T1: TANNINS

● Chewing of Betel Nut (Areca catechu)

Colloidal solutions
TANNINS - Alkaloids and condensed catechin tannin
Water having acid reaction
- Widely distributed plant kingdom - Oral and Esophageal cancer
and sharp taste
● Drinking of ordinary tea leaves w/o milk
- Localized in leaves, fruits, barks, or stems
Gelatin & Alkaloids Precipitate (Camellia sinensis)
- Mixtures of polyphenols = diff. to separate (no - Esophageal cancer
crystallization) ● Malignant Mesenchymal Tumors
Dark blue/Greenish
- ASTRINGENT PROPERTIES: complex organic, Ferric salts black soluble - Subcutaneous inj. Of aqueous extracts
non-nitrogenous plant products compounds (Areca catechu & Rhus copallina) into rats

“Tannin” KFerricyanide & Ammonia Deep red color HAMAMELIS LEAF/WITCH HAZEL LEAVES
- Segun (1796) - Dried leaf of Hamamelis virginiana
Salts of copper, lead, tin, - Height: 8m
- Ability to combine with animal hides to convert into
and strong potassium - Collected leaves in summer and under shade to
leather Precipitation preserve green color
dichromate (1% chromic
Goldbeater Skin Test acid) - contains hamamelitannin
- absorption on standard hide power - Astringent and Hemostatic properties
Alkaline solutions Absorbs oxygen - incorporated in insect bite and sting preparations
CHEMICAL CLASSES: - Steam distillation (cut and dried twigs)
- based on phenolic nuclei identity - Hydroalcoholic solution of the volatile oil
- the way they’re joined Astringent Action
NUTGALL
- astringents in GIT and skin abrasions
- young twigs of Quercus infectoria olivier (Fagaceae)
HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS
Hamamelis, Nutgall Tannic acid - Galls: Aleppo in Asiatic Turkey
- contains gallic acid/polyhydric compounds esterified
- Excrescence gall: puncture of hymenopterous
w/ glucose Its derivatives Acetyl-tannic acid insect (Cynips tinctoria) and deposited ovum
- Esters (readily hydrolyzed) => phenolic acids and
- contains tannic acid
sugar
- gallotannic acid/tannin
- split by acids, bases, and hydrolytic enzymes =>
Vegetable Tanning - tanning and dyeing industry
sugar or polyols and a phenolic acid
- animal hides => leather - manuf. of ink
NON HYDROLYZABLE (CONDENSED) TANNINS - provides toughness and acts as a preservative - Astringent properties
- 1 phenolic nuclei but linked to carbohydrates & (antiseptic qualities)
- Tannins: antidote for alkaloid poisoning; tx for burns LIPIDS
proteins
- naturally occurring organic compounds
- results from condensing 2 or more flavan-3-ols Iron salts Ink manufacture - soluble in nonpolar organic solvents
(Catechin), or flavan-3,4-diols (Leucocyanidin)
- insoluble in water
- Treated with hydrolytic agents, tannins will Gelatin, Proteins, and
Lab reagents - comprised of fixed oils, fats, and waxes
polymerize Alkaloid detection - provide energy reserves (triacylglycerols)
- Phlobaphenes (insoluble red-colored products)
- Lipid and its derivatives: vitamins & hormones
NON CRYSTALLIZABLE COMPOUNDS - Lipophilic bile acids - lipid solubilization
TOXICOLOGY FIXED OILS AND FATS
Carcinogenic potential - from plant or animal
 - rich in calories
- for inj., for edible purposes Palma Christi
- Plants: seeds
- Emollient properties and used in liniments
- Animals: subcutaneous & retroperitoneal tissues - cold expression of - colorless/slightly
- substitute of Olive oil
- Large doses: Lubricant cathartic seeds yellow colored
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS - Low grade: soaps, lubricants - Euphorbiaceae - Aromatic:
- Ricinoleic acid CO+flavorant
Butyric Butter fat SESAME OIL (Sesamum indicum) (laxative property), - Hydrogenated:
- syn. Benne/Teel/Gingelli oil Isoricinoleic castor wax
Lauric Coconut oil
- Pale yellow, - not for pregnant (induce premature labor)
Myristic Palm oil odorless, bland - Ricinoleic acid: contraceptive creams, jellies
- seeds
- Baudouin Test: pink - Ingredient in hair oil
Palmitic Arachis, Sesame - Mixture of
- Villavecchia Test:
glycerides of Oleic ARACHIS OIL (Arachis hypogaea)
detects Sesame oil
Stearic Arachis and Linoleic - syn. groundnut oil, monkeynut oil, katchung oil
in other oils and
fats
Arachidic Mustard - Shelled or skinned - edible oil
- Demulcent (dysentery and urinary complaints) seeds - sub. for Olive oil
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS - Papilionaceae - Solvent
- solvent for inj. of steroids, antibiotics, and
hormones - Oleic and Linoleic - vehicle for IM med.
Linolenic Linseed
- Mild laxative
- Emollient CORN OIL (Zea mays)
Linoleic Sesame, Sunflower
- syn. Maize oil
Arachidonic Arachis COCONUT OIL (Cocos nucifera)
- syn. coconut butter, copra oil - Embryos - Light golden yellow
- Graminae liquid w/ a faint odor
Oleic Safflower, Corn
- dried solid part of - Oleic, Linoleic and taste
endosperm
WAXES - Highest - limit blood cholesterol
- Palmae
- esters of long chain fatty acids & alcohols saponification - Good in px having coronary heart disease and
- Mixture of
- similar with fats (250-264) diabetes
triglycerides of
- Saponified only by alcoholic alkali saturated FA
- Fats are sapo. by alcoholic alkali/aqueous alkali - Lauric, Myristic acid SAFFLOWER OIL (Carthamus tinctorius)

