5.7.

SMART CITIES
· naging a corporate enterprise.
. As

. . .
. • b .
Managmg a city eats some
· · .
1·esemblance to ma

the need for efficiency mcrease '. . .

c . b ·
h
s new tools e1P in
.r.
dig1t1zat10n trans1orms
. crease operational efficiency. For
the perspective on operations.
.
l ·
c1t1es, Just as 101 usmesses, 1 · g management issues.
. . d'ffi
New ideas emerge, bnngmg 1 eren
t approaches
.
to. so. v1n hn I . (ICT)
. .. . . . d ommumcat10ns tee o ogy can
Scalable solut10ns utihzmg mformatwn an c . . ffi · - h. · h
alleviate many issues urban centers .c.ace
1;
today by increasing e iciency, w IC
reduces costs and enhances quality Of 11.11.r.e. Cities that take this approach are
commonly referred to as smart cities.
Vertical loT Needs-for Smarter Cities
❖ There are many differing approaches and solutions for city management.
All these solutions typically start at the street level, with sensors that
capture data on everything from parking space availability to water ~urity.
Data anal ytics is also used extensively- for example, to reduce crnne or
improve traffic flows.
❖ Citizens can use tools to leverage their smart n1obile devices, such as to
report problems and make recommendations for improving urban life or
locate available parking spaces. When enabled through connectivity, these
smart so1utions can have a transfonnative impact on quality of life.
❖ Information and communications technology connects people, data,
things, and processes together in networks of billions or even trillions of
. connections. These connections create vast amounts of data, some of
which has never been accessible before.

❖ When this data is analyzed and used intelligently, the possibilities to

correlate, analyze, and optimize services and processes that deliver a better
quality .of life for people are practically endless. However, the growth of
loT a_pplic~tions for urban centers not only delivers unique benefits for
each issue 1t solves but also enhances a city' s ability to develop efficient
services.
 j S.47 I
=
, ,;,u,.,· /)e1'< 'lop111enl
:1,,,,11< ,, . -· -- -- -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- -~
r a IO-year period:
.,. 10 have the fol low ing eco nom ic imp act ove
10
smart buildings:
pot ent ial to sav e $10 0 billion by lowering operating
s11111 rt bui ldin gs hav e the
uci ng ene rgy con sum ptio n thro ugh the efficient inte gra tion of heating ,
·ts by red
s.
) and oth er building infr astr uct ure system
i; o ~ .

v<.:ntilation, and air- con diti oni ng (HY AC

Gas Monitoring:
red uci ng me ter- rea din g costs and
❖ Mo nito ring gas cou ld sav e $69 billion by
citi zen s and mu nic ipa l utility
inc rea sing the acc ura cy of readings for
nci es. Th e fina nci al ben efit is obv iou s for users and utility com pan ies
age
wh en the utility is ma nag ed by the city.
re arc als o ver y imp orta nt adv ant age s in term s of saf ety, reg ard less of
❖ The
den con sum ptio n inc rea se, a timely
wh o ope rate s the utility. In cases of sud
teams bei ng dis pat che d soo ner,
ale rt cou ld lead · to emergency response
ironment.
· thu s inc rea sin g the safety of the urban env

Smart parking:
par kin g cou ld cre ate $41 bill ion by pro vid ing rea l-ti me visibility into
Smart
spa ce ava ilab ilit y acr oss a city . Res ide nts can identify and res erv e the closest
parking es
y non com plia nt usa ge, and municipaliti
availabl e space, traf fic wa rde ns can identif
can introduce dem and -ba sed pricing.
Water Ma nag em ent :
billion by con nec ting household
❖ Sm art wa ter ma nag em ent could sav e $39
pro vid e rem ote usa ge and status
water me ters ove r an IP network to
wit h features suc h as real-time
information. The ben efit is obv iou s,
.
con sum ptio n vis ibil ity and leak detection
s1n art me ters can be use d to coo rdin ate and automate private
❖ Jn add itio n
' n wa teri ng, initiating the wa teri ng pro gra ms at times when
and pub lic law
ord anc e wit h wa ter rest_rictions
wat er con sum ptio n is low er or in acc
impose d by civ ic authorities.
can be use d to ma nag e wa ter supply equipment and
❖ At a city sca le, IoT
, on or off, reservoir level, output
rep ort stat us (fo r exa mp le, ope n or closed
ope ned and closed remotely and
speed vs. input). A gate or a pum p can be
a variety of flow input and output
..automatically in real time, based on
ana lyti cs dat a.
 II - ., ··-
Embedded Systt!ms and JOT

