Joe Biden

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (/ˈbaɪdən/ BY-dən; born November

Joe Biden
20, 1942) is an American politician who is the 46th and current
president of the United States since 2021. A member of the
Democratic Party, he previously served as the 47th vice president
from 2009 to 2017 under President Barack Obama and
represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to
2009.

Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Biden moved with his family to

Delaware in 1953. He graduated from the University of
Delaware before earning his law degree from Syracuse
University. He was elected to the New Castle County Council in
1970 and to the U.S. Senate in 1972. As a senator, Biden drafted
and led the effort to pass the Violent Crime Control and Law
Enforcement Act and the Violence Against Women Act. He also
oversaw six U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings, Official portrait, 2021
including the contentious hearings for Robert Bork and Clarence 46th President of the United States
Thomas. Biden ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic Incumbent
presidential nomination in 1988 and 2008. In 2008, Obama Assumed office
chose Biden as his running mate, and he was a close counselor to January 20, 2021
Obama during his two terms as vice president. In the 2020
Vice President Kamala Harris
presidential election, Biden and his running mate, Kamala Harris,
defeated incumbents Donald Trump and Mike Pence. He is the Preceded by Donald Trump
oldest president in U.S. history, and the first to have a female 47th Vice President of the United
States
vice president.
In office
As president, Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act in January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
response to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent recession. President Barack Obama
He signed bipartisan bills on infrastructure and manufacturing. Preceded by Dick Cheney
He proposed the Build Back Better Act, which failed in
Succeeded by Mike Pence
Congress, but aspects of which were incorporated into the
Inflation Reduction Act that he signed into law in 2022. Biden United States Senator
from Delaware
appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court. He
In office
worked with congressional Republicans to resolve the 2023
January 3, 1973 – January 15, 2009
United States debt-ceiling crisis by negotiating a deal to raise the
debt ceiling. In foreign policy, Biden restored America's Preceded by J. Caleb Boggs
membership in the Paris Agreement. He oversaw the complete Succeeded by Ted Kaufman
withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan that ended the war Personal details
in Afghanistan, leading to the collapse of the Afghan government
Born Joseph Robinette
and the Taliban seizing control. He responded to the Russian
Biden Jr.
invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions on Russia and
November 20, 1942
authorizing civilian and military aid to Ukraine. During the Scranton,
Israel–Hamas war, Biden condemned the actions of Hamas and Pennsylvania, U.S.
other Palestinian militants as terrorism, announced military Political party Democratic (since
support for Israel, and sent humanitarian aid to Palestinian 1969)
civilians in Gaza.[1][2][3] In April 2023, Biden announced his Other political Independent (before
candidacy for the Democratic nomination in the 2024 affiliations 1969)
presidential election, and is now the presumptive nominee.
Spouses Neilia Hunter
(m. 1966; died 1972)
Early life (1942–1965)
Jill Jacobs (m. 1977)
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942,[4] Children Beau · Hunter ·
at St. Mary's Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania,[5] to Catherine Naomi · Ashley
Eugenia "Jean" Biden (née Finnegan) and Joseph Robinette
Relatives Biden family
Biden Sr.[6][7] The oldest child in a Catholic family of English,
French, and Irish descent, he has a sister, Valerie, and two Residence White House

