A FINAL PROJECT REPORT

ON

"PERVIOUS CONCRETE"

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

BRAYEN SARKAR [26301321033]

SOURAV MONDAL [26301321032]
SUBHADIP GUHA [263013210334]
PRITAM DAS [26301321104]

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mrs. LABANI NANDI PH.D.(PURSUING), M.TECH. , B. TECH.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

REGENT EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION

GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
BARA KANTHALIA, P.O: SEWLI TELINI PARA, P.S: TITAGARH

NORTH 24 PARGANAS, KOLKATA, WEST BENGAL, 700121

 DECLARATION

 Project Title : Pervious Concrete

We hereby declare that the information and data presented in this document are true,
accurate, and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief. This declaration pertains to
the research and analysis of pervious concrete, focusing on its compressive strength and unit
weight over different curing periods. The findings are based on a comprehensive review of
relevant literature, standard practices, and empirical data in the field of concrete technology.
The properties and performance of pervious concrete, including its compressive strength at
3 days, 7 days, and 28 days, as well as its unit weight, have been meticulously studied and
reported. These findings reflect typical values and trends observed in pervious concrete with
0% fines, considering factors such as aggregate type, mix design, curing conditions, and
compaction methods. The reported values are intended to serve as a reference for
understanding the behavior and characteristics of pervious concrete under standard
conditions.
It is important to note that the performance of construction materials, including pervious
concrete, can vary based on local conditions, specific material sources, and application
methods. As such, localized testing and validation are recommended to ensure compliance
with project-specific requirements and standards.
This document is prepared with the utmost integrity and honesty, adhering to ethical
standards in reporting technical data and research findings. Any errors or discrepancies that
may arise are unintentional, and we are committed to addressing them promptly upon
identification.
we acknowledge that the research and conclusions drawn herein are subject to further
review and validation. This declaration is made in good faith, with the understanding that
the information provided will be used for its intended purpose and that appropriate credit
will be given to all referenced sources.

 Signed & Submitted By :

Name Signature Date

BRAYEN SARKAR

SOURAV MONDAL

SUBHADIP GUHA

PRITAM DAS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Mrs. LABANI NANDI, Assistant
Professor, for their invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the course of this
project. Their insightful feedback and encouragement were instrumental in shaping this
report.

We are also deeply grateful to Mr. SHOUVIK SARKAR, Head of the Department,
for their encouragement and support. Their leadership and vision have been a constant
source of inspiration.

Special thanks to Mr. KARTIK JOYADDAR, Lab Assistant, for their assistance
and cooperation during the practical aspects of this project. Their expertise and dedication
significantly contributed to the success of this work.

We would also like to extend my thanks to all the faculty members and staff of the
Department of Civil Engineering for their support and encouragement.

Finally, We are grateful to my family and friends for their unwavering support and
understanding throughout this project. Their encouragement kept me motivated during
challenging times.

Thank you all for your support and guidance.

Project Associates

Group

BRAYEN SARKAR [26301321033]

SOURAV MONDAL [26301321032]

SUBHADIP GUHA [263013210334]

PRITAM DAS [26301321104]

REGENT EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION
GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
[Recognized by A.I.C.T.E., Affiliated to MAKAUT., West Bengal]

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

The is to certify that the project report entitled "PERVIOUS CONCRETE" being submitted
by

BRAYEN SARKAR [26301321033]

SOURAV MONDAL [26301321032]
SUBHADIP GUHA [263013210334]
PRITAM DAS [26301321104]

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF

TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of
Technology, West Bengal is a bonafied work carried out by them under my guidance and
supervision during the academic year 2021-2024. The results presented in this project have not been
submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Mrs. LABANI NANDI Mr. SHOUVIK SARKAR

PH.D.(PURSUING), M.TECH. , M.E.(GEO-TECHNICAL
B. TECH. ENGINEERING), B. TECH.
*Assistant Professor *HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Regent Education And Research Regent Education And Research
Foundation Foundation
Date of Viva-Voice: 06 / 06 / 2024

SIGNETURE OF GUIDE SIGNETURE OF HOD

 ABSTRACT
Pervious concrete, also known as porous or permeable concrete, is a
sustainable paving material with significant environmental benefits. This paper
provides an overview of pervious concrete, including its composition, properties,
benefits, and applications. Pervious concrete is characterized by its high porosity,
which allows water to pass through and infiltrate the ground below. This unique
property makes it an effective stormwater management solution, reducing runoff and
replenishing groundwater supplies.

Pervious concrete is typically composed of coarse aggregate, Portland cement,

water, and admixtures. The absence of fine aggregates creates voids in the concrete,
which are essential for water infiltration. The design of pervious concrete mixtures is
critical to ensure adequate strength and permeability. Various factors, such as
aggregate gradation, cement content, and water-cement ratio, influence the properties
of pervious concrete.

One of the key benefits of pervious concrete is its ability to reduce stormwater
runoff. Traditional pavements, such as asphalt and concrete, create impervious
surfaces that prevent water from infiltrating the ground. This can lead to flooding,
erosion, and water pollution. Pervious concrete allows water to pass through,
reducing the strain on stormwater infrastructure and improving water quality.

In addition to stormwater management, pervious concrete offers several other

advantages. It can help mitigate the urban heat island effect by allowing water to
evaporate from the pavement surface, reducing surface temperatures. Pervious
concrete also helps recharge groundwater supplies, which is particularly beneficial in
areas with limited water resources.

Pervious concrete has a wide range of applications, including parking lots,

sidewalks, driveways, and low-traffic roadways. It can also be used in conjunction
with traditional pavements to create more sustainable urban environments. Proper
maintenance is essential to ensure the long-term performance of pervious concrete
pavements. Regular cleaning and, if necessary, recharging with a fine aggregate mix
can help prevent clogging and maintain permeability.

In conclusion, pervious concrete is a versatile and sustainable paving material

that offers significant environmental benefits. Its ability to reduce stormwater runoff,
mitigate the urban heat island effect, and recharge groundwater supplies makes it an
attractive option for sustainable development. As cities continue to face challenges
related to climate change and urbanization, pervious concrete can play a crucial role
in creating more resilient and sustainable urban environments.
 LIST OF CONTENTS
Introduction.......................................................................................................01 - 05
1.1 General............................................................................................................. 01
1.2 Brief History.................................................................................................... 02
1.3 General Properties of Pervious Concrete.......................................................... 03
1.4 Benefits of Pervious Concrete........................................................................... 04
1.5 Major applications of Pervious Concrete........................................................... 05

Literature review................................................................................................07 - 11
2.1 Literature review................................................................................................ 07
2.2 Object of study................................................................................................... 11

Flow Chart Of Work.................................................................................................12

Experimental work.............................................................................................13 - 22
4.1 Materials used.................................................................................................... 13
4.1.1 Cement....................................................................................................... 13
4.1.1.1 Advantages....................................................................................... 15

4.1.2 Aggregate.................................................................................................. 16
4.1.2.1 Classification of aggregates............................................................. 16
4.1.2.2 Fine aggregate.................................................................................. 16
4.1.2.3 Course aggregate............................................................................. 18

4.2 Aggregate properties.......................................................................................... 18

4.2.1 Sampling................................................................................................... 18
4.2.2 Particle shape and texture......................................................................... 19
4.2.3 Bond of aggregate..................................................................................... 19
4.2.4 Strength of aggregate................................................................................ 20
4.2.5 Deleterious substances of aggregate.......................................................... 20
4.2.6 Grading of fine and coarse aggregate....................................................... 20
4.2.7 Maximum aggregate size.......................................................................... 20
4.2.8 Water.......................................................................................................... 22
Compressive Strength and Permeability of Pervious Concrete.....................23 - 29
5.1 Compressive Strength of Normal Concrete..................................................... 23
5.1.1 Preparation of Cube Specimens............................................................... 23
5.1.2 Mixing...................................................................................................... 23
5.1.3 Hand Mixing............................................................................................ 24
5.1.4 Sampling.................................................................................................. 24
5.1.5 Curing......................................................................................................... 24
5.1.6 Procedure.................................................................................................. 24
5.1.7 Note.......................................................................................................... 25
5.1.7.1 Compressive Strength Development.............................................. 25
5.1.7.2 Factors Affecting Compressive Strength........................................ 25
5.1.7.3 Summary of Typical Compressive Strength Ranges...................... 26
5.1.7.4 Example Study Data....................................................................... 26

5.2 Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete................................................... 27

5.2.1 Density and Porosity................................................................................ 27
5.2.2 Storage Capacity...................................................................................... 28
5.2.3 Improvement of Strength of Pervious Concrete....................................... 29

Result and Discussions.......................................................................................30 - 40

6.1 Optimised and Tested Mix Design of Pervious Concrete at laboratory............. 30
6.1.1 Test on cement.......................................................................................... 30
6.1.2 Test on Coarse aggregates......................................................................... 30
6.1.2 Test on Fine aggregates............................................................................. 30

6.2 Procedure for casting cubes............................................................................... 33

6.2.1 Procedure for casting model..................................................................... 35

6.3 Permeability....................................................................................................... 37
6.4 Concrete Slab Mix Design and Curing Process................................................. 39
Typical Composition of Pervious Concrete.............................................................41
7.1. The Pervious Concrete layer............................................................................. 41
7.2. Sub-base layer................................................................................................... 41
7.3. Sub-grade layer................................................................................................. 41
7.4. Drainage............................................................................................................ 41

Sub-grade Application..............................................................................................42
8.1 Leveled sub-grade.............................................................................................. 42
8.2 Elevated sub-grade............................................................................................. 42
Notes & applications..................................................................................................43
9.1 Notes.................................................................................................................. 43
9.2 Applications....................................................................................................... 43

Testing.................................................................................................................44 - 45
10.1 Permeability..................................................................................................... 44
10.2 Permeameter..................................................................................................... 44
10.3 Unit Weight / Air Void Content ...................................................................... 44
10.4Durability.......................................................................................................... 45
10.5 Compressive and Flexural Strength................................................................. 45

Compaction Methods................................................................................................46
11.1 Roller compaction............................................................................................ 46
11.2 Compaction by plate compactors..................................................................... 46
11.3 Mechanical / manual vibrating screeds............................................................ 46
11.4 Compaction by spinning tubes......................................................................... 46

Curing........................................................................................................................47
Benefits And Limitations..................................................................................48 - 50
13.1 Environmental Benefits.................................................................................... 48
13.2 Economic Benefits........................................................................................... 49
13.3 Other Benefits And Limitations....................................................................... 50

Conclusion..................................................................................................51 - 52
References.........................................................................................................53
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Details Pg No
Fig. 1 Internal Design................................................................................... 06
Fig. 2 Water passing..................................................................................... 06
Fig. 3 Pervious Concrete.............................................................................. 06
Fig. 4 Materials............................................................................................. 12
Fig. 5 Concrete Cube/ block......................................................................... 12
Fig. 6 Compression Testing.......................................................................... 12
Fig. 7 Ordinary Portland Cement................................................................. 15
Fig. 8 Fine aggregate.................................................................................... 18
Fig. 9 Course aggregate............................................................................... 19
Fig. 10 Relationships Chart............................................................................ 22
Fig. 11 Specimen with water content ........................................................... 23
Fig. 12 Graph showing relation...................................................................... 23
Fig. 13 Standard compressive strength cube mould....................................... 24
Fig. 14 Mixing of pervious concrete.............................................................. 24
Fig. 15 Compaction........................................................................................ 25
Fig. 16 Tested Sample.................................................................................... 28
Fig. 17 Cross section of Pervious concrete for pavement.............................. 28
Fig. 18 Graph for Results............................................................................... 32
Fig. 19 Mixing the Dry properties.................................................................. 37
Fig. 20 Making a mould For concrete sample................................................ 38
Fig. 21 Mixing all Dry properties With measured water................................ 38
Fig. 22 Using trowel & heavy weighted block for finishing.......................... 38
Fig. 23 Water passing through the concrete slab............................................ 40
Fig. 25 The Pervious Concrete layers............................................................. 41
Fig. 26 The Pervious Concrete uses design.................................................... 41
Fig. 27 The Drainage System......................................................................... 41
Fig. 28 Leveled Sub-Grade............................................................................. 42
Fig. 29 Elevated Sub-Grade - I....................................................................... 42
Fig. 30 Elevated Sub-Grade - II..................................................................... 42
Fig. 31 Falling head permeability test........................................................... 44
Fig. 32 Air content, % in Cylinders............................................................... 44
Fig. 33 Compaction method........................................................................... 46
Fig. 34 Moisture loss & its retention.............................................................. 47
Fig. 35 Curing after concrete is completed.................................................... 47
Fig. 36 Design................................................................................................ 48
Fig. 37 Pervious Concrete Slab..................................................................... 52
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No Details

Table 4.1 Typical Composition of Ordinary Portland Cement

Table 5.1 Compressive Strength at various ages

Table 5.2 Compressive Strength of different grades of concrete at 7 days to 28 days

Table 6.1 Properties of Cement tested at Concrete technology laboratory

Table 6.2 Properties of Coarse aggregates tested at Concrete technology laboratory

Table 6.3 Properties of Fine aggregates tested at Concrete technology laboratory

Table 6.4 Compressive strength and Unit weight of standard concrete

Introduction

1.1 General
Pervious concrete, also known as porous or permeable concrete, is a unique and
environmentally friendly material with a wide range of applications in the construction industry.
Unlike traditional concrete, which is dense and impermeable, pervious concrete is designed to
allow water to pass through, making it an effective solution for managing stormwater runoff
and replenishing groundwater supplies.

