Rotational Motion
Rotational motion
The rotational motion of a particle about a central point is described by its angular
momentum, J. the angular momentum is a vector. Its magnitude gives the rate at which a
particle circulates and its direction indicates the axis of the rotation
Kinetic Energy increase due to torque for a time
Rotational in 2 dimension
A particle of mass m constrained to move in a circular path of radius r in the xy-plane with
constant potential energy
The angular momentum, Jz,
The qualitative origin of quantized rotation
Because the rotational momentum and de Broglie relation
Rotational momentum become
Allowed wavelength
Hence, the energy of the particle is quantized. The only allowed wavelengths are
Allowed rotational momentum
Angular momentum of particles on a ring
Energy level of particle on a ring
The normalized wavefunction
The hamiltonian for a particle
Using cylindrical coordinate
However, because the radius of the path is fixed, The
Hamiltonian and Schrodinger equation then becomes
Acceptable solution
the wavefunction should be single-valued, ψ must satisfy a cyclic boundary condition
The solution:
Representation of the wavefunction
Rotation in three dimentions
In three dimension (a sphere)
(a) The wavefunction of a particle on a spherical surface must
satisfy simultaneously two cyclic boundary conditions.
(b) The energy and angular momentum of a particle on a sphere
are quantized.
(c) Space quantization is the restriction of the component of
angular momentum around an axis to discrete values.
(d) The vector model of angular momentum uses diagrams to
represent the state of angular momentum of a rotating
particle
The Schrödinger equation
The hamiltonian for motion in three dimensions
The Schrödinger equation became
by the separation of variables procedure and radius, r, constant the wavefunction became
The Schrödinger equation
The Schrödinger equation is
Separation method
Separation method
The separated equations became
The cyclic boundary conditions on Θ arising from the need for the wavefunctions to match at θ=0 and
2π(the North Pole) result in the introduction of a second quantum number, l
The presence of the quantum number ml in the second equation implies, as we see below, that the
range of acceptable values of ml is restricted by the value of l.
The wavefunction
Representation of the wavefuntion
Space qunatitation
Permitted orientation of angular momentum when l=2
Spin
• Spin is an intrinsic angular momentum of a fundamental particle.
• A fermion is a particle with a half-integral spin quantum number
• a boson is a particle with an integral spin quantum number.
• For an electron, the spin quantum number is s= . The spin magnetic
quantum number is ms=s,s−1,..., −s; for an electron, ms=± .
Electron spin have 2 orientation
Spin
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