brothers, Francis and James.[8] Education University of

Delaware (BA)
Biden's father had been wealthy and the family purchased a
Syracuse University
home in the affluent Long Island suburb of Garden City in the
(JD)
fall of 1946,[9] but he suffered business setbacks around the time
Biden was seven years old,[10][11][12] and for several years the Occupation Politician · lawyer ·
author
family lived with Biden's maternal grandparents in Scranton.[13]
Scranton fell into economic decline during the 1950s and Biden's Awards Full list
father could not find steady work.[14] Beginning in 1953 when Signature
Biden was ten,[15] the family lived in an apartment in Claymont,
Delaware, before moving to a house in nearby
Mayfield.[16][17][11][13] Biden Sr. later became a successful
used-car salesman, maintaining the family in a middle-class Website Campaign website
lifestyle.[13][14][18] ([Link]
White House website
At Archmere Academy in Claymont,[19] Biden played baseball
([Link]
and was a standout halfback and wide receiver on the high
ov/administration/pre
school football team.[13][20] Though a poor student, he was class
sident-biden/)
president in his junior and senior years.[21][22] He graduated in
1961.[21] At the University of Delaware in Newark, Biden Joe Biden's voice
briefly played freshman football,[23][24] and, as an unexceptional 0:00 / 0:00
student,[25] earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 with a Biden speaks on the U.S. withdrawal
double major in history and political science.[26][27] from Afghanistan and the fall of Kabul.
Recorded August 16, 2021
Biden had a stutter and has mitigated it since his early Other offices
twenties.[28] He has described his efforts to reduce it by reciting 2007–2009: Chair of the
poetry before a mirror.[22][29] International Narcotics Control
Caucus
2001[a]–2003, 2007–2009: Chair
of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee
Biden is a teetotaler. He has said he abstains from alcohol 1987–1995: Chair of the Senate
because there were "too many alcoholics in my family".[30] Judiciary Committee
1971–1973: Member of the New
Marriages, law school, and early career Castle County Council from the
4th district
(1966–1973)
Biden married Neilia Hunter, a student at Syracuse University, on August
27, 1966,[26][31] after overcoming her parents' disinclination for her to wed
a Catholic. Their wedding was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles,
New York.[32] They had three children: Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III, Robert
Hunter Biden, and Naomi Christina "Amy" Biden.[26]

Biden earned a Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law in

1968. He ranked 76th in a class of 85 students after failing a course because
he plagiarized a law review article for a paper he wrote in his first year at
law school.[25] He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969.[4]
Neilia Hunter, Joe, Hunter,
Biden clerked at a Wilmington law firm headed by prominent local Naomi Christina and Beau
Republican William Prickett in 1968 and, he later said, "thought of myself Biden, c. 1972
as a Republican".[33][34] He disliked incumbent Democratic Delaware
governor Charles L. Terry's conservative racial politics and supported a
more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in
1968.[33] Local Republicans attempted to recruit Biden, but he registered as
an Independent because of his distaste for Republican presidential candidate
Richard Nixon.[33]

In 1969, Biden practiced law, first as a public defender and then at a law
firm headed by a locally active Democrat,[35][33] who named him to the
Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state
party;[36] Biden subsequently reregistered as a Democrat.[33] He and
another attorney also formed a law firm.[35] Corporate law did not appeal to
him, and criminal law did not pay well.[13] He supplemented his income by
Biden in the Syracuse 1968
managing properties.[37] yearbook

Biden ran for the 4th district seat on the New Castle County Council in
1970 on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs.[38][39] The seat had been
held by Republican Henry R. Folsom, who was running in the 5th District following a reapportionment of
council districts.[40][41][42] Biden won the general election, defeating Republican Lawrence T. Messick,
and took office on January 5, 1971.[43][44] He served until January 1, 1973, and was succeeded by
Democrat Francis R. Swift.[45][46] During his time on the county council, Biden opposed large highway
projects, which he argued might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods.[46]
Biden had not openly supported or opposed the Vietnam War until he ran for Senate and opposed Richard
Nixon's conduct of the war.[47] While studying at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University,
Biden obtained five student draft deferments at a time when most draftees were sent to the war. Based on a
physical examination, he was given a conditional medical deferment in 1968; in 2008, a spokesperson for
Biden said his having had "asthma as a teenager" was the reason for the deferment.[48]

