnace. It is also called window glass or soda lime glass. —___ Na,CO, + CaCO, + 2SiO, ——> Na,SiO, + CaSiO, + 2CO, ‘9 Se oe a -(g) a pean Raw material used for the commercial preparation of soda ash (Na,CO,). is abundantly available in Pakistan. Name that raw material. ___ 1. Table salt or rock salt (NaCé). — : ( 2._ Lime stone A bottle of sweet drink can make 30 glass of drinks. If we make 20 or 40 glasses with the same bottle, what change of the taste you will feel? ° ‘The taste of the drink depends on its concentration. If we make 20 glasses with the bottle, then in the glass the concentration of the drink being more will be sweeter than the 40 glasses prepared from the same battle... ‘Solutions / Experiment 12 LsName the chemicals used in fire extinguishers. Which gas is responsible for extinguishing the fire? ‘Ans, In fire extinguisher Na,CO, and hydrochloric acid is stored. In case of fire, these two chemicals react to a carbon dioxide gas which is responsible for extinguishing fire. - Na,CO, + 2HCt ——> 2NaCt + H,O + CO, o os) (a) © (g What is the molar mass of Na,CO,? as a Ans. 106 is the molar mass of Na,CO,. a = Is sodium carbonate a primary standard or not? = z ‘Ans. Yes, itis primary standard. (QI What is the common name of Na,CO,.10H,O? —— WashingSoda What is soda ash? | Ans. Anhydrous sodium carbonate.(Na,CO,) is called soda ash. - (EQ How many water molecules are present in anyhdrous soda ash? Ans. _ None, because anhydrous means having no water. Thus ; anperae sodium. carbonate_has no water molecules in itve wha Prepare 100 cm’ of 0,01.M HCI solution from the given 0.1 M solution. Apparatus: © measuring flask 100 cm’ © graduated cylinder or pipette © glass rod © dropper © beaker distilled water © 0.1M HC¢ solution Chemical beets ey rst we calculate the volume of 0.1M HC required to prepare 100 cm’ of 1. 0.01M of HC? from the dilution formula. MV, = MV, (Higher concentration) _ (Lower concentration) Where M, = 0.1 V,=? M; = 0.01 V, = 100 cm* pipette pipette flask SIMKC Taking 10 cm? 100 cm? Solutions / Experiment 13 ‘ery ee eee LN)Putting the values in dilution formula MV, = MY; O1xV, = 0.01 x 100 vy, = 90x 100 0.1 1x 100 x 10 100 x 1 Vv, = (em? . From the beaker containing 0.1M HCt take 10 cm’ of this solution by the help of graduated cylinder or preferably by the help of 10 cm’ pipette and transfer it to a 100 cm’ measuring flask. 3. Add more distilled water into this flask and bring the level of this solution up to the mark by the help of a dropper. Stopper the measuring flask. 4. Shake well in order to mix the solution thoroughly. Answer the following Questions. Identify_all the ions which are present in 0.01M HCL solution. __ Ans. HCt solution contains HCéand water (H,' ee the ions present are: H’, OH” and Céions. ___ So HC lh, = Hy $-CE py mai H,O, == Hi’, + OH) eo What is the final volume of a solution of sulphuric acid if you dilute 48 cm’ of 1.5M_H,SO, to prodice a solution of 0.18M H,SO,? Ans. Conc. Solution. = _ Dilute solution _ MV, =__M,V,— os 15x48 = O1R x VE. ee 0.18You have a solution that is 14.8M HCl. How many cubic centimeters of this solution are required to give 50.0 cm’ of 1M HC/ when diluted? Dilute solution MY, | 1x50 | 1x50 Ans. Concentrated solution MY, _14.8xV, Can we use anti-parallax card for taking ee SN | What should be added to make a dilute solution from concentrated "Ans... Molecular weight ofa substance expressed in grams is called a mole eg {mole of HCL =. molec wight of HCL Ans.__It is one because it has.one. Stee atom. (HC2)..“Prepare 100 cm’ of 0.01 M oxalic acid solution from the given 0.1M solution. Apparatus: © measuring flask © glass rod © pipette © dropper © funnel Chemicals: © distilled water © 0.1M oxalic acid solution Lage ieS 1. First we calculate the volume of 0.1M oxalic acid required to prepare 100 cm’ of 0.01M from the dilution formula. MV, = M, V; (Higher concentration) —_ (Lower concentration) Where M, =0.1 Pipette pipette |-—— flask 0.1M oxalic acid Taking 10 cm?Putting the values in dilution formula MV, = M,V, OLX V, = 0.01 x 100 v, = 0.01 x 100 ! 01 = 1x 100 x10 100 Vv, = 10cm’ 2. From the beaker containing 0.1M oxalic acid take 10 em’ of this solution by the help of graduated cylinder or preferably by the help of 10 cm' pipette and transfer it to a 100 cm* measuring flask. 3. Add small amount of distilled water in the graduated cylinder in order to remove any left over 0.1M oxalic acid sticking to the walls and pour this washing into the volumetric flask (measuring flask). 4, Add more distilled water into this flask and bring the level of this solution up to the mark by the help of a dropper. Answer the following Questions. How will you prepare 250 cm’.0.001M oxalic acid solution from the— given 0.2M solution? _____ a aa Ans. Concentrated solution=Dilute solution _ “Take 1.25 cm’ 0.2M oxalic acid ina 250 cm’ measuring flask. Add distilled — —water in itand bring. the level up to the mark. The solution so aa a UP pOIMsp eats ese a eee : Solutions / Experiment 14 74)PRGA Hy uteogen perwvide is available in the market as 4,096 solution in wate” | Mow will you prepare 2.0% solution from this? | Ans. ‘Concentrated solution © Dilute solution MV, = MV, | 3yV= 2s 100 Hl 2 , v.22 x 100 | 3 | = 666m" } Therefore take 100 cm’ measuring flask and add in it 66.6 cm’ of 3% | ‘lute it with dist! k ke 2.0% hydnogen peroxide, Dilute it with distilled water upto the mark to make 2.0% solution, (ERARE What are the two important uses of hydrogen peroxide? | Ans, Itis used as a disinfectant and as a bleaching agent. FBRWABH Can we blow out the last drops ofa liquid from the pipette? Ans, No. We should not blow the last of a liquid from the pipette. (BQEST Name any two substances containing water of crystallization in their | molecules and are used in acid-base titration? Ans, Washing soda Na,CO, .10H,O. and oxalic acid COOH | 2H,O COOH (HUGH Whar is the molecular formula of oxalic acid? ‘Ans. COOH, [2H COOH a What is the basicity of oxalic acid? Ans. _ The basicity of oxalic acid is 2. (EQ How many number of water molecules are in oxalic acid? Ans. ‘Two water molecules are present in oxalic acid molecule, What is the mass in grams required to prepare 1M one litre solution of oxalic acid? Ans, 126 g of oxalic acid is required to prepare 1M one litre solution of oxalic acid. Qa How many grams are required to prepare 0.05M_1 litre solution of oxalic acid? : 4 Ans, _6.3 grams of oxalic acid is required to prepare 0.05M.1 litre solution of oxalic. acid. J