One of the key features of pervious concrete is its high porosity, which is achieved by using a
carefully designed mixture of coarse aggregates, Portland cement, water, and admixtures. The
absence of fine aggregates in the mix creates voids that allow water to flow through the
concrete and into the ground below. This property makes pervious concrete an excellent choice
for pavements, parking lots, and other surfaces where stormwater management is a priority.

In addition to its environmental benefits, pervious concrete offers several advantages over
traditional concrete. It can help reduce the urban heat island effect by allowing water to
evaporate from the pavement surface, which can help lower surface temperatures in urban
areas. Pervious concrete also helps recharge groundwater supplies, which is especially
important in regions facing water scarcity.

Pervious concrete is highly versatile and can be used in a variety of applications. It is

commonly used for parking lots, sidewalks, driveways, and low-traffic roadways. Pervious
concrete can also be used in conjunction with traditional concrete to create a more sustainable
urban environment. For example, pervious concrete can be used for parking spaces and
sidewalks, while traditional concrete is used for roadways, creating a balance between
permeability and durability.

Proper maintenance is essential to ensure the long-term performance of pervious concrete

pavements. Regular cleaning and, if necessary, recharging with a fine aggregate mix can help
prevent clogging and maintain permeability. It is also important to design pervious concrete
pavements correctly to ensure adequate strength and durability.

In conclusion, pervious concrete is a versatile and sustainable paving material that offers
significant environmental benefits. Its ability to reduce stormwater runoff, mitigate the urban
heat island effect, and recharge groundwater supplies makes it an attractive option for
sustainable development. As cities continue to face challenges related to climate change and
urbanization, pervious concrete can play a crucial role in creating more resilient and sustainable
urban environments.

1
1.2 Brief History
Pervious concrete, also known as porous or permeable concrete, has a history dating back
several decades, with early developments focusing on improving the durability and performance
of concrete pavements. The concept of using pervious concrete to manage stormwater runoff
and replenish groundwater supplies gained traction in the late 20th century as environmental
concerns grew and the need for sustainable infrastructure became more apparent.

The early development of pervious concrete can be traced back to the 19th century, with some
early examples of pervious pavements using a mixture of gravel and cement. However, it was
not until the mid-20th century that pervious concrete began to be used more widely in
construction projects. One of the key developments in the history of pervious concrete was the
introduction of new mix designs and additives that improved its strength and durability.

In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers and engineers began to explore the use of pervious concrete
for stormwater management. Early experiments focused on improving the porosity of the
concrete to allow water to pass through more easily. These efforts led to the development of
new mix designs that used larger aggregates and reduced the amount of fine materials in the
mix.

By the 1980s, pervious concrete was being used in a variety of construction projects, including
parking lots, sidewalks, and driveways. However, early versions of pervious concrete had some
limitations, including issues with durability and clogging. Researchers continued to refine the
mix designs and construction techniques, leading to the development of more durable and
effective pervious concrete pavements.

In the 1990s, interest in pervious concrete grew as environmental concerns about stormwater
runoff and water pollution increased. Several studies were conducted to evaluate the
performance of pervious concrete pavements, with many showing promising results in terms of
stormwater management and groundwater recharge. This led to the adoption of pervious
concrete in stormwater management guidelines and regulations in many jurisdictions.

Today, pervious concrete is used in a wide range of construction projects, from residential
driveways to major highways. Advances in mix designs and construction techniques have made
pervious concrete more durable and practical for a variety of applications. The use of pervious
concrete continues to grow as communities seek sustainable solutions to stormwater
management and other environmental challenges.

In conclusion, pervious concrete has a rich history that spans several decades, with early
developments focused on improving its durability and performance. Today, pervious concrete is
recognized as a sustainable paving material that offers significant benefits for stormwater
management and groundwater recharge. As environmental concerns continue to grow, pervious
concrete is likely to play an increasingly important role in sustainable infrastructure
development.

2
1.3 General Properties of Pervious Concrete
Pervious concrete, also known as porous or permeable concrete, possesses a unique set of
properties that distinguish it from traditional concrete. These properties make it an attractive
choice for a variety of construction projects, particularly those where stormwater management
and environmental sustainability are priorities. Below are some of the key properties of
pervious concrete:
1. Porosity: Pervious concrete is highly porous, typically containing voids ranging from 15%
to 35% of its volume. This high porosity allows water to pass through the concrete and
infiltrate the ground below, reducing stormwater runoff and replenishing groundwater
supplies.
2. Permeability: The permeability of pervious concrete is a measure of its ability to allow
water to flow through it. Pervious concrete typically has a permeability rate of 2 to 18
inches per hour, depending on the mix design and compaction. This high permeability
allows pervious concrete to effectively manage stormwater runoff.
3. Strength: While pervious concrete is not as strong as traditional concrete, it still possesses
sufficient strength for many applications. The compressive strength of pervious concrete
typically ranges from 500 to 4000 psi, depending on the mix design and curing conditions.
4. Durability: Durability is an important property of pervious concrete, particularly in outdoor
applications where it is exposed to environmental factors. Properly designed and installed
pervious concrete pavements can have a lifespan similar to that of traditional concrete
pavements.
5. Freeze-thaw resistance: Pervious concrete is designed to withstand freeze-thaw cycles
without significant deterioration. Proper mix design and installation practices are essential to
ensure that pervious concrete pavements remain durable in cold climates.
6. Skid resistance: Pervious concrete pavements are generally skid-resistant, which is
important for ensuring safety for pedestrians and vehicles. The rough texture of pervious
concrete surfaces provides good traction, even when wet.
7. Noise reduction: Pervious concrete pavements can help reduce noise pollution in urban
environments. The voids in the concrete act as sound-absorbing pockets, reducing the
reflection of sound waves and dampening noise levels.
8. Thermal properties: Pervious concrete has good thermal properties, which can help mitigate
the urban heat island effect. The high porosity of pervious concrete allows water to
evaporate from the pavement surface, cooling the surrounding area.
9. Environmental impact: Pervious concrete is considered a sustainable building material due
to its ability to reduce stormwater runoff and replenish groundwater supplies. By allowing
water to infiltrate the ground, pervious concrete helps reduce the strain on stormwater
infrastructure and mitigates the impact of urban development on natural hydrology.
In conclusion, pervious concrete possesses a unique set of properties that make it an attractive
choice for sustainable construction projects. Its high porosity, permeability, and durability,
combined with its ability to reduce stormwater runoff and replenish groundwater supplies, make
it an ideal solution for managing stormwater and promoting environmental sustainability.

3
1.4 Benefits of Pervious Concrete
Pervious concrete, also known as porous or permeable concrete, offers a range of benefits that make
it an attractive choice for a variety of construction projects. From managing stormwater runoff to
reducing the urban heat island effect, pervious concrete provides numerous advantages for
sustainable development. Below are some of the key benefits of pervious concrete:
1. Stormwater Management: One of the primary benefits of pervious concrete is its ability to
manage stormwater runoff. Traditional pavements, such as asphalt and concrete, create
impervious surfaces that prevent water from infiltrating the ground. This can lead to flooding,
erosion, and water pollution. Pervious concrete allows water to pass through, reducing runoff
and recharging groundwater supplies.
2. Groundwater Recharge: Pervious concrete helps replenish groundwater supplies by allowing
water to infiltrate the ground. This is particularly important in areas facing water scarcity, as it
helps maintain a sustainable water balance in the environment.
3. Urban Heat Island Mitigation: Pervious concrete can help mitigate the urban heat island effect,
which is characterized by higher temperatures in urban areas compared to surrounding rural
areas. The high albedo of pervious concrete and its ability to allow water to evaporate from the
pavement surface help reduce surface temperatures, creating a cooler urban environment.

4. Improved Water Quality: By allowing water to pass through the pavement, pervious concrete
helps filter out pollutants and sediment, improving water quality. This is especially important in
urban areas where stormwater runoff can carry contaminants into water bodies.
5. Reduced Flooding: Pervious concrete can help reduce the risk of flooding by allowing water to
infiltrate the ground and reducing the volume of runoff. This is particularly beneficial in areas
prone to heavy rainfall or flash floods.
6. Lower Maintenance Costs: Pervious concrete pavements typically require less maintenance than
traditional pavements. Because water passes through the pavement, there is less standing water
to cause damage, such as potholes or cracks. This can result in lower maintenance costs over the
life of the pavement.

7. Longevity: When properly designed and installed, pervious concrete pavements can have a long
lifespan similar to that of traditional concrete pavements. Proper maintenance, including regular
cleaning and recharging with a fine aggregate mix, can help extend the life of pervious concrete
pavements.
8. Environmental Sustainability: Pervious concrete is considered a sustainable building material
due to its ability to reduce the environmental impact of construction projects. By managing
stormwater runoff, reducing the urban heat island effect, and improving water quality, pervious
concrete helps promote environmental sustainability in urban areas.
9. LEED Certification: Pervious concrete can contribute to LEED (Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design) certification for green building projects. Its ability to reduce stormwater
runoff and promote environmental sustainability makes it a valuable component of green
building strategies.

4
1.5 Major applications of Pervious Concrete
Pervious concrete, with its unique properties and environmental benefits, finds application in
various construction projects where stormwater management, groundwater recharge, and
environmental sustainability are priorities. Below are some of the major applications of pervious
concrete:

1. Parking Lots: Pervious concrete is commonly used in parking lots due to its ability to manage
stormwater runoff effectively. By allowing water to infiltrate the ground, pervious concrete
reduces the need for traditional stormwater management infrastructure, such as retention ponds
and drainage systems. This not only helps mitigate flooding but also reduces the environmental
impact of parking lot development.
2. Sidewalks and Walkways: Pervious concrete is an excellent choice for sidewalks and walkways
in urban areas. Its high porosity allows rainwater to seep into the ground, reducing surface
runoff and minimizing puddling. Pervious concrete sidewalks also contribute to improved water
quality by filtering out pollutants and sediment.
3. Driveways: Homeowners and developers often use pervious concrete for driveways. Apart from
its stormwater management benefits, pervious driveways can enhance curb appeal and
contribute to sustainable landscaping practices. The ability of pervious concrete to recharge
groundwater also benefits nearby vegetation.
4. Low-Traffic Roadways: In areas with low traffic volume, such as residential streets or private
roads, pervious concrete can be used for road construction. It helps reduce surface runoff,
prevents water accumulation, and contributes to a more sustainable transportation infrastructure.
5. Green Infrastructure: Pervious concrete is a key component of green infrastructure projects
aimed at reducing the environmental impact of urban development. It is often used in
conjunction with other green technologies, such as rain gardens, bioswales, and permeable
pavers, to create integrated stormwater management systems.
6. Pedestrian Plazas and Public Spaces: Pervious concrete is suitable for pedestrian plazas and
public spaces where aesthetics, functionality, and environmental performance are important
considerations. Its ability to reduce surface temperatures and improve water quality makes it
conducive to creating comfortable and sustainable outdoor environments.