1972 U.S. Senate campaign in Delaware

Biden defeated Republican incumbent J. Caleb Boggs to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware in
1972. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs and, with minimal campaign funds, he was
thought to have no chance of winning.[35][13] Family members managed and staffed the campaign, which
relied on meeting voters face-to-face and hand-distributing position papers,[49] an approach made feasible
by Delaware's small size.[37] He received help from the AFL–CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick
Caddell.[35] His platform focused on the environment, withdrawal from Vietnam, civil rights, mass transit,
equitable taxation, health care and public dissatisfaction with "politics as usual".[35][49] A few months
before the election, Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points,[35] but his energy, attractive
young family, and ability to connect with voters' emotions worked to his advantage,[18] and he won with
50.5% of the vote.[49]

Death of wife and daughter

A few weeks after Biden was elected senator, his wife Neilia and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed
in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in Hockessin, Delaware, on December 18,
1972.[26][50] Neilia's station wagon was hit by a semi-trailer truck as she pulled out from an intersection.
Their sons Beau (aged 3) and Hunter (aged 2) were in the car, and were taken to hospital with non-life-
threatening injuries, Beau with a broken leg and other wounds and Hunter with a minor skull fracture and
other head injuries.[51] Biden considered resigning to care for them,[18] but Senate majority leader Mike
Mansfield persuaded him not to.[52] Biden contemplated suicide and was filled with anger and religious
doubt.[53][54] He wrote that he "felt God had played a horrible trick" on him,[55] and had trouble focusing
on work.[56][57]

Second marriage
Biden met teacher Jill Tracy Jacobs in 1975 on a blind date.[58]
They married at the United Nations chapel in New York on June
17, 1977.[59][60] They spent their honeymoon at Lake Balaton in
the Hungarian People's Republic.[61][62] Biden credits her with the
renewal of his interest in politics and life.[63] Biden is Roman
Catholic and attends Mass with his wife, Jill, at St. Joseph's on the
Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware.[64][65][66] Their daughter,
Ashley Biden,[26] is a social worker and is married to physician
Biden and his second wife, Jill, met
Howard Krein.[67] Beau Biden became an Army judge advocate in in 1975 and married in 1977.
Iraq and later Delaware attorney general;[68] he died of brain cancer
in 2015.[69][70] Hunter Biden worked as a Washington lobbyist and investment adviser; his business
dealings and personal life came under significant scrutiny during his father's presidency.[71][72]

Teaching
From 1991 to 2008, as an adjunct professor, Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener
University School of Law.[73][74] He sometimes flew back from overseas to teach the class.[75][76][77][78]

U.S. Senate (1973–2009)

Senate activities
Secretary of the Senate Francis R. Valeo swore Biden in at the
Delaware Division of the Wilmington Medical Center in January
1973.[79][51] Present were his sons Beau (whose leg was still in
traction from the automobile accident) and Hunter and other family
members.[79][51] At age 30, he was the seventh-youngest senator in
U.S. history.[80] To see his sons, Biden traveled by train between
his Delaware home and D.C.[81]—74 minutes each way—and
maintained this habit throughout his 36 years in the Senate.[18]
Biden with President Jimmy Carter,
Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1972, Biden was reelected in 1978,
1979
1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008, regularly receiving about 60%
of the vote.[82] He was junior senator to William Roth, who was
first elected in 1970, until Roth was defeated in 2000.[83] As of
2024, he was the 19th-longest-serving senator in U.S. history.[84]

During his early years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer

protection and environmental issues and called for greater
government accountability.[85] In a 1974 interview, he described
himself as liberal on civil rights and liberties, senior citizens'
concerns and healthcare, but conservative on other issues, including
abortion and military conscription.[86] Biden was the first U.S.
Biden (left) and Frank Church
senator to endorse Jimmy Carter for president in the 1976 (middle) with president of Egypt
Democratic primary.[87] Carter went on to win the Democratic Anwar el-Sadat after signing the
nomination and defeat incumbent Republican President Gerald Egypt–Israel peace treaty, 1979
Ford in the 1976 election. Biden also worked on arms
control.[88][89] After Congress failed to ratify the SALT II Treaty
signed in 1979 by Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter, Biden met with
Soviet foreign minister Andrei Gromyko to communicate American concerns and secured changes that
addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's objections.[90] He received considerable attention
when he excoriated Secretary of State George Shultz at a Senate hearing for the Reagan administration's
support of South Africa despite its continued policy of apartheid.[33]