❖ Vibrations can be measured to detect and predict potential equipment

failures . Repair teams can be dispatched proactively before equipment
failure occurs. These efficiency gains directly translate into operational
gains.
Road pricing:
❖ Cities c~uld create $18 billion in nev,1 revenues by implementing automatic
payments as vehicles enter busy city zones while improving overall traffic
conditions. Real-time traffic condition data is very valuable and actionable
infom1ation that can also be used to proactively reroute public
transportation services or private users.
❖ To maximize the return on investment (ROI) on their energy and
environmental investments, smart cities can employ strategies that
combine water management, smart grid, waste management, particulate
monitoring, and gas monitoring.
A smart city can use these technological advances to improve its livability index,
which can help attract and retain talent amid increasingl y competitive labor markets.
The growth in jobs and talent influences the amount of foreign investme nt and how
many top companies come to settle in a city, which in tum leads to higher economic
impact and improves the potential for future investments.

5.7.1. SMART PARKING

•
••• Finding a parking space during rush hours in crowded cities can be time
consuming and frustrating. furthermore, drivers blindly searc hing for
parking spaces created addit ional traffic congestion. Smart parking make
the search fo r parking space easie~ and convenient for drivers.
Smart parking are powered by loT systems that detect the number of
empty parking slots and send the information over the Internet to smart
parking application back-ends. These applications can be accessed by the
drivers from smart phones, tablets and in-car navigation systems.
In smart parking , sensors are used for each parking s lots to detect whether
the slot is empty or occupied. T his information is aggregated by local
controller and then sent over the Internet to the database.
 Fig. 5.34. Applicatio ns of JoT for cities

:]1. SMART LIGHTING

· ❖ Smart lighting systems for roads , parks and buildings can help in saving
energy. According to an IEA(lntem ational Energy Agency) report lighting
is responsible for 19% of global electricity use and around 6% of global
greenhouse gas emissions.
❖ Smart lighting allows lighting to be dynamica lly controlled and also
adaptive to the ambient conditions. Smart lights connected to the Internet
can be controlled remotely to configure lighting schedules and lighting
intensity.
❖ Custom lighting configurations can be set for different situations such as
foggy day, a festival , etc. Smart lights equipped with sensors can
communicate with other lights and exchange informati on on sensed
ambient conditions to adapt the lighting.
:1,3
. SMART ROADS
❖ Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving
conctitions, travel time estimates and alerts in case of poor driving
co nctitions, traffic congesti9 ns and accidents. Such information can help in
rnaking the roads safer and help in reducing traffic jams.
111......_
 ,~·mhedded Systems and /OT

❖ In fo rmati on scns1..:d from th e roads can be communicated via Internet to

cloud based applications and social media and disseminated to the dri vers
who subscribe to such applications .
❖ In a distributed and autonomous system of sensor network nodes for
' ◄

improving dri ving safety on public roads in proposed. The system can •◄
provide the drivers and passengers with a consistent view of the road
situation a few hundred meters ahead of them or a few dozen miles away,
so that th ey can react to potenti al dangers early enough.

5.7.4. STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING

❖ Structural Health Monitoring systems use a network of sensors to monitor
the vibration levels in the structures such as bridges and buildings. The
data collected from these sensors is analyzed to access the health of the
structures.
❖ By analyzing the data it is possible to detect cracks and mechanical
breakdowns, locate the damages to a structure and also calculate the 5.8. '.
remaining life of the st~ucture. Using such systems , advance warnings can
be given in the case of imminent failure of the structure. Structural health Wi1
monitoring systems use large number of wireless sensor nodes which are has gi
powered by traditional batteries. inforrr.

5.7.5. SURVEILLIANCE comp1

❖ Surveilliance of infrastructure, public transport and events in cities is an au.
required to ensure safety and security. City wide . surveilliance person
infrastructure comprising of large number of distributed and Internet revie\\
connected video survillance camera can be created. the cu
❖ The video feeds from surveillance cameras can be aggregated in cloud the exi
based scalable storage solutions. Cloud based video analytics applications
can be developed to search for patterns or specific events from the video•
s.a.1 4
feeds.

5.7.6. EMERGENCY RESPONSE

❖ loT systems can be used for monitoring the critical infrastructure in cities·
such as buildings , gas and water pipelines, public transport and power
substations. lo T systems for fire detection, gas and water leakage detection
can help in generating alerts and minimizing their effects on the critical
infrastructue.