7. Sports Courts: Pervious concrete can be used for outdoor sports courts, such as basketball courts
and tennis courts. Its permeability helps prevent water accumulation on the playing surface,
reducing slip hazards and ensuring a safer and more enjoyable playing experience.
8. Landscaping Features: Pervious concrete can be used in landscaping features, such as retaining
walls, terraces, and decorative paving, to enhance water management and promote
sustainability. Its ability to support vegetation growth and reduce runoff makes it a versatile
material for sustainable landscaping projects.
9. Stormwater Management Facilities: Pervious concrete is used in the construction of storm water
management facilities, such as infiltration basins and bio filtration swales. These facilities help
capture and treat stormwater runoff, reducing pollutants before they enter water bodies and
improving overall water quality.
10. Green Roofs: In some cases, pervious concrete is used as a base layer for green roofs, providing
a porous and stable surface for vegetation to grow. This application combines stormwater
management with green building practices, creating environmentally friendly and aesthetically
pleasing rooftop spaces.
5
 Fig. 1 - Internal Design
{Aggregate, Cement
Paste Binder, Voids}

Fig. 2 - Water passing

{Water Passing through
the pervious concrete}

Fig. 3 - Pervious Concrete

{Sample looks like}

6
Literature review

2.1 Literature review

Pervious concrete, also known as porous or permeable concrete, has gained significant attention
in recent years due to its potential to address environmental issues related to urbanization, such
as stormwater management and groundwater recharge. A review of the literature reveals several
key findings and trends regarding the properties, performance, and applications of pervious
concrete.
M. Aamer Rafique Bhutta a, K. Tsuruta b, J. Mirza was studied on topic of Evaluation
of high- performance porous concrete properties. The aim of this laboratory study was to
evaluate the properties of high performance porous concrete. Tests carried out on this concrete
were: slump, slump-flow, void ratio, and coefficient of permeability, compressive and flexural
strengths, and strength development rate. Furthermore, a test was proposed to determine the
effects of high water-reducing and thickening (cohesive) agents on self-compaction of high
performance porous concrete. It was meant to evaluate its hardened properties from the
viewpoint of practical application. Use of combination of SP and cohesive agent could produce
acceptable HPPC with good workability and strength properties. The addition of cohesive agent
to HPPC mixture could decrease the total void ratio and permeability and significantly increase
the compressive and flexural strengths. Regardless of types of porous concrete and aggregate
size, results showed an almost linear relationship between the compressive strength and total
void ratio, and between coefficient of permeability and total void ratio for all porous concretes
in the range of 15–30% total void ratio. Apparent density, compaction, total void ratio,
coefficient of permeability and compressive strength of HPPC are significantly influenced by
developing new freely dropping method. The evaluation of workability of HPPC by this method
is successfully determined. The apparent density, taken at different positions, is almost the same
and showed compaction index more than 80%. The permeability of HPPC by freely dropping
method is acceptable. However, HPPC when made with different aggregate sizes, exhibited
different permeability values.

Y. Aoki*, R. Sri Ravindrarajah and H. Khabbaz carried out study on Properties of

pervious concrete containing fly ash. In this paper, the findings of an experimental investigation
onproperties of pervious concrete are reported and discussed. The amount of general purpose
Portland cement has been reduced by introducing fly as has a cementitious agent in pervious
concrete samples. The properties of various pervious concrete samples including density,
porosity, compressive strength, water permeability and drying shrinkage have been carefully
measured. In addition, the relationships among these properties are explored. Properties include
density, porosity, 7-day and 28- day compressive strengths and permeability of samples at three
different water heads. The density of pervious concrete is approximately 1800kg/m3.No
significant difference in the density is induced by changing aggregate grading or amount of
cement replacement with fly ash. The results indicate an acceptable trend as the porosity of
pervious concrete decreased with an increase in density. With the density of pervious concrete
7
between 1700 kg/m3 and slightly higher than 1900 kg/m3, the range of porosity is from 0.20 to
0.40. The compressive strength of pervious concrete increased with an increase of density. The
compressive strength improved from 8 MPa to 12 MPa, when the density increased by 100
kg/m3. The effect of density on the water permeability coefficient of pervious concrete. When
the density increased, the water permeability decreased significantly. The water permeability
dropped from 20mm/s with a density of around 1750 kg/m3 to 10mm/s with a density of over
1900 kg/m3. Due to using low calcium fly ash, the long-term effect should be investigated as
well as the methodology of curing.

R. Sriravindrarajah, H.M. Do & L. D. Nguyen & Y.Aoki discussed the Effect of

Clogging on the Water Permeability of Pervious Concrete. This paper discusses the results of an
experimental investigation into the effect of pore structure clogging and compaction on the
water permeability of pervious concrete. The water permeability of pervious concrete was
studied under falling head. The results showed that the clayey materials presence in the
percolating water had seriously reduced the water permeability of pervious concrete. The
effects of compaction and clogging on the water permeability of pervious concrete were
investigated. The clogging of pores was achieved by using varying quantities of clayey
materials in percolating water though pervious concrete under falling head method. The
following conclusions are made from this study:

1. Compaction must not be carried out when placing of pervious concrete pavements,
since it seriously damage the water permeability of pervious concrete.

2. Un-compacted pervious concrete, with 50% cement replacement with fly ash, was
produced with 7-day compressive strength of 6.9MPa and the water permeability of 12.5
mm/s. The pores clogging has been proved a serious problem in maintaining its water
permeability in service.

3. High pressure water cleaning is found to be a reasonable maintenance approach to

restore the water permeability of pervious concrete. There is no period after the “et” in
the Latin abbreviation “et al..

Muhannad T. Suleiman,; Lusu Ni, and Anne Raich, has done a Development of
Pervious Concrete Pile Ground Improvement Alternative and Behavior under Vertical Loading.
This research effort aims to develop anew ground improvement method using pervious concrete
piles. Pervious concrete piles provide higher stiffness and strength that are independent of
surrounding soil confinement while offering permeability comparable to granular columns. This
proposed ground-improvement method can improve the performance of different structures
supported on poor soils. To achieve the goal of the research project, four vertical load tests were
performed on one granular column and three pervious concrete piles. In this paper, the material
properties of pervious concrete, the developed installation method, and the vertical load
response of pervious concrete and aggregate piles are presented, and the variation of soil
stresses and displacement during pile installation are briefly discussed. A new ground-
improvement method has been developed using pervious concrete piles. This paper summarizes
the material properties of the pervious concrete and the response of four different vertical load

8
tests performed using the SSI facility. Initially, Test Unit 1 (granular column) and Test Unit 2
(pervious concrete pile) were installed to investigate the effectiveness of the designed
laboratory installation method and to compare the vertical load displacement response of the
granular column to that of the pervious concrete pile. Then, two instrumented vertical load tests
were performed on a precast pervious concrete pile (Test Unit 3) and an installed previous
concrete pile (Test Unit 4) to evaluate the effects of the installation method on the soil-pile
interaction. Although the testing program focuses on piles installed in loose sand, pervious
concrete piles can be used in different soil types, including very soft clays, and peat and organic
soils. Based on the experimental results obtained from the four vertical load tests and the
discussion of the results presented in this paper, the following conclusions were made:

1. Pervious concrete piles have a compressive strength that is more than 10 times that of
granular columns, while providing similar permeability to granular columns.

2. The pervious concrete pile (Test Unit 2), which had the same dimensions, aggregate
type, and installation method as the granular column (Test Unit 1), had an ultimate load
that was 4.4 times greater than the ultimate load of the granular column. Furthermore,
the pervious concrete pile failed by vertically punching into the soil at the pile tip,
whereas the granular column failed by bulging outward into the surrounding soil.

3. The installation method had significant effects on the response of the pervious
concrete piles. When comparing the response of the two pervious concrete piles installed
using different methods [precast pile (Test Unit 3) and installed pile (Test Unit4)], the
ultimate load of the installed pile was 2.6 times greater than the ultimate load of the
precast pile.

4. Installation of the pervious concrete pile resulted in an increase of the maximum

frictional stress transferred at the soil-pile interface. The ratio of the maximum frictional
stress calculated using the strain gauges for the installed pile compared with the precast
pile ranged from 2.5–5.3.

5. The lateral soil displacements measured at a distance of 1D from the pile center
during installation were not uniform along the length of the pile. The installation of the
pile also resulted in significant increases of the soil vertical stress and a smaller increase
of the soil horizontal stress. The measured change of the vertical and horizontal soil
stresses showed trends similar to those reported in the literature.

Jing Yang*, Guoliang Jiang done an Experimental study on properties of pervious concrete
pavement materials. In this paper, a pervious concrete pavement material used for roadway is
introduced. Using the common material and method, the strength of the pervious concrete is
low. Using smaller sized aggregate, silica fume (SF), and super plasticizer (SP) in the pervious
concrete can enhance the strength of pervious concrete greatly. The pervious pavement
materials that composed of a surface layer and a base layer were made. The compressive
strength of the composite can reach 50 MPa and the flexural strength 6 MPa. The water
penetration, abrasion resistance, and freezing and thawing durability of the materials are also

9
very good. It can be applied to both the footpath and the vehicle road. It is an environment-
friendly pavement material

1. Due to voids in pervious concrete, it is difficult to obtain high-strength materials by

using the common material and proportion of mixture.

2. Using smaller sized aggregate can enhance the strength of the pervious concrete.
However, the cement quantity must be adjusted accordingly.

3. Using SF and SP in the pervious concrete can enhance the strength of pervious
concrete greatly. Controlling the pressing force to keep the unit weight of 1900–2100
kg/m3 can ensure good water penetration. The organic polymer also can enhance the
strength of the pervious concrete greatly. However, it is difficult to ensure water
penetration due to the polymer-filling property. Its cost is also high due to its high
dosage.

4. The pervious pavement materials are composed of a surface layer and a base layer.
The compressive strength of the composite can reach 50 MPa and the flexural strength 6
MPa. The water penetration, abrasion resistance, and freezing and thawing durability of
the materials are also very good. It can be applied to both the footpath and the vehicle
road. It is an environment-friendly pavement material.

K. C. Mahboub, Jonathan Canler, Robert Rathbone, Thomas Robl, and Blake Davis
has study Pervious Concrete: Compaction and Aggregate Gradation. Pervious concrete is very
different from traditional Portland cement concrete (PCC). Therefore, there are open questions
regarding the suitability of the current standard concrete testing protocols as they may be
applied to pervious concrete. There are unique features associated with pervious concrete that
may require special testing considerations. This paper examines the compaction and
consolidation of pervious concrete. This study presents cylindrical specimen preparation
techniques that will produce laboratory specimens that are similar to the field pervious concrete
slab. Additionally, a simple correlation is provided that allows concrete designers to estimate
the porosity of pervious concrete based on its aggregate bulk density when crushed limestone is
used. This practical tool saves time when designing pervious concrete mixtures. Accurately
measuring the air content of pervious concrete is a challenge due to its highly porous nature.
Current literature suggests that air porosity of pervious concrete should be within 18 to 35% to
ensure a desirable permeability;1 however, there are no suitable AASHTO or ASTM
International test methods for determination of air porosity for such a concrete. Tennessee
Technological University researchers investigated this issue and conducted research for a new
test method to determine pervious concrete air porosity. These researchers have investigated
flexural, split-tensile, and compressive strengths of pervious concrete for pavement design
inputs.

10
2.2 Objective of study
The objective of this study is to comprehensively evaluate the performance and environmental
impact of pervious concrete in urban environments. The study aims to address key research
questions regarding the properties, durability, stormwater management capabilities, and long-term
sustainability of pervious concrete pavements. Additionally, the study seeks to assess the economic
feasibility and potential barriers to the widespread adoption of pervious concrete in construction
projects.
1. Properties of Pervious Concrete: The study will investigate the key properties of pervious
concrete, including porosity, permeability, compressive strength, durability, and skid resistance.
Laboratory testing will be conducted to analyze the influence of mix design parameters, such as
aggregate gradation, cement content, and water-cement ratio, on these properties. The goal is to
identify optimal mix designs that balance permeability with strength and durability for different
applications.
2. Performance Evaluation: Field studies will be conducted to evaluate the performance of
pervious concrete pavements in real-world urban environments. Monitoring of infiltration rates,
water quality, and pavement condition will be conducted over an extended period to assess the
long-term performance and effectiveness of pervious concrete in managing stormwater runoff.
Data collection will include measurements of surface runoff, groundwater recharge, and
pollutant removal efficiency.
3. Environmental Impact Assessment: The study will assess the environmental impact of pervious
concrete compared to traditional paving materials, such as asphalt and impervious concrete. Life
cycle assessment (LCA) will be conducted to quantify the environmental benefits, including
reduced carbon footprint, improved water quality, and mitigation of the urban heat island effect.
The study will also evaluate the potential for pervious concrete to contribute to green building
certifications, such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design).