In the mid-1970s, Biden was one of the Senate's strongest opponents of race-integration busing. His
Delaware constituents strongly opposed it, and such opposition nationwide later led his party to mostly
abandon school integration policies.[91] In his first Senate campaign, Biden had expressed support for
busing to remedy de jure segregation, as in the South, but opposed its use to remedy de facto segregation
arising from racial patterns of neighborhood residency, as in Delaware; he opposed a proposed
constitutional amendment banning busing entirely.[92] Biden supported a 1976 measure forbidding the use
of federal funds for transporting students beyond the school closest to them.[91] He co-sponsored a 1977
amendment closing loopholes in that measure, which President Carter signed into law in 1978.[93]

Biden became ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary

Committee in 1981. He was a Democratic floor manager for the
successful passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act in
1984. His supporters praised him for modifying some of the law's
worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative
accomplishment to that time.[94] In 1994, Biden helped pass the
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which included a
ban on assault weapons,[95][96] and the Violence Against Women
Biden shaking hands with President
Act,[97] which he has called his most significant legislation.[98] The Ronald Reagan, 1984
1994 crime law was unpopular among progressives and criticized
for resulting in mass incarceration;[99][100] in 2019, Biden called his
role in passing the bill a "big mistake", citing its policy on crack cocaine and saying that the bill "trapped an
entire generation".[101]

Biden voted for a 1993 provision that deemed homosexuality

incompatible with military life, thereby banning gays from serving
in the armed forces.[102][103] In 1996, he voted for the Defense of
Marriage Act, which prohibited the federal government from
recognizing same-sex marriages, thereby barring individuals in such
marriages from equal protection under federal law and allowing
states to do the same.[104] In 2015, the act was ruled
unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges.[105] Biden meeting with attorney general
Janet Reno, 1993
Biden was critical of Independent Counsel Ken Starr during the
1990s Whitewater controversy and Lewinsky scandal
investigations, saying "it's going to be a cold day in hell" before another independent counsel would be
granted similar powers.[106] He voted to acquit during the impeachment of President Clinton.[107] During
the 2000s, Biden sponsored bankruptcy legislation sought by credit card issuers.[18] Clinton vetoed the bill
in 2000, but it passed in 2005 as the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act,[18] with
Biden being one of only 18 Democrats to vote for it, while leading Democrats and consumer rights
organizations opposed it.[108] As a senator, Biden strongly supported increased Amtrak funding and rail
security.[82][109]

Brain surgeries
In February 1988, after several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden underwent surgery to
correct a leaking intracranial berry aneurysm.[110][111] While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary
embolism, a serious complication.[111] After a second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May,[111][112]
Biden's recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.[113]

Senate Judiciary Committee

Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Committee on the
Judiciary. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a ranking
minority member from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to
1997.[114]

As chair, Biden presided over two highly contentious U.S. Supreme

Court confirmation hearings.[18] When Robert Bork was nominated
Biden speaking at the signing of the
in 1988, Biden reversed his approval‍—‌ given in an interview the 1994 Crime Bill with President Bill
previous year‍—‌ of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives Clinton.
were angered,[115] but at the hearings' close Biden was praised for
his fairness, humor, and courage.[115][116] Rejecting the arguments
of some Bork opponents,[18] Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork's
strong originalism and the view that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond
those explicitly enumerated in its text.[116] Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 5–9
vote[116] and then in the full Senate, 42–58.[117]

During Clarence Thomas's nomination hearings in 1991, Biden's questions on constitutional issues were
often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them,[118] and Thomas later wrote that
Biden's questions were akin to "beanballs".[119] After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that
Anita Hill, a University of Oklahoma law school professor, had accused Thomas of making unwelcome
sexual comments when they had worked together.[120][121] Biden had known of some of these charges, but
initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.[18] The committee
hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a
woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.[122] The full Senate confirmed Thomas
by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed.[18] Liberal legal advocates and women's groups felt strongly that
Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.[122] In 2019, he told Hill he
regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.[123]