FIXED OILS - Used as dietary products - ripe and dried

- Fractionated CO: Thin Vegetable Oil seeds
COTTONSEED OIL (Gossypium herbaceum) - Clear, faint
- FCO: basis for preparing oral suspension of - Compositae
yellowish liquid
drugs in unstable in aqueous media - Oleic, Linoleic,
- seeds - Crude oil: amber to
Linolenic
- Malvaceae deep red/black
- hydraulic press - Halphen & Bevan CASTOR OIL (Ricinus communis)
- syn. Castor bean, Oleum ricini, Ricinus oil, Oil of - dietary supp. (hypercholesterolemia, tx of
- Linoleic and Oleic test
 atherosclerosis) - Linaceae - Poultice for gouty
- Preparation of soft-soap varnishes, linoleum and - Linoleic and rheumatic COCOA BUTTER - Roasted seeds
water-proofing material swellings (Theobroma cacao) - Sterculiaceae
- Internal: gonorrhea - Oleic acids
SUNFLOWER OIL (Helianthus annuus) - Emollient, - Base for
expectorant, suppositories
- Seeds - Nutrient and liniments, lotion - Cream, toilet soaps
- Oleic, Linoleic Emollient - Reduce formation
SHARK LIVER OIL (Hypoprion brevirostris) of stretch marks
OLIVE OIL (Olea europoea)
- syn. Salad oil, sweet oil, oleum oil - Liver LANOLIN - Wool fibers of
- Carcharhinidae - Brownish yellow (Ovis aries) sheep
- pale yellow/light - Vit. A - Bovidae
- Ripe fruits greenish-yellow - Yellowish white
- Oleaceae - Millon’s Test - Tx xerophthalmia (abnormal dryness of - Cholesterol
- Oleic - UV rad.: deep conjunctiva surface) - Emollient
golden-yellow - Nutritive and tonic - Water absorbable
- Retardant SOYBEAN OIL (Glycine soja) COD LIVER OIL - Liver
- Emollient - Lecithin: correcting deranged lipid & cholesterol (Gadus morrhua) - Gadidae
- Choleretic metabolism - Pale yellow
- Good solvent - Stigmasterol: precursor (Steroid synthesis) - Vit. A and D
- Prep. of green soap - Tx of rickets, TB
- Plasters liniment THEOBROMA OIL (Theobroma cacao) - nutritive
- syn. Food of the Gods
ALMOND OIL (Prunus amygdalus) LARD - Pig fat
- Ground kernels (Sus scrofa) - Cooking
- Emollient - Vegetable oil
- Oleopalmitostearin - Base for cosmetics
- Ing. in cosmetics
- Seeds
- Laxative ETHIODIZED OIL INJECTION (Papaver somniferum) SUET - Animal meat/kidney
- Rosaceae
- Vehicle for oily inj. - Beef Tallow: Bos
- Oleic - Radiopaque
- Volatile AO: - Poppy seeds taurus
flavoring agents diagnostic aid
- Mutton Tallow: Ovis
aries
PERSIC OIL (Prunus sp.) HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OILS
- syn. Apricot kernel oil, Peach kernel oil
- Refined, bleached
- Stearic, palmitic
LINSEED OIL (Linum usitatissimum) - Decolorized VO WAXES
acid
- syn. Flax seed, alsi, Flaxseed oil - Serger’s rxn
SPERMACETI - Head of the sperm