4. Economic Feasibility and Cost Analysis: An economic analysis will be conducted to evaluate
the cost-effectiveness of pervious concrete pavements compared to conventional paving
materials. Cost considerations will include initial construction costs, maintenance requirements,
life cycle costs, and potential savings from reduced stormwater infrastructure. The study aims to
provide insights into the economic feasibility of integrating pervious concrete into urban
development projects.
5. Barriers and Challenges: The study will identify potential barriers and challenges to the
widespread adoption of pervious concrete in construction projects. This includes regulatory
constraints, technical limitations, perceived performance risks, and market acceptance.
Strategies for overcoming these barriers and promoting the use of pervious concrete will be
explored, including education and outreach initiatives.
6. Recommendations and Best Practices: Based on the findings from the study, recommendations
and best practices will be developed for the design, construction, maintenance, and monitoring
of pervious concrete pavements in urban environments. These recommendations will aim to
guide engineers, planners, developers, and policymakers in effectively integrating pervious
concrete into sustainable urban infrastructure projects.

In summary, the objective of this study is to advance understanding and knowledge about pervious
concrete as a sustainable paving material for stormwater management and environmental
sustainability in urban environments. The study will provide valuable insights into the performance,
benefits, challenges, and potential solutions related to the use of pervious concrete, contributing to

11
3. Flow Chart Of Work

Literature Collection

Define Problem Statement

Design of Mix Proportion

Testing of Material

Casting

Compression Test

Porosity Test

Results and Discussion

Comparative Statement and

Conclusion

Conclusion and Future Scope

12
Experimental work

4.1 Materials used:

4.1.1 Cement:
Cement is a key to infrastructure industry and is used for various purposes and also
made in many compositions for a wide variety of uses. Cements may be named after the
principal constituents, after the intended purpose, after the object to which they are applied
or after their characteristic property. Cement used in construction are sometimes named
after their commonly reported place of origin, such as Roman cement, or for their
resemblance to other materials, such as Portland cement, which produces a concrete
resembling the Portland stone used for building in Britain. The term cement is derived from
the Latin word Caementum, which is meant stone chippings such as used in Roman mortar
not-the binding material itself. Cement, in the general sense of the word, described as a
material with adhesive and cohesive properties, which make it capable of bonding mineral
fragments in to a compact whole. The first step of reintroduction of cement after decline of
the Roman Empire was in about 1790, when an Englishman, J.Smeaton, found that when
lime containing a certain amount of clay was burnt, it would set under water. This cement
resembled that which had been made by the Romans. Further investigations by J. Parker in
the same decade led to the commercial production of natural hydraulic cement.

Table 4.1 : Typical composition of Ordinary Portland Cement

Name of compound Chemical Composition Abbreviation

Tricalcium Silicate 3CaO.SiO2 C3S
Dicalcium Silicate 2CaO.SiO2 C2S
Tricalcium aluminate 3CaO.Al2O3 C3A
Tetracalcium alumino ferrite 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C4AF

13
 Fig 7 - Ordinary Portland Cement

These compounds interact with one another in the kiln to form a series of more
complex products. Portland cement is varied in type by changing the relative proportions of
its four predominant chemical compounds and by the degree of fineness of the clinker.
grinding.

A small variation in the composition or proportion of its raw materials leads to a

large variation in compound composition Calculation of the potential composition of
Portland cement is generally based on the Bogue composition (R.H Bogue). In addition to
the main compounds, there exist minor compounds such as MgO, TiO2, K2O and Na2O;
they usually amount to not more than a few percent of the mass of the cement. Two of the
minor compounds are of particular interest: the oxides of sodium and potassium known as
the alkalis. They have been found to react with some aggregates, the products of the
reaction causing disintegration of the concrete and have also observed to affect the rate of
gain of strength of cement. Present knowledge of cement chemistry indicates that the major
cement compounds have the following properties.

 Tricalcium Silicate, C3S hardens rapidly and is largely responsible for initial set and
early strength development. The early strength of Portland cement concrete is higher
with increased percentages of C3S.

 Dicalcium Silicate, C2S hardens slowly and contributes largely to strength increase
at ages beyond one week.

 Tricalcium aluminate, C3A liberates a large amount of heat during the first days of
hardening. It also contributes slightly for early strength development. Cements with
low percentages of this compound are especially resistant to soils and waters
containing sulphates. Concrete made of Portland cement with C3A contents as high
as 10.0%, and sometimes greater, has shown satisfactory durability, provided the
permeability of the concrete is low.

14
  Tetracalcium Alumina ferrite, C4AF reduces the clinkering temperature. It will act
as a flux in burning the clinker. It hydrates rather rapidly but contributes very little to
strength development. Most colour effects are due to C4AF series and its hydrates.
The compounds Tricalcium aluminate and Tricalcium silicate develop the greatest
heat, then follows Tetracalcium alumino ferrite, with dicalcium silicate developing
the least heat of all.

In our project work, we have used Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 53. It is a
higher strength cement to meet the needs of the consumer for higher strength concrete. As
per BIS requirements the minimum 28 days compressive strength of 53 Grade OPC should
not be less than 53 MPa. For certain specialised works, such as pre stressed concrete and
certain items of precast concrete requiring consistently high strength concrete, the use of 53
grade OPC is found very useful. 53 grade OPC produces higher-grade concrete at very
economical cement content. In concrete mix design, for concrete M-20 and above grades a
saving of 8 to 10% of cement may be achieved with the use of 53 grade OPC. Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) 53 Grade should surpass the requirements of IS: 12269-1987
Grade. It is produced by inter grinding of high grade clinker (with high C3S content) and
right quality gypsum in predetermined proportions. It is recognized for its high early
strength and excellent ultimate strength because of its optimum particle size distribution,
superior crystalline structure and balanced phase composition and hence widely used and
suitable for speedy construction, durable concrete and economic concrete mix designs.

4.1.1.1 Advantages:

 Superior quality ensures substantial savings in cement consumption

 Development of very high compressive strength in early stages helps in early de-
shuttering

 Superior resistance to sulphate attack due to less C3A content

 Durable Concrete

 Feasible for economical concrete mix designs

 Low percentage of alkalies, chlorides, magnesia and free lime results in longer life of
concrete structures.

15
4.1.3 Aggregate
4.1.3.1 Classification of aggregates:
The alternative used in the manufacture of good quality concrete, is to obtain the
aggregate in at least two size groups, Le.:

 Fine aggregate often called sand which are less than 4.75mm in size.

 Coarse aggregate, which comprises material greater than 4.75mm in size.

On the other hand, there are some properties possessed by the aggregate but absent in the
parent rock: particle shape and size, surface texture, and absorption. All these properties
have a considerable influence on the quality of the concrete, either in fresh or in the
hardened state. It has been found that aggregate may appear to be unsatisfactory on some
count but no trouble need be experienced when it is used in concrete

4.1.3.2 Fine aggregate

While pervious concrete is considered a "no-fines" concrete, a small percentage of fine
particles can be added to increase the compressive strength of the pervious concrete mix.
The inclusion of fine particles has a direct correlation to the paste/mortar strength. Providing
a thicker paste layer around the coarse aggregates results in improved compressive strength
(Schaefer et al 2009). There is a significant relationship between compressive strength and
sand to gravel ratio. When the sand to gravel ratio is increased to 8%, the mortar bulks up
and increases the strength. When the sand to gravel ratio increases beyond the 8% mark, the
7 day compressive strength begins to fall (Schaefer et al 2009). Both Europe and Japan have
been using smaller aggregates as well as the inclusion of sand for their mix design. An
optimization of 10%-20% of fine sand to coarse aggregate has been shown to increase
compressive strength from 14 to 19 MPa. A slight decrease in permeability correlates to the
increase in fine particles.Fine aggregate, also known as sand, is an important component in
pervious concrete mixtures. Pervious concrete is designed to have high porosity, allowing
water to pass through and infiltrate into the ground. Fine aggregate plays several key roles
in pervious concrete:

1. Void Filling: Fine aggregate helps fill the voids between larger aggregate particles,
providing a solid framework while maintaining porosity for water infiltration.

2. Strength and Durability: The presence of fine aggregate helps improve the strength
and durability of pervious concrete by providing a more cohesive matrix.

3. Workability: Fine aggregate helps improve the workability of the concrete mixture,
making it easier to place and compact.

4. Surface Finish: Fine aggregate can also contribute to the surface finish of pervious
concrete, providing a smoother texture compared to mixtures without fine aggregate.
16
 5. Mix Proportioning: The proportion of fine aggregate in the mix is critical to
achieving the desired porosity and strength properties. Typically, the fine aggregate
content is limited to ensure that the concrete remains porous.

It's important to carefully select and proportion the fine aggregate in pervious concrete
mixtures to achieve the desired balance of porosity, strength, and durability.
In the mix design for a 150 x 150 x 150 mm cube, the fine aggregate (sand) used for the
2.36 mm sieve (standard sieve size for fine aggregate) is typically around 1 kg. This is based
on the proportioning of ingredients in the mix design, where the fine aggregate content is
determined based on the desired strength and workability of the concrete mixture. It's
important to note that mix designs can vary based on specific project requirements and local
materials, so it's always recommended to consult a structural engineer or concrete mix
design expert for accurate and site-specific mix designs.

Fig 8 - Fine aggregate (sand)

17
4.1.3.3 Coarse aggregate
Aggregates were first considered to simply be filler for concrete to reduce the amount
of cement required. However, it is now known that the type of aggregate used for concrete
can have considerable effects on the plastic and hardened state properties of concrete. They
can form 80% of the concrete mix so their properties are crucial to the properties of
concrete. Aggregates can be broadly classified into four different categories: these are
heavyweight, normal weight, lightweight and ultra-lightweight aggregates. However in most
concrete practices only normal weight and lightweight aggregates are used. The other types
of aggregates are for specialist uses, such as nuclear radiation shielding provided by
heavyweight concrete and thermal insulation using lightweight concrete.

Fig 9a - Course aggregate Fig 9b - Course aggregate

10 mm 12.5 mm

4.2 Aggregate properties:

By selecting different sizes and types of aggregates and different ratios of aggregate
to cement ratios, a wide range of concrete can be produced economically to suit different
requirements. Important properties of an aggregate which affect the performance of a
concrete are discussed as follows:

4.2.1 Sampling:
Samples shall be representative and certain precautions in sampling have to be made.
No detailed procedures can be laid down as the conditions and situations involved in taking
samples in the field can vary widely from case to case. Nevertheless, a user can obtain
reliable results bearing in mind that the sample taken is to be representative of the bulk of
the material. The main sample shall be made up of portions drawn from different parts of
the whole. In the case of stockpiles, the sample obtained is variable or segregated, a large
number of increments should be taken and a larger sample should be dispatched for testing.

18
4.2.2 Particle shape and texture:

Roundness measures the relative sharpness or angularity of the edges and corners of
a particle. Roundness is controlled largely by the strength and abrasion resistance of the
parent rock and by the amount of wear to which the particle has been subjected. In the case
of crushed aggregate, the particle shape depends not only on the nature of the parent rock
but also on the type of crusher and its reduction ratio, ie. the ratio of the size of material fed
into the crusher to the size of the finished product. Particles with a high ratio of surface area
to volume are also of particular interest for a given workability of the control mix.
Elongated and flaky particles are departed from equi-dimensional shape of particles and
have a larger surface area and pack in an isotropic manner.
Flaky particles affect the durability of concrete, as the particles tend to be oriented in
one plane, with bleeding water and air voids forming underneath. The flakiness and
elongation tests are useful for general assessment of aggregate but they do not adequately
describe the particle shape. The presence of elongated particles in excess of 10 to 15% of
the mass of coarse aggregate is generally undesirable, but no recognized limits are laid
down Surface texture of the aggregate affects its bond to the cement paste and also influence
the water demand of the mix, especially in the case of fine aggregate. The shape and surface
texture of aggregate influence considerably the strength of concrete. The effects of shape
and texture are particularly significant in the case of high strength concrete.

The full role of shape and texture of aggregate in the development of concrete
strength is not known, but possibly a rougher texture results in a larger adhesive force
between the particles and the cement matrix. The shape and texture of fine aggregate have a
significant effect on the water requirement of the mix made with the given aggregate. If
these properties of fine aggregate are expressed indirectly by its packing, ie. by the
percentage voids in a loose condition, then the influence on the water requirement is quite
definite. The influence of the voids in coarse aggregate is less definite. Flakiness and shape
of coarse aggregates have an appreciable effect on the workability of concrete.