Senate Foreign Relations Committee

Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He became its ranking minority
member in 1997 and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.[124] His positions were generally
liberal internationalist.[88][125] He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against
elements of his own party.[124][125] During this time he met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and
international organizations, becoming a well-known Democratic voice on foreign policy.[126]

Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991,[125] siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic
senators. He said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition.[127]
Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about
Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in
1991.[88] Once the Bosnian War broke out, Biden was among the
first to call for the "lift and strike" policy.[88][124] The George H.
W. Bush administration and Clinton administration were both
reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan
entanglement. [88][125] In April 1993, Biden held a tense three-hour Senator Biden accompanies
meeting with Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević.[128] Biden President Clinton and other officials
worked on several versions of legislative language urging the U.S. to Bosnia and Herzegovina,
toward greater involvement. [128] Biden has called his role in December 1997.
affecting Balkan policy in the mid-1990s his "proudest moment in
public life" related to foreign policy.[125] In 1999, during the
Kosovo War, Biden supported the 1999 NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia.[88] He and Senator John
McCain co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on Clinton to use all necessary
force, including ground troops, to confront Milošević over Yugoslav actions toward ethnic Albanians in
Kosovo.[125][129]

Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq

Biden was a strong supporter of the War in Afghanistan, saying,
"Whatever it takes, we should do it."[130] As head of the Senate
Foreign Relations Committee, he said in 2002 that Iraqi president
Saddam Hussein was a threat to national security and there was no
other option than to "eliminate" that threat.[131] In October 2002, he
voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force
Against Iraq, approving the U.S. Invasion of Iraq.[125] As chair of
the committee, he assembled a series of witnesses to testify in favor
of the authorization. They gave testimony grossly misrepresenting Biden addresses the press after
meeting with Prime Minister Ayad
the intent, history, and status of Saddam and his secular
Allawi in Baghdad in 2004.
government, which was an avowed enemy of al-Qaeda, and touted
Iraq's fictional possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction.[132]
Biden eventually became a critic of the war and called his vote and role a "mistake" but did not push for
withdrawal.[125][128] He supported the appropriations for the occupation, but argued that the war should be
internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should "level with the
American people" about its cost and length.[124][129]

By late 2006, Biden's stance had shifted considerably. He opposed the troop surge of 2007,[125][128] saying
General David Petraeus was "dead, flat wrong" in believing the surge could work.[133] Biden instead
advocated dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states.[134] Rather than continue the existing
approach or withdrawing, the plan called for "a third way": federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds, Shiites, and
Sunnis "breathing room" in their own regions.[135] In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing
the plan passed the Senate,[136] but the idea failed to gain traction.[133]

1988 and 2008 presidential campaigns

1988 campaign
Biden formally declared his candidacy for the 1988 Democratic presidential
nomination on June 9, 1987.[137] He was considered a strong candidate
because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair
of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme
Court nomination hearings, and his appeal to Baby Boomers; he would
have been the second-youngest person elected president, after John F.
Kennedy.[33][138][139] He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any
other candidate.[138][139]

By August his campaign's messaging had become confused due to staff

rivalries,[140] and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by
Biden speaks at a campaign
British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock.[141] Biden's speech had similar
event, 1987
lines about being the first person in his family to attend university. Biden
had credited Kinnock with the formulation on previous occasions,[142][143]
but did not on two occasions in late August.[144]: 230–232 [143] Kinnock himself was more forgiving; the
two men met in 1988, forming an enduring friendship.[145]

Earlier that year, Biden had also used passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy (for which his
aides took blame) and a short phrase from John F. Kennedy's inaugural address; two years earlier he had
used a 1976 passage by Hubert Humphrey.[146] Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one
another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, Jesse Jackson, had called him to
point out that he (Jackson) had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.[18][25]