(Physeter whale
- dried, ripe seeds - Demulcent
macrocephalus) - Ointments,
FATS
 - No permanent grease spot on filter paper - oil of lemon, orange, bergamot
cosmetic creams,
- Not saponified with alkalis - Sponge and Ecuelle method
fine wax candles,
● Non-volatile solvent
pomades
- Enfleurage, maceration, and spraying
- Industrial lubricants
FIXED VOLATILE process
JOJOBA OIL - seeds of the shrub ● Volatile solvent
(Simmondsia chinensis) - Antioxidants Terpenes, aromatic - Flowers extraction using light petroleum
Ester of FA +
- anti-inflammatory Composition compounds
Glycerol TERPENOIDS
(stereoptene+oleopten)
BEESWAX - Honeycomb - Volatile substances that gives fragrance from plants
(Apis mellifera) - Prep. for ointments, Rancidity / x and flowers
plaster, and - Found in leaves, fruits, higher plants, conifers,
polishes Resinity x / citrus, and eucalyptus
- Hydrocarbons of plant origin (C5H8)
CARNAUBA WAX - Leaves Grease spots (+) (-) - Oxygenated, hydrogenated, and dehydrogenated
(Copernicia prunifera) - Esters of derivatives
hydroxylated fatty Distilled x /
acids (carnaubic ISOPRENE
Saponified / x - product of thermal decomposition of terpenoids
and cerotic acid
and melissyl - Otto Wallach
cerotate)
- Cosmetic products, SECRETORY STRUCTURES ISOPRENE RULE
depilatories, deo. - terpenoid molecules are from 2 or more isoprene
Rutaceae (citrus) unit joined in a head to tail fashion
sticks Schizogenous, lysogenous
- Tablet coating ducts
Pinaceae (pine) HYDROCARBON VOLATILE OILS
- Shoe polishes,
automobile waxes Apiaceae/Umbelliferae TURPENTINE OIL (Pinus longifolia)
Oil tubes/vittae
(dillweed)
- Distillation of
- Expectorant
Piperaceae (pepper) Modified parenchymal cells oleoresin
VOLATILE OILS - Diuretic
- Pinaceae
- odorous volatile principles of plant and animal - Urinary antiseptic
Lamiaceae/Labitae (mint) Glandular trichomes - >40 terpenes
source - May cause kidney
- Alpha and
- evaporates when exposed to air (ordinary temp) irritation
beta-pinene
- Ethereal oils
- Freely soluble: ether, chloroform EXTRACTION
- Fairly soluble: alcohol ● Distillation
- Insoluble: water - by water/steam ALCOHOL-CONTAINING VOLATILE OILS
- chemically derived from Terpenes (mono- and - Fresh materials: separated by PEPPERMINT - Distillation
sesqui-) hydro-distillation (Mentha piperita) - Labiatae
- colorless, darker when exposed to air and direct - Air dried parts: steam distillation - Menthol
sunlight ● Scarification
 KETONES
- Flavorant, PINE OIL - Steam distillation
counterirritant (Pinus palustris) - wood/stem CAMPHOR - Camphor
- Alpha-terpinol, pinene (Cinnamomum - Rubefacient