4.2.3 Bond of aggregate:

Bond between aggregate and cement paste is an important factor in the strength of
concrete, but the nature of bond is not fully understood. Bond is to the interlocking of the
aggregate and the hydrated cement paste due to the roughness of the surface of the former.
A rougher surface, such as that of crushed particles, results in a better bond due to
mechanical interlocking; better bond is not usually obtained with softer, porous, and minor
logically heterogeneous particles. Bond is affected by the physical and chemical properties
of aggregate. For good development of bond, it is necessary that the aggregate surface be
clean and free from adhering clay particles The determination of the quality of bond of
aggregate is difficult and no accepted tests exist. Generally, when bond is good, a crushed
specimen of normal strength concrete should contain some aggregate particles broken right
through, in addition to the more numerous ones pulled out from their sockets. An excess of
fractured particles, might suggest that the aggregate is too weak.
19
4.2.4 Strength of aggregate:
The compressive strength of concrete cannot significantly exceed that of the major
part of the aggregate contained. If the aggregate under test leads to a lower compressive
strength of concrete, and in particular if numerous individual aggregate particles appear
fractured after the concrete specimen has been crushed, then the strength of the aggregate is
lower than the nominal compressive strength of the concrete mix. Such aggregate can be
used only in a concrete of lower strength. The influence of aggregate on the strength of
concrete is not only due to the mechanical strength of the aggregate but also, to a
considerable degree, to its absorption and bond characteristics. In general, the strength of
aggregate depends on its composition, texture and structure. Thus a low strength may be due
to the weakness of constituent grains or the grains may be strong but not well knit or
cemented together. A test to measure the compressive strength of prepared rock cylinders
used to be prescribed. However, the results of such a test are affected by the presence of
planes of weakness in the rock that may not be significant once the rock has been reduced to
the size used in concrete. In essence the crushing strength test measures the quality of the
parent rock rather than the quality of the aggregate as used in concrete. For this reason the
test is rarely used. Crushing value test BIS: 812-1990, measures the resistance to
pulverization. There is no obvious physical relation between this crushing value and the
compressive strength, but the results of the two tests are usually in agreement.

4.2.5 Deleterious substances of aggregate:

For satisfactory performance, concrete aggregates should be free of deleterious
materials. There are three categories of deleterious substances that may be found in
aggregates: impurities, coatings and weak or unsound particles.

4.2.6 Grading of fine and coarse aggregate:

The actual grading requirements depend on the shape and surface characteristics of
the particles. For instance, sharp angular particles with rough surfaces should have a slightly
finer grading in order to reduce the possibility of interlocking and to compensate for the
high friction between the particles

4.2.7 Maximum aggregate size:

Extending the grading of aggregate to a larger maximum size lowers the water
requirement of the mix, so that, for a specified workability and cement content, the water
/cement ratio can be lowered with a consequent increase in strength. Experimental results
indicated that above the 38.1mm maximum size the gain in strength due to the reduced
water requirement is offset by the detrimental effects of lower bond area of discontinuities
introduced by the very large particles. In structural concrete of usual proportions, there is no
advantage in using aggregate with a maximum size greater than about 25 or 40mm when
compressive strength is a criterion.

20
 The standard type aggregate for use in pervious concrete is typically crushed stone or
river gravel. Typical sizes are from 10mm to 25mm. (Tennis et al 2004). Fine aggregates are
either used sparingly or removed altogether from the mix design. It has been shown that
using smaller aggregates increases the compressive strength of pervious concrete by
providing a tighter bond between coarse aggregate and cement. Using fine aggregates in the
mix design of pervious concrete will also decrease the void space (Tennis et al 2004).
Increasing the percent amount of larger aggregates will increase the void ratio in pervious
concrete, but will decrease the compressive strength. Using recycled aggregates has also
been researched. Four mix designs were studied using 15%, 30%, 50%, and 100% recycled
aggregates and compared to the virgin pervious concrete samples. It was found that samples
containing 15% or less recycled aggregates exhibited almost identical characteristic to the
virgin sample.

The size of the aggregate also has an important role in pervious concrete. While a
20mm aggregate size allows for greater void space, a 20mm aggregate improves the
workability. The use of 10mm aggregate can decrease settling and workability. Recent
studies have also found that pervious concrete with smaller aggregates had higher

Fig 10 - Relationships between Fine aggregate and Porosity / Compressive Strength

compressive strength. It was noted that the smaller aggregate sizes allowed for more
cementitious material to bind around the aggregate and hence allowed for greater contact
between the aggregate/binder.

21
4.2.8 Water:
While any potable water can be used for mixing, the amount of water is critical
for the formation of the voids in pervious concrete. Water-to-cement ratios can range from
0.27 to 0.30 with ratios as high as 0.40. Careful control of water is critical. A mix design
with little water can create a very weak binder. This will create a very dry mix that is
susceptible to spalling and crumbling. A mix design with too much water can collapse the
void space, making an almost impenetrable concrete surface (NRMCA 2004).

As seen in Figure, the specimen in Figure11 (a) has too little water, the specimen in Figure
(b) has the correct amount of water, and the specimen in Figure (c) has too much water.

[a] [b] [c]

a. Pervious Concrete With a. too little Water, b. Appropriate Amount of Water,
c. Too much Water

A study done by Meininger (1998) demonstrated the relationship between compressive strength and
water-to-cement ratio. The optimal w/c ratio with the highest compressive strength was found to be
between 0.3 and 0.35. Lower w/c ratios provide poor cohesion between the aggregates. Higher w/c
ratios reduce the tensile capacity by the introduction of capillary pores.
Another study by Chindaprasirt,
Hatanaka, Chareerat, Mishima, and
Yuasa determined that water-to-
cement ratio has a direct correlation
to cement paste characteristics, and
mixing time of the porous concrete.
It was noted that keeping a relatively
low water-to- cement ratio, around
0.2 to 0.3, maintains the continuity of
the paste layer with coarse aggregate.
This also aids in the texture and
workability of the pervious concrete.
By achieving an even thickness of
the paste (150-230 mm) within the
porous concrete mix, this can achieve
Fig 12 - Graph showing relation between w/c ratio and suitable void ratios of 15-25% and
compressive strength of concrete (Meininger, 1998) strengths ranges from 22-30 MPa

22
Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete
5.1 Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete

Out of many test applied to the concrete, this is the utmost important which gives an
idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether
Concreting has been done properly or not. Compressive strength of concrete depends on
many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material,
Quality control during production of concrete etc., Test for compressive strength is carried
out either on cube or cylinder. Various standard codes recommend concrete cylinder or
concrete cube as the standard specimen for the test.

For cube test two types of specimens either cubes of 150 mm X 150 mm X 15 mm or
100 mm X 100 mm X 100 mm depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of
the works cubical moulds of size 150 mm X 150 mm X 150 mm are commonly used.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to have any
voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test specimens are put in water for
curing. The top surface of these specimen should be made even and smooth. This is done by
putting cement paste and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.

These specimens are tested by compression testing

machine after 7 days curing or 28 days curing. Load
should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm² per
minute till the Specimens fails. Load at the failure
divided by area of specimen gives the compressive
strength of concrete.

5.1.1 Preparation of Cube Specimens

The proportion and material for making these test
specimens are from the same concrete used in the field.
Fig 13- Standard compressive
strength cube mould 5.1.2 Mixing Mix the concrete either by hand or
in a laboratory batch mixer

Fig 14 - Mixing of pervious

concrete

23
5.1.3 Hand Mixing:
(1)Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform until the
mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform colour
(ii)Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the coarse aggregate
is uniformly distributed throughout the batch
(iii)Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the desired
consistency

5.1.4 Sampling:
(1) Clean the mounds and apply grease.
(ii) Fill the concrete in the moulds in 3 equal layers
(iii) Compact each layer with not less than 25 strokes per layer using a tamping rod (steel bar
16mm diameter and 60cm long, bullet pointed at lower end)
(iv) Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel

5.1.5 Curing The test specimens are stored in

moist air for 24hours and after this period the
specimens are marked and removed from the
moulds and kept submerged in clear fresh water
until taken out prior to test.

5.1.6 Procedure:
(I) Remove the specimen from water after
specified curing time and wipe out excess water
from the surface.
(II) Take the dimension of the specimen to the
nearest 0.2m

(III) Clean the bearing surface of the testing

machine
(IV) Place the specimen in the machine in such a
manner that the load shall be applied to the opposite
sides of the cube cast.
(V) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate
of the machine.
(VI) Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so
that it touches the top surface of the specimen.

(VII) Apply the load gradually without shock and

continuously at the rate of 140kg/cm²/minute till the
Fig - 15 Compaction of pervious specimen fails
Concrete With tamping rod (VIII) Record the maximum load and note any
unusual features in the type of failure.

24
5.1.7 Note:
The compressive strength of pervious concrete varies significantly based on its
mix design and curing conditions. Generally, the compressive strength of pervious concrete
ranges from 2.8 MPa to 28 MPa (400 to 4000 psi). The strength development over time,
from 7 days to 28 days, follows a pattern similar to conventional concrete but at lower
overall values due to its porous nature.

5.1.7.1 Compressive Strength Development

7-Day Compressive Strength

At 7 days, the compressive strength of pervious concrete is typically lower than its 28-day
strength. Depending on the mix design, it can range from:

 Lower Range: 1.4 MPa to 7 MPa (200 to 1000 psi)

 Higher Range: 10 MPa to 14 MPa (1450 to 2000 psi)

28-Day Compressive Strength

By 28 days, the pervious concrete achieves its approximate full strength. Typical values
range from:

 Lower Range: 2.8 MPa to 10 MPa (400 to 1450 psi)

 Higher Range: 14 MPa to 28 MPa (2000 to 4000 psi)

5.1.7.2 Factors Affecting Compressive Strength

1. Aggregate Size and Type: Larger aggregates and certain types of aggregates can
lead to lower compressive strength due to increased void content and reduced paste-
aggregate bonding.

2. Water-Cement Ratio: Lower water-cement ratios generally increase compressive

strength but may reduce workability.

3. Curing Conditions: Proper curing is essential for strength development. Inadequate

curing can lead to lower compressive strengths.

4. Admixtures: The use of admixtures like superplasticizers, air entraining agents, or

supplementary cementitious materials (e.g., fly ash, slag) can enhance strength and
durability.

5. Compaction Method: Proper compaction methods are crucial as insufficient

compaction can lead to weak points, while excessive compaction can reduce
permeability.

25
5.1.7.3 Summary of Typical Compressive Strength Ranges

 7 Days:

 Lower Range: 1.4 MPa to 7 MPa

 Higher Range: 10 MPa to 14 MPa

 28 Days:

 Lower Range: 2.8 MPa to 10 MPa

 Higher Range: 14 MPa to 28 MPa

These values can vary based on specific mix designs and environmental conditions.
Researchers and engineers often tailor the mix design to balance between adequate strength
and desired permeability for specific applications.

5.1.7.4 Example Study Data

In one study, a typical pervious concrete mix achieved a 7-day compressive strength of
about 6 MPa (870 psi) and a 28-day compressive strength of about 10 MPa (1450 psi) when
cured under standard conditions. Another study reported 7-day strengths of 3.5 MPa (500
psi) and 28-day strengths of 8 MPa (1160 psi) with a different mix design focusing on
enhanced permeability.

The compressive strength of pervious concrete increases from 7 days to 28 days, with
values typically ranging from 2.8 MPa to 28 MPa at 28 days, depending on mix design and
curing conditions. The material is tailored for applications where permeability is prioritized,
so its compressive strength is generally lower than that of conventional concrete.

26
5.2 Compressive Strength Of Pervious Concrete:
In the laboratory, pervious concrete
mixtures have been found to develop compressive
strengths in the range of 3.5 MPa to 28 MPa, which is
suitable for a wide range of applications. Typical
values are about 17 MPa. As with any concrete, the
properties and combinations of specific materials, as
well as placement techniques and environmental
conditions, will dictate the actual in-place strength.
However, currently there is no ASTM test standard
for compressive strength of pervious concrete.

Testing variability measured with various draft test

methods has been found to be high and therefore
Fig 16 - Cube tested for
compressive strength is not recommended as an
compressive strength
acceptance criterion. Rather, it is recommended that
a target void content (between 15% to 25%) as measured by ASTM C 1688: Standard Test
Method for Density and Void Content of Freshly Mixed Pervious Concrete be specified for
quality assurance and acceptance.

5.2.1 Density and Porosity:

Fig 17 - Typical cross section of pervious concrete for pavement

The density of pervious concrete depends on the properties and proportions of
the materials used, and on the compaction procedures used in placement. In-place densities
on the order of 1600 kg/m² to 2100 kg/m³ are common, which is in the upper range of
lightweight concretes. A pavement 125 mm thick with 20% voids will be able to store 25
mm of a sustained rainstorm in its voids, which covers the vast majority of rainfall events in
the U.S.