A few days later, an incident in law school in which Biden drew text from a Fordham Law Review article
with inadequate citations was publicized.[25] He was required to repeat the course and passed with high
marks.[147] At Biden's request the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility
reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.[148]

Biden has made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in
college, that he attended law school on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his
class,[149][150] and that he had marched in the civil rights movement.[151] The limited amount of other news
about the presidential race amplified these disclosures[152] and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his
candidacy, saying it had been overrun by "the exaggerated shadow" of his past mistakes.[153]

2008 campaign
After exploring the possibility of a run in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared his
candidacy in the 2008 elections.[82][154][155] During his campaign, Biden focused on the Iraq War, his
record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience.[156] Biden was noted
for his one-liners during the campaign; in one debate he said of
Republican candidate Rudy Giuliani: "There's only three things he
mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11."[157]

Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his

rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile
candidacies of Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton.[158] He never
rose above single digits in national polls of the Democratic
candidates. In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed
Biden campaigns at a house party in
fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent
Creston, Iowa, July 2007.
of the state delegates.[159] He withdrew from the race that
evening.[160]

Despite its lack of success, Biden's 2008 campaign raised his stature in the political world.[161]: 336 In
particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, they had not been close: Biden resented Obama's quick rise to
political stardom,[133][162] while Obama viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing.[161]: 28, 337–338
Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden's campaign style and appeal to
working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was "the real
deal".[162][161]: 28, 337–338

Vice presidential campaigns of 2008 and 2012

2008 campaign
Shortly after Biden withdrew from the presidential race, Obama
privately told him he was interested in finding an important place
for Biden in his administration.[163] In early August, Obama and
Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility,[163] and developed a
strong personal rapport.[162] On August 22, 2008, Obama
announced that Biden would be his running mate.[164] The New
York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a
desire to fill out the ticket with someone with foreign policy and
Biden speaks at the August 23,
national security experience.[165] Others pointed out Biden's appeal 2008, vice presidential
to middle-class and blue-collar voters.[166][167] Biden was officially announcement at the Old State
nominated for vice president on August 27 by voice vote at the Capitol in Springfield, Illinois.
2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.[168]

Biden's vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage
to the Republican nominee, Alaska governor Sarah Palin.[169][170] Under instructions from the campaign,
Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks, such as one he made about Obama's
being tested by a foreign power soon after taking office, which had attracted negative attention.[171][172]
Privately, Biden's remarks frustrated Obama. "How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?" he
asked.[161]: 411–414, 419 Obama campaign staffers called Biden's blunders "Joe bombs" and kept Biden
uninformed about strategy discussions, which in turn irked Biden.[173] Relations between the two
campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized on a call to Obama and the two built a
stronger partnership.[161]: 411–414
As the financial crisis of 2007–2010 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008 and the
proposed bailout of the United States financial system became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted
for the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed in the Senate, 74–
25.[174] On October 2, 2008, he participated in the vice-presidential debate with Palin at Washington
University in St. Louis. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Biden
had won the debate overall.[175]

On November 4, 2008, Obama and Biden were elected with 53% of the popular vote and 365 electoral
votes to McCain–Palin's 173.[176][177][178]

At the same time Biden was running for vice president, he was also running for reelection to the
Senate,[179] as permitted by Delaware law.[82] On November 4, he was reelected to the Senate, defeating
Republican Christine O'Donnell.[180] Having won both races, Biden made a point of waiting to resign from
the Senate until he was sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009.[181] Biden cast his last Senate
vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief
Program,[182] and resigned from the Senate later that day.[b]

2012 campaign
In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the 2012 presidential
election,[186] but with Obama's popularity on the decline, White House chief of staff William M. Daley
conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden on the
ticket with Hillary Clinton.[187] The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable
improvement for Obama,[187] and White House officials later said Obama himself had never entertained the
idea.[188]

