HUMANITIES AND THE ARTS Functional Art Forms

- form of art that make man’s life better.

 “Men is the measure of all things” - - ex. Architecture, weaving, and furniture-
Protagoras (481-411 B.C) making
HUMANITIES
Non-functional Art Forms
 Humanities comes from the Latin word -serves only purposes far beyond mundane
humanus which means “Human is survival and only made for its beauty and
cultured and refined”. aesthetics.
 “Humanities studies man and the manner - ex. Painting, sculpture, literature, music,
in which he conducts himself from the dance, and theater
time of his existence to the present”
(Martin & Jacobus, 2004). Functions of Art Forms:
 Humanities studies how people process
and document the human experience 1. The human need for expression.
using philosophy, literature, religion, art, - need to express, to show, to exhibit what is
and history as their way of understanding hidden in man’s inner world.
and recording their world. 2. The social need for display, celebration
and communication
Fundamental Principles of the Humanities: - it is not enough for man to express his inner
 Human nature is inherently good. world through his art, he needs to share and
 Individuals are free and are capable of convey it to others too.
making choices. 3. The physical needs for functional objects
 Human potential for growth and - In the effort to make human life better,
development is virtually unlimited. objects are created which is also classified as
 Self-concept plays an important role in art.
growth and development.
 Individuals have an urge for self- ART: AS VIEWED BY PHILOSOPHY
actualization.
 Reality is defined by each person. Philosophy - a field of discipline has
 Individuals have a responsibility to both attempted to explain almost all aspects of
themselves and to others. human existence.

ARTS Aesthetics - the philosophical study of beauty

and taste.
 Art comes from the Latin word ars which
means “skill as a result of learning or PLATO
practice” / “ability or practical skills”.
 Aryan word ar meaning “to join” or “put  428 - 347 BCE
together”  Socrates is his teacher
 Latin term sars/artis meaning “everything  He loved and hated the arts at the same
that is artificially made or composed by time.
man”  He concluded that art is threatening as he
 Art refers to the skillful arrangement or saw how it can shape a person’s
composition of some common but character.
significant qualities of nature.
 Art is concerned with sensuous medium Forms - the physical world is a copy of a
such as the mind, senses and arousing perfect, rational, eternal and changeless
inner emotions. originals.
 Art is subjective.
Plato’s Ideas of the Arts:
1. Art is imitation ARTISTS AND ARTISANS
- He explained that art is an imitation of
physical things which in turn are imitations of Artist - a person who exhibits exceptional
the Forms. skills in the visual or the performing arts.

2. Art is Dangerous Two Components of Work:

- art has the power to stir emotions which he - substance
thinks that arts should not go uncensored. - form

ARISTOTLE Artisan - a person who is in a skilled trade that

involves making things by hands.
 384 - 322 BCE - Philippines is considered as a nation
 He distinguished between what is good with highly skilled artisans.
and what is beautiful.  Furniture
 Good always present itself in some action  Sculpture
while a thing in beauty may exist even in  Glass figurines
motionless objects or things.  Metalwork
 Good may also be considered as  Clothing
beautiful.  Jewelry
 Universal elements of beauty are  Food items
manifested by order, symmetry, and  Handicrafts
definiteness.  Etc.
 Aristotle considered art as imitation or a
representation of nature. ART FORMS
 Focusing on poetry, he stated that poetry
was more philosophic and serious than 1. Paintings
the philosophy itself. - Art form that best described as the
 Paintings and sculptures were seen by application of pigment to a surface.
Aristotle as imitation of ideas, imagination, - is a two-dimensional art form.
and reality. - ex. Luna’s Spoliarium and Botticelli’s Inferno.

IMMANUEL KANT 2. Sculpture

- Art form that is best described a three-
 1724 - 1804 dimensional which creates a solid form using
 He wrote the Feelings of the Beautiful and molding, carving, welding, casting, and
the Sublime. assembling.
 Interest was not in the art itself but the - ex. Tolentino’s Bonifacio Monument and
beauty. Michelangelo’s David.
 He thought that beauty is a matter of
taste. 3. Architecture
 Subjective taste does not focus on the - involves creating designs for buildings and
properties of the object itself but rather on infrastructure.
the pleasure one experiences as he - ex. The Cultural Center of the Philippines in
responds to it. Manila and Burj Khalifa in Dubai.
 Universal taste is non-aesthetic and
does not consider the beauty of the work 4. Music
or the mastery of the artist, but rather the - the art of sound expressed through song,
artwork is appreciated for what it is. through the use of instruments or combination
 Beauty results in pleasure if there is order, of both.
harmony and symmetry. - ex. Philippines’ Kundiman and Beethoven’s
 Beauty leads to a response of awe that Symphony No.5
overwhelms the viewers of the art.
5. Dance
- the art of body movement that is attuned to a
musical piece.
- ex. Philippine Folk dance like Tinikling,
Singkil and the Ballet

6. Literature
- the art of using words to express thoughts,
ideas, and feelings.
- ex. Homer’s Illiad and Nick Joaquin’s Woman
Who Had Two Navels

7. Theatre/Theater
- the performance of drama where actors
perform on stage in front of a live audience.
- referred as combined or performing arts.
- ex. Phantom of the Opera and Noli Me
Tangere

Other Art Forms:

- photography
- digital arts
- installations

Visual Arts:
 Painting
 Architecture
 Sculpture

Performing Arts:
 Music
 Dance
 Theatre
 

SUBJECT OF ART  Greek deities were almost always

depicted in idealized human form.
 Refers to what the work represents.  Ex. Venus de Milo
 The artwork that have subjects are called 2. Realism
representational or objective arts.  This depicts the artist’s attempt of
 Those that doesn’t have subjects are portraying the subject as it is.
known as non-representational or non-  They tend to stay as objective as possible
objective arts. in their subject presentation.
 Colors usually convey mood:(Light;gaiety)  Ex. Potato Eaters by Van Gogh
(Dark;heavy feeling) 3. Abstraction
 Abstract means “to move away or to
SOURCES OF SUBJECT separate from”.
 As subject presentation moves away from
1. Nature reality, from presenting the subject as it
 Popular source of objective art. really is.
 Mountains, trees, animals, landscape,  The artist usually selects and renders the
seascapes, etc. subject with its shape, and colors altered.
2. People  Ex. Very Embarrassing Father and Son by
 Human subject whether real or imagined. Sjogren
 Can range from a single subject to a  Abstraction may take the ff. Forms:
group.
3. History A. Distortion
 Art works depict real events which are  Form of abstraction results when the
verifiable facts that occurred in the past. figures have been so arranged that its
4. Legends proportions differ significantly from reality.
 Artworks based on legends present to  This is manifested when the subject is
viewers of the art something tangible even misshapen or twisted out.
when unverified. B. Elongation
5. Religion  In this type of abstraction, the subject is
 These artworks are based on the sacred stretched vertically and/or some parts are
texts. lengthened to give the impression of
6. Mythology thinness.
 Artworks can also be based on the stories C. Mangling
of the gods and goddesses of Ancient  Artists show subject as cut, lacerated,
Greece, Rome, Celts, Norse, and the mutilated or hacked with repeated blows.
Egyptians. D. Cubism
7. Dreams and Fantasy  Abstract form is presented through the
 The intrigue of the unconscious also use of figures: a cone, cylinder, sphere,
inspires artists to present it through art for triangle, square, cube, and circle in place
others to see, relate and interpret. of real pictorial elements.
8. Technology 4. Symbolism
 The modern era with its tall buildings and  A symbol is defined as visible sign of
amazing machines are also subject matter something invisible such as an idea or
for the artist. quality.
 Symbol in art draws the viewers’ attention
WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT to what other message the artist may be
trying to convey aside from what is
1. Naturalism obviously observed.
 In Greek art, gods and heroes, looked and  Ex. Mona Lisa
behaved like human being.
5. Fauvism
 This subject presentation started in
France and was first organized movement
in painting of the 1900’s.
 Henri Matisse was the leader of this
group.
 Literally means wild beasts.
 The fauves didn’t express ethical,
philosophical or psychological themes but
painted pictures of comfort, joy and
pleasure.
 Ex. Cat with Red Fish by Matisse
6. Dadaism
 Dada is french for hobby horse.
 An art movement that doesn’t follow the
traditions and principles in art.
 It is a revolt against tradition and aims to
show the wickedness of society.
 Ex. Fountain by Duchamp
7. Futurism
 This art movement began in Italy.
 Artist of this movement wanted their
works to capture the speed and force of
the modern industrial society.
8. Surrealism
 Is an invented word for super realism.
 Art movement began in Paris in 1924 by
the french poet Andre Breton.
 It emphasizes the activities of the
subconscious mind.
 Subjects in this kind of presentation
attempt to show the man’s inner mind and
how he may perceive his outside world.
9. Expressionism
 This art movement occurred during the
first decade of the 20th century in
Germany.
 Expressionists believe that man needs
spiritual rebirth for him to correct defects
that ruins the society.
 This art depicts the emotions aroused by
objects and events.
 Ex. Lady in a Green Jacket by Macke

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 COLOR 3. Intensity
 Denotes the brightness and dullness of a
 The significance of of color as an element color.
of the visual arts cannot be over  It gives color its strength.
emphasize.  Hues became less intense when white is
 Color is a property of light. added, and intensity diminishes when
 Color is composed of a series of wave when added black.
lengths which strikes the retinas of the
eyes. HOW COLORS RELATE?
 ROYGBIV
 The visible spectrum was discovered by  One method of establishing color quality
Sir Isaac Newton through the use of in a composition is by creating color
prism. harmony.
 Any object that has a color quality is  A monochromatic harmony results
called Pigmentation. when a single color in the composition is
 Colors of light and pigments have diff. varied in intensity and value by adding
Characteristics; Color of light is additive white or black.
in the sense that when colors of light is  A complementary harmony results when
combined, the results will be white. Colors two colors that are opposite each other in
of pigment, on the other hand is the color wheel are placed side by side.
subtractive.  Ex. Red and Green, Yellow and Violet,
Blue and Orange.
PROPERTIES OF COLOR  An analogous harmony results when
hues that are adjacent or beside each
1. Hue other in a color wheel is used in a
 The name given to the color. composition.
 Ex. Red, yellow, green, blue, violet.  Ex. Red-Orange-Yellow and Blue-Blue
 Red, yellow, and blue are called primary Violet-Violet
hues.  Color Temperature refers to the relative
 When two primary hues are mixed in warmth or coolness of the color.
equal amounts, secondary hues are  Warm colors that have Yellow as its
produced (ex. Orange, green, and violet). dominant component while cool colors
 Combining in equal mixture of any two have Blue as their dominant component.
secondary hues produces the tertiary
hues (ex. Red-orange, red-violet, yellow-
green, etc.)

2. Value
 Refers to the lightness or darkness of a
color.
 Can be change by adding a neutral color
such as black and white.
 Results in changing the quantity of light
the hue reflects.
 Adding black produces shade.
 Adding white produces tint.