27
5.2.2 Storage Capacity:
Storage capacity of a pervious concrete system typically is designed for specific
rainfall events, which are dictated by local requirements. The total volume of rain is
important, but the infiltration rate of the soil also must be considered. The total storage
capacity of the pervious concrete system includes the capacity of the pervious concrete
pavement, the capacity of any sub base used, and the amount of water which leaves the
system by infiltration into the underlying soil. The theoretical storage capacity of the
pervious concrete is its effective porosity: that portion of the pervious concrete which can be
filled with rain in service. If the pervious concrete has 15% effective porosity, then every 25
mm of pavement depth can hold 4 mm of rain. For example, a 100mm thick pavement with
15% effective porosity on top of impervious clay could hold up to 15 mm of rain before
contributing to excess rainfall runoff. Another important source of storage is the sub base. A
conventional aggregate sub base, with higher fines content, will have a lower porosity
(about 20%). From the example above, if 100 mm of pervious concrete with 15% porosity
was placed on 150 mm of clean stone, the nominal storage capacity would be 75 mm of
rain. The effect of the sub base on the storage capacity of the pervious concrete pavement
system can be significant.

A critical assumption in this calculation is that the entire system is level. If the
top of the slab is not level, and the infiltration rate of the sub grade has been exceeded,
higher portions of the slab will not fill and additional rainfall may run to the lowest part of
the slab. Once it is filled, the rain will run out of the pavement, limiting the beneficial
effects of the pervious concrete. These losses in useable volume because of slopes can be
significant, and indicate the sensitivity of the design to slope. Pipes extending from the
trenches carry water travelling down the paved slope out to the adjacent hillside. The high
flow rates that can result from water flowing down slope also may wash out sub grade
materials, weakening the pavement.

28
5.2.3 Improvement of Strength of Pervious Concrete:

 As the strength of pervious concrete is less when compared to conventional concrete,

its applications are limited to great extent

 The main aim of our project is to improve the strength of pervious concrete so that it
can be used for large number of applications

 The strength improvement can be done by

(1) Addition of small quantity of fine aggregates

(2) Addition of small quantities of cementitious materials.

(3) Usage of small sized coarse aggregates

(4) Using low w/c ratio etc.,

 Among the above methods, we have selected addition of small quantity of fine.
aggregates, addition of cementitious materials such as fly ash, rice husk ash and
mixture of both fly ash and rice husk ash..

 The compressive strength of pervious concrete inversely proportional to

permeability. As the compressive strength increases, the permeability will be
decreased and vice- versa.

 The main purpose of pervious concrete is permeability. By improving the strength we

should not forget the effect of permeability.

 In our project work, we have considered both the aspects. We tried to improve the
compressive strength of pervious concrete without compromising the permeability
much.

 Theoretically, it is stated that the strength characteristics will be increased if the fine
aggregates are added 5-10% quantity of coarse aggregates

29
Result and Discussions

6.1 Optimised Mix Design of Pervious Concrete (With 12.5 mm & 10 mm

Coarse Aggregate, 2.36 mm Fine Aggregate, 300 micron Cement), Tested
at concrete technology laboratory
Properties of material tested in the laboratory:

6.1.1 Test on cement

OPC-53 grade cement

Table 6.1: Properties of cement tested at Concrete technology laboratory

Sl. No Property Value

1 Specific gravity 3.15
2 Consistency 36%
3 Fineness 8%

6.1.2 Test on Coarse aggregates

Coarse aggregates( Locality available 12.5 mm and 10 mm size aggregates)

Table 6.2: Properties of coarse aggregate tested at Concrete technology laboratory

Sl. No Property Value

1 Specific gravity of coarse Aggregate 2.74
2 Flakiness index 13%
3 Elongation 14%

6.1.2 Test on Fine aggregates

Fine aggregates( Locality available 2.36 mm size aggregates)

Table 6.3: Properties of fine aggregate tested at Concrete technology laboratory

Sl. No Property Value

1 Specific gravity of fine Aggregate 2.62
2 Flakiness index 21%
3 Elongation 22%

30
Table 6.4: Compressive strength and unit weight of pervious concrete (0% fines)

Sl no Property Curing period Compressive Strength N/mm2

1 Normal 3 days 13.47
2 Normal 7 days 25.1
3 Normal 28 days 29.46

Compressive Strength Result

35

30

25
Strength (N/mm2)

20

15

10

0
Day 3 Day 7 Day 28

Compressive Strength Result

35

30

25
Strength (N/mm2)

20

15

10

0
Day 3 Day 7 Day 28

Fig. 18 Graph for Result

31
 Fig. 4 - Materials Fig. 5 - Concrete Cube/ block
{Cement, Fine aggregate(sand), {150mm x 150mm x 150mm}
Course aggregate (stone)}

Fig. 6 - Compression Testing

{Compression test result 565 KN}

32
6.2 Procedure for casting cubes
Casting concrete cubes is a common practice in construction projects to test the compressive
strength of concrete. The following is a step-by-step procedure for casting concrete cubes:
1. Materials and Equipment:
 Concrete mix: Use a mix design suitable for the intended application and strength
requirements.(Cement : fine aggregate : Course aggregate = 1 : 0.25 : 3.75)
 Cube moulds: Use cube moulds made of steel or cast iron, with dimensions of
150mm x 150mm x 150mm (6 inches x 6 inches x 6 inches).
 Tamping rod: Used in concrete testing to compact the concrete specimen in a
cylindrical mould/ Cubical mould..
 Trowel: Use a trowel to finish the surface of the concrete cubes.
 Measuring cylinder: Use a measuring cylinder to measure the water and cement
quantities accurately.
 Weighing balance: Use a weighing balance to measure the aggregate, cement, and
water quantities accurately.{ Cement - 2Kg (300 micron), Sand - 0.5 Kg (2.36mm),
Stone - 7.5 Kg (3.75 Kg of 12.5 mm + 3.75 Kg of 10 mm),
Water - 37.5% (750 gm)}.
2. Mixing the Concrete:
 Measure the required quantities of cement, aggregates, and water according to the
mix design.
 Mix the concrete ingredients thoroughly until a uniform mixture is obtained. Ensure
that the mix is workable but not too wet.
3. Filling the Cube Moulds:
 Place the clean and dry cube moulds on a level surface.
 Fill each mould in three layers, compacting each layer using a tamping rod or
vibrating table. Ensure that the concrete is evenly distributed and fully compacted in
the mould.
4. Finishing the Surface:
 After filling the moulds, level the surface of the concrete using a trowel.
 Tap the sides of the moulds gently to ensure that the concrete settles uniformly and
there are no voids.

33
5. Curing the Cubes:
 Cover the filled moulds with a plastic sheet or damp burlap to prevent moisture loss.
 Cure the concrete cubes in a curing tank or moist room at a temperature of 20°C ±
2°C for 24 hours.
6. Removing the Cubes from the Moulds:
 After 24 hours, remove the cubes from the moulds carefully.
 Handle the cubes with care to avoid damaging them.
7. Curing the Cubes:
 Cure the cubes in a water tank or curing room at a temperature of 27°C ± 2°C for a
period of 7 days.
8. Testing the Cubes:
 Weight of the cube - 18.10 kg
 After the curing period, the cubes are ready for testing.
 Place the cubes on a flat, level surface and test them using a compression testing
machine.
 Record the compressive strength of each cube and calculate the average compressive
strength of the batch.{ Compression testing value - 565 KN}.
9. Recording the Results:
 Record the compressive strength of each cube in a logbook or test report.
 Use the average compressive strength to assess the quality of the concrete mix and
determine its suitability for the intended application.
 Compressive strength of concrete cube at 7 days: Making of at least 3 concrete cube
size each 150mmx150mmx150mm in mould by cement sand and aggregate ratio
1:0.5:3.75, use tamping rod for levelling the surface of mould, it is kept for 24 hours
setting after water mix in concrete, after 24 hours it is kept in water for curing for 7
days. And taken out just before test 7 days to find out compressive strength of
concrete cube at 7 days.
 Calculation: Now concrete cube test by CTM machine, assuming 656 kN load is
applied on concrete cube till the cube collapse. The maximum load at which the
specimen breaks is taken as a compressive load.
 Compressive load P = 565 kN,
cross sectional surface area A = 150mm x150mm = 22500mm² or 225cm²,
then compressive strength F = P/A = 565 kN/22500 mm² = 25.1 N/mm².
 Ans. 25.1 N/mm² (MPa) or 3640.447 Psi is compressive strength of concrete cube at
7 days of curing.
34
10. Disposal of Waste:
 Dispose of any excess concrete and waste materials in accordance with local
regulations and environmental guidelines.
Following these steps ensures that the concrete cubes are cast correctly and can provide
reliable results for assessing the compressive strength of the concrete mix.

3.1.1 Procedure for casting model

Casting concrete models involves creating smaller-scale replicas of larger structures or
elements for testing, demonstration, or architectural purposes. The following is a general
procedure for casting concrete models:

1. Design and Preparation:

 Develop a design for the concrete model, including dimensions, shape, and any
intricate details.

 Prepare a mold for the model using materials such as silicone, rubber, or plastic.
Ensure that the mold is clean, dry, and free of any debris.

2. Mixing the Concrete:

 Prepare the concrete mix according to the desired strength and appearance of the
model.

 Mix the concrete thoroughly until a uniform consistency is achieved. Use a concrete
mixer for larger batches or mix by hand for smaller batches.

3. Pouring the Concrete:

 Place the mold on a flat, level surface and secure it in place to prevent shifting.

 Pour the mixed concrete into the mold, ensuring that it fills all the cavities and
corners evenly.

 Use a trowel or vibrating table to remove air bubbles and compact the concrete.

4. Curing the Model:

 Cover the mold with a plastic sheet or damp burlap to retain moisture and prevent
rapid drying.

 Cure the model in a controlled environment at a temperature of 20°C ± 2°C for 24

hours.

35
5. Demolding the Model:

 After 24 hours, carefully remove the model from the mold. Use caution to avoid
damaging the delicate details of the model.

 Clean any excess concrete or debris from the surface of the model.

6. Finishing and Detailing:

 Use a trowel, sandpaper, or other tools to refine the surface of the model and remove
any imperfections.

 Add any additional details or textures to the model as desired.

7. Curing the Model:

 Cure the model in a water tank or curing room at a temperature of 27°C ± 2°C for a
period of 7 days.

 Maintain a moist environment around the model to ensure proper curing.

8. Sealing and Protection:

 Apply a sealant or protective coating to the model to enhance its durability and
protect it from environmental damage.

 Allow the sealant to dry completely before handling or displaying the model.

9. Testing and Inspection:

 Inspect the finished model for quality and accuracy, ensuring that it meets the
desired specifications.

 Conduct any necessary tests or evaluations to assess the performance and durability
of the model.

10. Display or Use:

 Once the model is complete and cured, it is ready for display, testing, or use in
demonstrations or presentations.

Following these steps ensures that the concrete model is cast correctly and meets the desired
specifications for testing, demonstration, or architectural purposes.

36
6.3 Permeability
Permeability is a crucial property of pervious concrete that distinguishes it
from traditional concrete. Permeability refers to the ability of a material to allow
fluids, such as water, to pass through it. In the context of pervious concrete,
permeability is a desirable characteristic as it allows rainwater to infiltrate into the
ground, reducing stormwater runoff and replenishing groundwater.

The permeability of pervious concrete is influenced by several factors,

including the porosity of the material, the size and distribution of pores, the gradation
of aggregates, and the compaction of the mixture. Pervious concrete typically has a
porosity ranging from 15% to 25%, which allows for significant water infiltration.
The interconnected voids in pervious concrete act as channels for water to flow
through, promoting drainage and reducing the risk of flooding.

Permeability in pervious concrete is often quantified using a permeability

coefficient, which represents the rate at which water can flow through the material
under a given pressure gradient. This coefficient is measured in units such as inches
per hour or millimeters per second and is influenced by factors such as the size and
shape of aggregate particles, the cement content, and the compaction method used
during installation.

Overall, the permeability of pervious concrete makes it an ideal choice for

applications where water drainage is important, such as parking lots, sidewalks, and
low-traffic roads. By allowing water to infiltrate into the ground, pervious concrete
helps to mitigate the effects of urbanization on the natural hydrological cycle, making
it a sustainable and environmentally friendly paving solution.