Biden's May 2012 statement that he was "absolutely comfortable" with same-sex marriage gained
considerable public attention in comparison to Obama's position, which had been described as
"evolving".[189] Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were
quite irked, since Obama had planned to shift position several months later, in the build-up to the party
convention.[173][190][191] Gay rights advocates seized upon Biden's statement,[190] and within days,
Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden's
remarks.[192] Biden apologized to Obama in private for having spoken out,[193][194] while Obama
acknowledged publicly it had been done from the heart.[190]

The Obama campaign valued Biden as a retail-level politician, and he had a heavy schedule of appearances
in swing states as the reelection campaign began in earnest in spring 2012.[195][196] An August 2012
remark before a mixed-race audience that Republican proposals to relax Wall Street regulations would "put
y'all back in chains" once again drew attention to Biden's propensity for colorful remarks.[195][197][198]

In the first presidential debate of the general election, President Obama's performance was considered
surprisingly lackluster.[199] Time magazine's Joe Klein called it "one of the most inept performances I've
ever seen by a sitting president."[200] Over the next few days, Obama's lead over Romney collapsed,[201]
putting pressure on Biden to stop the bleeding with a strong showing against the Republican vice-
presidential nominee, Paul Ryan.[202][203] Some political analysts considered Biden's performance against
Ryan in the October 11 vice-presidential debate one of the best of his career[204][205] and a key factor in
Obama's rebound in the polls and eventual victory over Romney.[206][207] The debate also became
memorable for the popularization of Biden's use of the phrase "a
bunch of malarkey" in response to an attack by Ryan on the
administration's response to the September 11, 2012, attacks on the
U.S. embassy in Benghazi.[208][209] Biden reused the phrase
during his 2020 presidential campaign.[210]

On November 6, Obama and Biden won reelection[211] over

Romney and Ryan with 332 of 538 Electoral College votes and
51% of the popular vote.[212] Obama watching Biden debate Paul
Ryan in the vice presidential debate
on Air Force One
Vice presidency (2009–2017)

First term (2009–2013)

Biden said he intended to eliminate some explicit roles assumed by
George W. Bush's vice president, Dick Cheney, and did not intend
to emulate any previous vice presidency.[213] He was sworn in as
the 47th vice president of the United States on January 20,
2009.[214] He was the first vice president from Delaware[215] and
the first Roman Catholic vice president.[216][217]

Obama was soon comparing Biden to a basketball player "who

Biden being sworn in as vice
does a bunch of things that don't show up in the stat sheet".[218] president on January 20, 2009
Biden visited Kosovo in May and affirmed the U.S. position that its
"independence is irreversible."[219] Biden lost an internal debate to
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton about sending 21,000 new troops to Afghanistan,[220][221] but his
skepticism was valued,[222] and in 2009, Biden's views gained more influence as Obama reconsidered his
Afghanistan strategy.[223] Biden visited Iraq about every two months,[133] becoming the administration's
point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership about expected progress there.[222] More generally,
overseeing Iraq policy became Biden's responsibility: Obama was said to have said, "Joe, you do Iraq."[224]
By 2012, Biden had made eight trips there, but his oversight of U.S. policy in Iraq receded with the exit of
U.S. troops in 2011.[196][225]

Biden oversaw infrastructure spending from the Obama stimulus

package intended to help counteract the ongoing recession.[226]
During this period, Biden was satisfied that no major instances of
waste or corruption had occurred,[222] and when he completed that
role in February 2011, he said the number of fraud incidents with
stimulus monies had been less than one percent.[227]