PUDINA - dried leaves and - Anti-eczema, camphora) - Topical antipruritic,
(Mentha spicata) flowering tops disinfectant, anti-infective
- Labiatae deodorant
- Carvone CARAWAY - dried ripe fruits
- Digestive, (Carum carvi) - Carvone
spasmolytic, stimulant - Carminative
ALDEHYDE-CONTAINING
- Children’s meds
SANDALWOOD - Distillation LEMON PEEL OIL - fresh ripe fruit (vehicle)
(Santalum album) - Santalaceae (Citrus limon) - Limonene
- Santalol - Flavoring agent, FENNEL - Dried ripe fruits
- Chemo-protective perfumery, (Foeniculum vulgare) - Anethole, fenchone
action (liver) stomachic - Flavoring, diuretic,
carminative
CORIANDER - dried ripe fruits BITTER ORANGE PEEL - Fresh or dried outer
(Coriandrum sativum) - Umbelliferae (Citrus aurantium) part of the pericarp ANISE - dried ripe fruits
- Linalool - Limonene (Pimpinella anisum) - Trans-anethole,
- Antispasmodic, - Aromatic, anisaldehyde
flavoring agent stomachic, flavoring - Condiment,
- Tonic, appetizer, flavoring agent
diuretic CINNAMON OIL - Dried inner bark
- External: joints (Cinnamomum - Cinnamic acid; BUCHU OIL - Steam distillation of
zeylanicum) eugenol (Barosma betulina) leaves
CARDAMOM - dried ripe seeds - Antiseptic, flavoring - Diosphenol
(Elletaria cardamom) - Zingiberaceae - Menstrual problems
- Cineole CITRONELLA OIL - Steam distillation
- Tx of respiratory (Cymbopogon nardus) - Leaves WORMWOOD OIL - Thujone
disorders (Asthma) - Citronellal (Artemisia absinthum) - counterirritant
- Perfumery
ROSE OIL - Petals - Insect repellant CEDAR LEAF OIL - steam distillation
(Rosa gallica) - Geraniol, citronellol, (Thuja occidentalis) - Wood
nerol HAMAMELIS OIL - Dried leaves, bark chips/sawdust
- Used in cosmetics (Hamamelis virginiana) - 2-hexanal - Thujone and
(tissue and cell - Acetaldehyde Fenchone
regeneration) - Alpha-ionone - Counterirritant
- Beta-terpinol
JUNIPER OIL - Borneol - Hemorrhoidal prep.
(Juniperus communis) - Flavorant, diuretic PHENOLS
 RESINS
CLOVE - dried flower buds LAVENDER OIL - Flower
(Eugenia caryophyllus) - Eugenol (Lavandula sp.) - Linalylacetate COLOPHONY - Oleoresin
- Toothache drops - aromatheraphy (Pinus palustris) - Resin acids
- Stiffening agent
THYME OIL - Thymol MUSTARD OIL - Seeds
(Thymus vulgaria) - antiseptic (Brassica nigra) - Sinigrin (allyl PODOPHYLLUM - Dried rhizomes and
isothiocyanate) (Podophyllum peltatum) roots
MYRICIA OIL - Distilled - Nutritive, cooking - Podophyllin
(Pimenta racemosa) - Stem bark - Tx of venereal, warts
- Eugenol PINE NEEDLE OIL - Bornyl acetate
- Astringent, (Pinus mugo) - Itchiness, JALAP - dried tuberous
analgesic inflammation, (Ipomoea purga) roots/tubercles
properties dryness - Glycosidal resin