Fig. 19 Mixing the Dry properties

37
 Fig 20 Making a mould For
concrete sample

Fig 21. Mixing all Dry properties

With measured water

Fig 22. Using trowel & heavy weighted

block for finishing

38
6.4 Concrete Slab Mix Design and Curing Process
Creating pervious concrete involves a meticulous process to ensure its porosity and
strength. For a slab with dimensions of 52 cm in length, 49.5 cm in breadth, and 9.5 cm in
height, the mix design is crucial. In this case, we used a concrete mix design (1:0.25:3.75 ),
so we take 8 kgs of cement to provide the binding agent necessary for the concrete.
Additionally, 2 kgs of fine aggregate, specifically sand with a size between 1.18 mm to 600
microns, were added to enhance workability and overall structure. For the coarse aggregate
component, we used 30 kgs in total, consisting of a mix of 12.5 mm and 10 mm stone. This
combination provided the necessary strength and stability while maintaining the desired
porosity for water infiltration. With 3 kgs of water, we achieved optimal hydration and
ensured proper setting of the concrete mixture. The mixture has a water-to-cement ratio of
0.28 to 0.40 with a void content of 15 to 25 percent.

The process began with the careful selection and proportioning of materials. The
cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate were measured according to the mix design
specifications. The dry ingredients were then thoroughly mixed to ensure uniform
distribution.

Next, water was added gradually while continuing to mix the ingredients. The goal
was to achieve a homogeneous mixture with the right consistency for pouring and
compaction. Care was taken not to add too much water, as this could negatively affect the
porosity of the concrete.

Once the concrete mixture was ready, it was poured into the prepared slab mold. The
mold was placed on a level surface and coated with a release agent to facilitate easy removal
after curing. The concrete was then compacted using a vibrating table or roller to ensure
proper consolidation and to remove any air voids.

After compaction, the pervious concrete mixture is prepared, it is important to

properly place and compact it to achieve the desired density and porosity. After the concrete
is placed, it is recommended to cure it for at least 7 days. Curing helps to prevent moisture
loss and ensures that the concrete achieves its maximum strength and durability.

In addition to the standard water curing method, we will also use wet sand curing for
our pervious concrete. Wet sand curing involves covering the concrete surface with a layer
of damp sand and keeping it moist for the curing period. This method helps to maintain a
consistent curing temperature and moisture level, which is critical for the development of
strength and durability in pervious concrete.

Overall, the process of making pervious concrete involves careful consideration of

mix design, placement, and curing methods. By following these guidelines and using the
specified materials, we can create a durable and sustainable pervious concrete slab that
effectively manages stormwater runoff and helps protect the environment.

39
 Fig. 23 Water passing through the concrete slab

After seven days of thorough curing, the pervious concrete slab was ready for
testing its water infiltration capabilities, a crucial aspect of its performance. A total of
1.5 liters of water was poured onto the surface of the slab, and the results were
remarkable. Out of the 1.5 liters, an impressive 1.3 liters successfully passed through the
slab, indicating a water infiltration rate of 86.67%. This high percentage demonstrates
the effectiveness of the pervious concrete in allowing water to permeate through its
porous structure.

The ability of pervious concrete to absorb and drain water efficiently is essential
for managing stormwater runoff and reducing the risk of flooding. In this test, the
remaining water that did not pass through the slab was absorbed by the concrete,
showcasing its excellent water-retaining properties. This result is a clear indication of the
quality and effectiveness of the pervious concrete mix design and curing method used in
this project.

The high water infiltration rate and water-absorbing capacity of the pervious
concrete slab make it an ideal choice for sustainable construction practices. By allowing
water to pass through and be absorbed, pervious concrete helps to reduce the strain on
stormwater management systems and minimize the impact of urbanization on the
environment.

Overall, the successful test results highlight the importance of proper mix design,
curing, and testing procedures in creating high-quality pervious concrete. This project
demonstrates the potential of pervious concrete as a sustainable and effective solution
for managing stormwater runoff and promoting environmental stewardship in
construction projects.

40
Typical Composition of Pervious Concrete
Pervious concrete describes a zero inch slump concrete made of gap graded coarse
aggregate, Portland cement, little or no fine aggregate, admixtures and water. Pervious concrete
is not specified by w/c ratio or workability like other types of concrete. The quality of pervious
concrete is measured by air void content, water permeability rate, and unit weight. These
properties are important for the proper functionality of this material. Higher compressive
strength is a plus but not a determining factor for quality. Typical composition of Pervious
Concrete:
As compared to conventional or self-consolidating concrete, pervious concrete works as a
system composed of several components. Each component is critical to the overall functionality
of the final product. There are four basic parts in pervious composition:

7.1. The Pervious Concrete layer The topmost layer of a

pervious concrete system is in direct contact with traffic and
the surrounding environment. It is made up of small, coarse
aggregate (usually #8), cementations materials, water and
admixtures. The air void content of this layer is
approximately 15–30%. This layer must be strong enough to
withstand direct traffic and durable enough to resist various
types of weather conditions. The typical thickness of a
pervious concrete layer depends on the traffic load but
usually falls between 5–10 inches.

7.2. Sub-base layer This section is placed underneath the pervious concrete layer. It is made
up of coarser aggregate (up to 1½”) and serves as a storage reservoir for water passing through
the first layer. The thickness of this layer varies based on local conditions as well as the amount
and size of average rainfall in the given area. In general, for the majority of projects the height
of this layer is more than 9 inches.

7.3. Sub-grade layer This is the undisturbed

soil underneath the sub-base layer. Sub-grade
layer infiltration rate determines how much
water can be absorbed within a given time. This
directly affects the size of the sub-base layer. If
the infiltration rate is too low, larger sub-base or
drainage should be considered. If the sub-grade
is too fine, it may be necessary to place geo-
textile in between the sub-base and sub-grade to minimize the migration of fine soil particles
into the sub-base. Omitting this could lead to clogging and
reduced retention capacity.

7.4. Drainage A drainage system is not always necessary but

may be needed when the infiltration rate of the sub-grade layer
is low and water contained in the sub-base cannot be absorbed
by soil quickly enough. Drainage systems are very often
incorporated in projects when pervious concrete is placed on
graded sub-grade. In this case, drainage prevents excessive
migration of water underneath the sub-base layer and reduces
the possible transport of fine soil to the lowest spot of pavement,
where clogging can occur.
41
Sub-grade Application
8.1 Leveled sub-grade
A well-prepared, uniform sub-grade at the correct
elevation is essential to the construction of a quality
pavement. The sub-grade should not be disturbed, muddy,
saturated, or frozen when placement begins. The sub-
grade soils should be moistened before concrete
placement. Failure to provide a moist sub-base may result
in a reduction in strength of the pavement and can lead to
a premature pavement failure. If the sub-grade soil
properties require that an aggregate recharge bed be
incorporated into the drainage design of the site, it should
be placed on the prepared sub-grade, compacted, and
trimmed to the proper elevation.

8.2 Elevated sub-grade

Pervious concrete can be placed on elevated sub-grades. To avoid issues such as low storage
capacity at the lowest point of concreted area or soil washout and soil migration under the
pavement, several factors should be considered.
The infiltration rate of soil should be high enough to
absorb percolating water fast enough so there is a minimal
amount of water freely flowing under pavement to the
lowest spot. This will prevent flooding of the lowest part
of the structure.
If an infiltration rate is not sufficient and water can’t soak
in fast enough, the reservoir in the lowest part of the
structure should be enough to accommodate for the freely
flowing water without flooding the top pavement.

In cases where this is not practical due to the size and

slope of the structure, it may be necessary to create
artificial trenches across the slope that are filled with
coarse rock and/or drainage system in which free fl
owing water will be trapped and diverted to other areas
where it can soak freely into the ground.
To prevent migration of soil and possible reduction of
permeability of concrete, the use of geo-textile or filter
fabric is recommended. This is important especially in
cases when trenches must be made.
Typical cross sections of pervious concrete pavements.
On level sub-grades, stormwater storage is provided in
the pervious concrete surface layer (15% to 25% voids),
the sub-base (20% to 40% voids), and above the surface to the height of the curb (100% voids).
(source ACI 522)
42
Notes & applications
9.1 Notes
Pervious concrete is only as good as its design and installation. The initial design and proper
installation is absolutely critical for long term durability and proper functioning of the entire
system. It is important for the designer and contractor to be fully aware of the possible
consequences of improper design and installation, and to have a full understanding of the
function of each component in a pervious pavement system.

▲ To function properly, pervious concrete should be used on flat/low grade areas

▲ In comparison with conventional pavements, pervious concrete requires stricter measures
be taken when preparing the sub-base in order to achieve the required permeability
▲ Mechanical properties prohibit the use of pervious concrete in certain applications, such
as high speed roads or roads exposed to heavy load traffic
▲ Maintenance such as vacuuming or sweeping may be required in certain areas to
preserve pervious properties.

9.2 Applications
Low-volume traffic Sidewalks and
Parking areas Driveways
pavements pathways
Low water crossings Tennis courts Patios Artificial reefs
Tree grates in
Slope stabilization Well linings Foundations
sidewalks
Floors for Aquatic amusement
Fish hatcheries Zoos
greenhouses centers
Swimming pool Pavement edge
Hydraulic structures Groins and seawalls
decks drains
Walls (including Residential roads and Sub-base for
Noise barriers
load-bearing) alleys conventional

43
Testing
10.1 Permeability
Permeability is a measure of the ability of a material
(typically unconsolidated material) to transmit fluids.
The permeability can be determined by percolation rate.
Percolation rate is expressed by gallons/ft2/minute or
liter/m2/minute. Percolation rate can be determined
experimentally by using a simple device called a
permeameter. The time needed for percolation of
known volume of water through the sample is measured
and the coefficient of permeability can be expressed as:
A
K=( ) [in/s], where A = 0.35 in
t
and t = time required for water to fall
from head h1 to head h2.
The flow rates of pervious concrete depend on factors
such as materials used, type of placing, and
compaction. Typical flow rates of pervious concrete
are between 3–18 gallons /ft2 /minute 120–720 liter/m2 Fig. 31 Falling head permeability
/minute. test

10.2 Permeameter The permeability of pervious concrete can be measured by a simple

falling head permeameter as shown above (Neithalath et al. 2003). Using this approach, the
sample is enclosed in a latex membrane to avoid the water fl owing along the sides of the
specimen. Water is added to the graduated cylinder to fi ll the specimen cell and the
draining pipe. The specimen is preconditioned by allowing water to drain out through the
pipe until the level in the graduated cylinder is the same as the top of the drain pipe. This
minimizes any air pockets in the specimen and ensures that the specimen is completely
saturated. With the valve closed, the graduated cylinder is fi lled with water. The valve is
then opened, and the time in seconds [t] required for water to fall from an initial head [h1]
to a fi nal head [h2] is measured. The equipment is calibrated for an initial head of 11.6 in.
(290 mm) and a fi nal head of 2.8 in. (70 mm). (source ACI 522)

10.3 Unit Weight / Air Void Content As slump is

not an effective parameter for determining the quality of
pervious concrete, unit weight can serve as an indicator
value. Unit weight/air void content of pervious concrete
can be determined by ASTM C 138 - Standard Test
Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield and Air Content
of Concrete; however, there are currently test methods in
development by ASTM designed specifi cally for
measuring the unit weight and air void contents of
pervious concrete. The following chart shows the relation
between the percolation rate and air void content. CHART
4.6 from ACI 522R-7

44
10.4Durability
Several studies were conducted by various agencies to verify the durability of pervious
concrete. Some of the studies have indicated that freeze/thaw durability is not sufficient and
large scale deterioration was observed. The results are still under investigation and can very
well be an indication that conventional testing methods such as ASTM 666 may not be the
proper testing method for pervious concrete. Critical conditions required for freeze/thaw
damage are:
1. Temperatures below 32°F (0°C)
2. Concrete saturation must be higher than 91%
When these two conditions are satisfied the pressure created during water transformation
from liquid to solid stage will build up and cause the damage. The composition of pervious
concrete and the entire concept should allow the water to travel through the concrete down
to the sub-base and therefore fully saturated conditions should never occur in properly
designed, installed and maintained pervious concrete. More information on the durability of
pervious concrete can be found in the 2004 NRMCA report – Freeze Thaw Resistance of
Pervious Concrete.

10.5 Compressive and Flexural Strength

Compressive strength will vary with mix design. Typical values are between 2000 psi to
3000 psi. If a small amount of sand is used then compressive strengths over 4000 psi can be
achieved. In cases such as this, special attention must be given to air void and percolation
rate as these may be reduced with the introduction of fine aggregate.
The majority of pervious concrete, as indicated previously, is used in pavement
applications. Flexural strengths are critical factors in the quality of pervious concrete. The fl
exural strength of pervious concrete ranges between 150 psi (1MPa) up to 550 psi (3.8MPa).
The method and degree of compaction and placement techniques can vary and yield
different final properties. Porosity and cement content will also affect the final result.

