REPORTED SPEECH reported speech
It is used when we repeat the words somebody have said . For example:
Direct speech: Mary said: "It is a wonderful day"
Indirect speech: Mary said that it was a wonderful day.
When the introducing verb is in the PRESENT, PRESENT PERFECT or FUTURE
TENSE, the verbs in INDIRECT SPEECH do not change their tenses:
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
says: says
Mary have said: "It is a wonderful day". Mary have said that it is a wonderful day.
will say: will say
When the introducing verb is in the PAST TENSE, changes are necessary:
Present simple past simple
present continuous past continuous
present perfect past perfect
past simple past perfect
TENSES present perfect continuous past perfect continuous
CHANGES past continous past perfect continuous
future simple Conditional
shall Should
will would
future continuous conditional continuous
can coulD
must had to
TODAY THAT DAY, THE SAME DAY
YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE, THE PREVIOUS DAY
THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY TWO DAYS BEFORE
WORDS TOMORROW THE DAY AFTER, THE FOLLOWING DAY
THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW IN TWO DAYS TIME
AND THIS/THESE THAT/THOSE
PHRASES THIS/THESE (PRONOUNS) it/THEM
HERE THERE
CHANGES AGO BEFORE, PREVIOUS, PREVIOUSLY
LAST WEEK, MONTH THE WEEK, MONTH BEFORE
NEXT WEEK, MONTH THE FOLLOWING WEEK
NOW THEN
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'Suggestions' 'Will', 'Shall', 'Would'
Let's go to the cinema. When 'will' functions as an auxiliary (not as future)
What about going to the cinema? like 'would' and 'shall'. The reported speech is
Shall we go to the cinema? formed in a different way:
Why don't we go to the cinema?
subject + introductory verb + to ...
When there are 'Suggestions' the reported speech
Examples:
is form in the following way:
Would you like to come home and have dinner?
subject + suggested + v-ing form She invited me to have dinner
Example:
"What about going to the cinema?" He asked: "Will you open the door?
My friend suggested going to the cinema. He asked me to open the door.
Verbs which do not change when put into INDIRECT SPEECH:
Imagined conditional sentences (Types 2 and 3 - hypothetical / impossible):
He said: "If I had more money I would buy a new car".
He said that if he had money he would buy a new car.
I would rather + bare infinitive:
The actress said: "I'd rather appear in something more dramatic".
The actress said she'd rather appear in something more dramatic".
The verbs SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER , MIGHT, USED TO, COULD:
He said: "I used to go to London when I was young"
He said he used to go to London when he was young".
Question forms
Questions beginning with a question word (WH- QUESTION): WHO, WHAT, WHERE,
WHEN, WHY:
Reported question --> written as a statement
Subject --> placed before the verb.
No question mark is necessary.
Example:
He asked: "When is the next bulleting? He asked: "Where does he live?"
He asked when the next bulleting was. He asked where does he lived.
Questions beginning with auxiliaries and interrogative forms of the verb:
Reported question written as a statement
Subject placed before the verb.
"If" / "weather" placed after the introducing verb
No question mark is necessary.
Example:
He asked: "Do you know where the newspaper is?
He asked if he knew where the newspaper is.
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exclamations
Many constructions are possible depending on the meaning of the exclamation:
Examples:
He said: "How kind of you!" He said: "Thank you!"
He thanked me for my kindness. He thanked me.
He said: "Good Morning!", "Merry Christmas!",
She exclaimed: "What a lovely day!"
"Happy Birthday!"
She said that it was a lovely day.
He whished me a good morning / happy
birthday / Merry Christmas.
COMMANDS, ORDERS, IMPERATIVES
Introducing verbs: TELL, ORDER, ADVISE, COMMAND, SUGGEST.
Structures:
Affirmative: to + infinitive.
Negative: not to + infinitive.
Examples:
He said: "Bring me the bill" He said: "Don't be late"
He ordered him to bring the bill. He told me not to be late
INTRODUCTORY VERBS AFFIRMATIVEs INTERROGATIVEs
ORDER ASK
SAY WONDER
TELL+ OBJECT WANT TO KNOW
EXCLAMATIVEs
EXCLAIM REMARK IMPERATIVEs
SWEAR COMMENT ASKED ADVISE
GREET WISH BEG WARN
SUGGEST ENQUIRE IMPLORE INVITE
THANK TELL ORDER
COMMAND
BEGS
ASK EMOTIONS, COMPLAINTS
BEG WHISPER WISH
IMPLORE SHOUT AGREE
REQUEST COMPLAIN REPEAT
SUGGEST PROTEST EXPLAIN
INVITE PROMISE THANK
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