CREOSOTE CANNABIS - dried flowering tops

(Fagus grandiflorus) (Cannabis sativa) - Cannabidiol,
PHENOLIC ESTERS
tetrahydrocannabinol
JUNIPER TAR NUTMEG OIL - Dried kernels
(Juniperus oxycedrus) (Myristica fragrans) - Myristicin and KAVA-KAVA - Styryl pyrone:
saffrole (Piper methysticum) Kawain
- Hallucinogen, - Skeletal muscle
OXIDE flavorant, relaxant
condiment
EUCALYPTUS OIL - Distillation of leaves - Tox.: Tachycardia, ERIODYCTION - Expectorant,
(Eucalyptus sp.) - Eucalyptol Xerostomia, (Eriodictyon flavorant (quinine)
(1,8-cineole) Flushing californicum)

MASTIC - Alpha-resin-mastichis
ESTER (Pistacia lentiscus) - Dental varnish
RESINS (sealing cavities)
GAULTHERIA OIL - Dried leaves - complex substances
(Gaultheria procumbens) - Methyl salicylate, - composed of acids, alcohols, and tannins
Gaultherin - Amorphous
- Melts when heated OLEORESINS
- Antiseptic,
astringent - Insoluble: water, petroleum ether CAPSICUM - dried, ripe fruits
- Soluble: alcohol, solvent ether, benzene, chloroform (Capsicum sp.) - Fixed oils,
VALERIAN - dried roots and oleoresin,
(Valeriana wallichi) rhizomes ISOLATION carotenoids,
- Valerenic acid ● Solvent Extraction - extraction of drugs w/ capsacutin
- Tx insomnia, blood alcoholic solvents
pressure, epilepsy ● Distillation - separation of volatile oils from resin GINGER - dried rhizomes
(Zingiber officinale) - Volatile oil, pungent - Balsamic acids, - smoke deterrent
resinous mass & cinnamic acid
starch - Expectorant, ARECOLINE - Areca catechu
carminative, - Psychoactive
antiseptic - Tannin content-esophageal
cancer
OLEOGUMRESINS
MYRRH - Stem LOBELINE - Lobelia inflata
ALKALOIDS - Indian tobacco
(Commiphora molmol) - Resin, gum, volatile
- Active basic plant constituents - Less potent
oil
- 1 N-atom forms
ASAFETIDA - Incision of - Forms ppt w/ alkaloidal reagents
(Ferula asafoetida) decapitated TROPANE
ALKALOIDAL REAGENTS
rhizome and roots
- Volatile oil, resin, Mercuric Potassium Iodide BELLADONNA - Atropa belladona
MAYER - Atropine
and gum (MaMeKI)

Cadmium in Potassium HYOSCYAMUS - Hyoscyamus niger

MARME - henbane/hogbane
Iodide (MaCadKI)
BALSAMS
STORAX - Trunk Potassium Bismuth Iodide STRAMONIUM - Datura stramonium
DRAGENDORFF
(Liquidambar orientalis) - Alpha- and (DrKBIo)
beta-storesin EUROPEAN MANDRAKE - Mandragora
Iodine in Potassium Iodide officinarum
WAGNER
TOLU BALSAM - Stem (WIKI)
(Myroxylon balsamum) - Resin alcohols w/ COCCAINE - Erythroxylum cocca
cinnamic and VALSER Mercuric Iodide (ValMel)
benzoic acids
SONNENSCHEIN Phosphomolybdic acid
PERU BALSAM - Stem
- Balsamic esters SCHEIBLER Phosphotungstic acid
(benzyl cinnamate)
GOLD SALTS
SIAM
- Stem PICRIC ACID Hager’s reagent
- Coniferyl benzoate
TANNIC ACID
- Antiseptic,
BENZOIN
expectorant

SUMATRA PYRIDINE-PIPERIDINE
- Incised stem
NICOTINE - Nicotania tabaccum