45
Compaction Methods
11.1 Roller compaction – the simplest compacting
technique is compaction with steel rollers. Immediately
after initial strikeoff concrete is rolled with heavy steel
rollers to ensure for proper compaction. Rolling is
performed in two perpendicular directions to guarantee
plainness and smoothness of concrete. There are
different sizes and weights of the rollers available for
different placement sizes.
11.2 Compaction by plate compactors – faster than
previous method, however, the disadvantage is that
compaction may not be uniform and certain spots can be
over compacted. Due to relatively small compaction
area it takes an experienced operator to maintain
evenness.
11.3 Mechanical / manual vibrating screeds –
commonly used technique, which is simple and fast.
However, this method can sometimes lead to surface
roughness and tearing, especially when concrete is too dry. Attention must be paid to the
frequency of vibration so the surface is not too tight (which can cause a reduction of air
voids and overall permeability). This can be applied to all consolidation methods using
vibration devices.
11.4 Compaction by spinning tubes – allows for fast and even compaction over larger
areas. Rotating tube compacts and finishes the concrete and is easy to move forward and
backward. This technique allows contractor to add more material where needed and finish it
in quickly enough so that plastic cover can be placed on the concrete surface with minimal
delays.
Areas of the placement that are difficult to reach with rollers or tampers, such as corners or
edges, should be manually tamped.
For more details about placing and consolidation see ACI 522.

DO'S DONT'S
▲ Pre-placement inspection of jobsite ▲ Place pervious concrete on dry sub-base
▲ Level sub-base, moisten sub-base layer ▲ Delay placement, screeding or
and sub soil compaction processes
▲ Allow concrete to be exposed for more
▲ Ensure that formwork is placed correctly
than 15 min after placing
▲ Place on frozen, muddy, or saturated sub-
▲ Install proper drainage system if needed
grade
▲ Use riser strips to provide accurate guides
▲ Fail to provide a moist sub-base
for even compaction
▲ Cover freshly placed concrete with ▲ Forget to mist concrete before placing
protective moisture barrier protective sheet
▲ Use a proper compaction technique ▲ Add water to improve workability
46
Curing
Special attention must be paid to proper curing. Pervious concrete (1) should always
be placed on a pre-wet sub-base, which will provide additional moisture for curing. As the
pervious concrete itself contains a lot of air voids, the exposed surface area that provides for
the evaporation of mixing water is higher than that of conventional (2) concrete. It is
necessary to protect the concrete being placed as soon as possible and prevent excessive
moisture loss, which may result in the reduced performance of the concrete. It is
recommended to slightly mist the concrete surface before applying the protective plastic
sheet. (3) The plastic sheet should be placed over the surface immediately as the concrete is
compacted, or no longer than 15 min. after placement. This will reduce the moisture loss
and extend the hydration time necessary for cementitious materials to achieve the required
properties.

To prevent moisture loss, it is critical to place a protective plastic sheet immediately after
concrete is compacted.
47
Benefits And Limitations
13.1 Environmental Benefits

Stormwater runoff is a leading source of the

pollutants entering our waterways. According to the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, about 90
percent of surface pollutants are carried by the first 1-
1/2 inch of rainfall. Stormwater drains don't typically
channel this polluted runoff to treatment facilities, but
instead convey it directly into local water bodies. This
can increase algae content, harm aquatic life, and
require expensive treatments to make the water
potable.
According to Youngs, the big three pollutants in
urban runoff are sediment (dirt and debris), heavy Fig. 36 Design
metals (from the brake linings of cars), and Tree roots need air as well as water.
hydrocarbons. One source of hydrocarbons is the oil
Pervious concrete allows the passage of
that drips onto pavements from vehicles. But the
primary contributor is asphalt. Studies have shown both. This pervious parking lot at Miller
that 90 to 95 percent of the hydrocarbons in urban Park in Fair Oaks, Calif., is helping to
runoff is from the binder and sealer used for asphalt preserve over 23 mature olive trees through
pavements, he says. natural irrigation. The lush tree canopy
also shades the parking lot to provide
To address these serious pollution concerns, the EPA
and many local municipalities and regional watershed natural cooling.
authorities are tightening environmental regulations
and requiring more stringent stormwater management practices. Pervious concrete is becoming one
of the most viable solutions.
Here are some of the reasons why. A pervious concrete pavement can:

 Reduce the amount of untreated runoff discharging into storm sewers.

 Directly recharge groundwater to maintain aquifer levels.
 Channel more water to tree roots and landscaping, so there is less need for irrigation.
 Mitigate pollutants that can contaminate watersheds and harm sensitive ecosystems.
 Eliminate hydrocarbon pollution from asphalt pavements and sealers.
In addition to stormwater control, pervious concrete pavements aid in reducing the urban heat-
island effect. Because they are light in color and have an open-cell structure, pervious concrete
pavements don't absorb and store heat and then radiate it back into the environment like a typical
asphalt surface. The open void structure of the pervious pavement also allows cooler earth
temperatures from below to cool the pavement.
The lighter color of concrete is also beneficial from an energy-savings standpoint. Because the
concrete is reflective, the need for lighting at night is reduced.
Beyond helping the environment, pervious concrete pavements are also safer for drivers and
pedestrians. Because pervious concrete absorbs water rather than allowing it to puddle, it reduces
hydroplaning and tire spray. In California, parks are installing pervious concrete pathways to
provide disability access for people in wheelchairs.

48
13.2 Economic Benefits

In general, initial costs for pervious concrete pavements are higher than those for
conventional concrete or asphalt paving. But total costs can be substantially lower.
The material itself is only a little more expensive, but we tend to install pervious concrete
thicker than regular concrete, says Youngs. The reason is that we know the water is going to go
through and saturate the subgrade underneath. So we have to design for a weaker subgrade.
With a pervious parking lot, we may go 6 inches thick versus 4 inches for conventional
concrete.
But he adds that when you compare overall installation and life-cycle costs, pervious concrete is
the clear winner. You just cant look at per square foot costs. You have to look at overall system
costs, he says. For parking lot owners, pervious concrete is a sustainable product that actually
saves them money. It ends up being less expensive than a conventional parking lot.
Among the reasons why:

 Lower installation costs

According to the Center for Watershed Protection, installing traditional curbs, gutters,
storm drain inlets, piping, and retention basins can cost two to three times more than
low-impact strategies for handling water runoff, such as pervious concrete. Projects that
use pervious concrete typically don't need storm sewer ties-ins, which eliminates the cost
of installing underground piping and storm drains. Grading requirements for the
pavement are also reduced because there is no need to slope the parking area to storm
drains.

 Permits the use of existing sewer systems

Pervious concrete may also reduce the need for municipalities to increase the size of
existing storm sewer systems to accommodate new residential and commercial
developments. Cities love pervious concrete because it reduces the need to rebuild storm
sewer systems when new developments go up, says Youngs.

 Increased land utilization

Because a pervious concrete pavement doubles as a stormwater management system,
there is no need to purchase additional land for installing large retention ponds and other
water-retention and filtering systems. That means developers and property owners can
use land more efficiently and maximize the return on their investment.

 Lower life-cycle costs

Pervious concrete is a sustainable paving material, with a life expectancy equal to that of
regular concrete. Most parking areas, when properly constructed, will last 20 to 40 years,
according to the Southern California Ready Mixed Concrete Association.

49
13.3 Other Benefits And Limitations

Some of the major benefits and limitations associated with pervious concrete. As
described above, perhaps the most significant benefit provided by pervious concrete is in its
use as a stormwater management tool. Stormwater runoff in developed areas (often the
result of or exacerbated by the presence of conventional impervious pavement) has the
potential to pollute surface and groundwater supplies, as well as contribute to flooding and
erosion (Leming et al. 2007).

Pervious concrete can be used to reduce stormwater runoff, reduce contaminants in

waterways, and renew groundwater supplies. With high levels of permeability, pervious
concrete can effectively capture the “first flush” of rainfall (that part of the runoff with a
higher contaminant concentration) and allow it to percolate into the ground where it is
filtered and “treated” through soil chemistry and biology (Tennis et al. 2004; ACI 2010).

Other major benefits provided by pervious concrete include reduction in heat island effects
(water percolating through the pavement can exert a cooling effect through evaporation, and
convective airflow can also contribute to cooling (Cambridge 2005)), reductions in standing
water on pavements (and associated hydroplaning and splash/spray potential), and reduced
tire–pavement noise emissions (due to its open structure that helps absorb noise at the tire–
pavement interface) (ACI 2010). In addition, pervious concrete can contribute toward
credits in the LEED® (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system for
sustainable building construction (Ashley 2008).

Along with its many benefits, there are some limitations associated with the use of pervious
concrete. First and foremost, pervious concrete has typically been used on lower trafficked
roadways, although there are a number of installations on higher volume facilities, and
research is being conducted on the structural behavior of pervious concrete slabs (see, for
example, Suleiman et al. 2011; Vancura et al. 2011). In addition, pervious concrete exhibits
material characteristics (primarily lower paste contents and higher void contents) and
produces hardened properties (notably density and strength) that are significantly different
from conventional concrete; as a result, the current established methods of quality
control/quality assurance (e.g., slump, strength, air content) are in many cases not applicable
(ACI 2010). Moreover, a number of special practices, described later, are required for the
construction of pervious concrete pavements. And, while there have been concerns about
the use of pervious concrete in areas of the country subjected to severe freeze– thaw cycles,
available field performance data from a number of projects indicate no signs of freeze–thaw
damage (Delatte et al. 2007; ACI 2010).

50
Conclusion
The pervious concrete project aimed to explore the feasibility, performance, and
environmental benefits of pervious concrete as a sustainable paving material. Through a
comprehensive analysis of its properties, applications, and impact, this project has provided
valuable insights into the potential of pervious concrete in addressing stormwater
management challenges and promoting environmental sustainability in urban environments.

The performance of pervious concrete was evaluated through laboratory testing and
field studies, focusing on key properties such as porosity, permeability, strength, durability,
and skid resistance. The results demonstrated that pervious concrete has the ability to
effectively reduce stormwater runoff, mitigate the urban heat island effect, improve water
quality, and support vegetation growth. Its high porosity and permeability allow water to
infiltrate the ground, replenishing groundwater supplies and reducing the strain on
stormwater infrastructure.

The environmental impact assessment highlighted the sustainability benefits of

pervious concrete compared to traditional paving materials. Life cycle assessment (LCA)
indicated reduced carbon emissions, improved water management, and enhanced urban
biodiversity. Pervious concrete contributes to green building certifications and aligns with
sustainable development goals, making it a preferred choice for eco-friendly construction
projects.

Economic feasibility analysis revealed that while initial costs of pervious concrete
installation may be higher than traditional paving, long-term savings from reduced
stormwater infrastructure and maintenance expenses offset these costs. The return on
investment (ROI) in terms of environmental benefits, regulatory compliance, and
community resilience further strengthens the case for integrating pervious concrete into
urban development plans.

Barriers and challenges to pervious concrete adoption were identified, including

regulatory constraints, technical limitations, and market acceptance. Strategies for
overcoming these barriers, such as education, outreach, and collaboration with stakeholders,
were proposed to promote the use of pervious concrete and drive innovation in sustainable
construction practices.

Codes:

▲ ACI 522 – Pervious Concrete

▲ ACI 522.1 – Specifications for Pervious Concrete

51
Recommendations and best practices were developed based on the project findings. These
include:

1. Optimal mix designs for pervious concrete based on local conditions and
performance requirements.

2. Proper installation and maintenance guidelines to ensure long-term durability and

performance.

3. Collaboration with regulatory bodies and standardization organizations to streamline

approval processes and promote industry standards.

4. Education and training programs for engineers, contractors, and policymakers on the
benefits and applications of pervious concrete.

5. Continued research and development to improve pervious concrete technology,

address challenges, and expand its range of applications.

In conclusion, the pervious concrete project has demonstrated the significant

potential of pervious concrete as a sustainable solution for stormwater management and
urban development. Its performance, environmental benefits, and economic feasibility make
it a viable choice for eco-conscious construction projects. By embracing pervious concrete
and adopting best practices, cities can enhance resilience, mitigate environmental impacts,
and create greener, more livable communities for future generations.

Fig 37 The Pervious Concrete Slab

52
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