Biden's off-message response to a question in late April 2009,

President Obama congratulates during the beginning of the swine flu outbreak, led to a swift
Biden for his role in shaping the debt
retraction by the White House.[228] The remark revived Biden's
ceiling deal which led to the Budget
Control Act of 2011.
reputation for gaffes.[229][223][230] Confronted with rising
unemployment through July 2009, Biden acknowledged that the
administration had "misread how bad the economy was" but
maintained confidence the stimulus package would create many more jobs once the pace of expenditures
picked up.[231] A hot mic picked up Biden telling Obama that his signing the Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act was "a big fucking deal" on March 23, 2010. Despite their different personalities,
Obama and Biden formed a friendship, partly based around Obama's daughter Sasha and Biden's
granddaughter Maisy, who attended Sidwell Friends School together.[173]

Members of the Obama administration said Biden's role in the White House was to be a contrarian and
force others to defend their positions.[232] Rahm Emanuel, White House chief of staff, said that Biden
helped counter groupthink.[218] Obama said, "The best thing about Joe is that when we get everybody
together, he really forces people to think and defend their positions, to look at things from every angle, and
that is very valuable for me."[222] The Bidens maintained a relaxed atmosphere at their official residence in
Washington, often entertaining their grandchildren, and regularly returned to their home in Delaware.[233]

Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the 2010 midterm elections, maintaining an attitude of
optimism in the face of predictions of large-scale losses for the party.[186] Following big Republican gains
in the elections and the departure of White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel, Biden's past relationships
with Republicans in Congress became more important.[234][235] He led the successful administration effort
to gain Senate approval for the New START treaty.[234][235] In December 2010, Biden's advocacy for a
middle ground, followed by his negotiations with Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell, were
instrumental in producing the administration's compromise tax package that included a temporary extension
of the Bush tax cuts.[235][236] The package passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance
Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010.

Obama delegated Biden to lead negotiations with Congress in

March 2011 to resolve federal spending levels for the rest of the
year and avoid a government shutdown.[237] The U.S. debt ceiling
crisis developed over the next few months, but Biden's relationship
with McConnell again proved key in breaking a deadlock and
bringing about a deal to resolve it, in the form of the Budget
Control Act of 2011, signed on August 2, 2011, the same day an
unprecedented U.S. default had loomed.[238][239][240] Some reports
Biden, Obama and the national
suggest that Biden opposed proceeding with the May 2011 U.S. security team gathered in the White
mission to kill Osama bin Laden,[196][241] lest failure adversely House Situation Room to monitor the
affect Obama's reelection prospects.[242][243] progress of the May 2011 mission to
kill Osama bin Laden.
Obama named Biden to head the Gun Violence Task Force, created
to address the causes of school shootings and consider possible gun
control to implement in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, in December
2012.[244] Later that month, during the final days before the United States fell off the "fiscal cliff", Biden's
relationship with McConnell again proved important as the two negotiated a deal that led to the American
Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 being passed at the start of 2013.[245][246] It made many of the Bush tax cuts
permanent but raised rates on upper income levels.[246]

Second term (2013–2017)

Biden was inaugurated to a second term on January 20, 2013, at a small ceremony at Number One
Observatory Circle, his official residence, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor presiding (a public ceremony took
place on January 21).[247]
 Biden played little part in discussions that led to the October 2013
passage of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, which
resolved the federal government shutdown of 2013 and the debt-
ceiling crisis of 2013. This was because Senate majority leader
Harry Reid and other Democratic leaders cut him out of any direct
talks with Congress, feeling Biden had given too much away
during previous negotiations.[248][249][250]

Biden's Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized again in

Biden in Morocco, November 2014 2013. The act led to related developments, such as the White House
Council on Women and Girls, begun in the first term, as well as the
White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault,
begun in January 2014 with Biden and Valerie Jarrett as co-chairs.[251][252] He talked about sexual
violence while introducing Lady Gaga at the 88th Academy Awards in 2016, receiving a standing ovation
from the audience.[253]

Biden favored arming Syria's rebel fighters.[254] As the ISIL insurgency in Iraq intensified in 2014,
renewed attention was paid to the Biden-Gelb Iraqi federalization plan of 2006, with some observers
suggesting Biden had been right all along.[255][256] Biden himself said the U.S. would follow ISIL "to the
gates of hell".[257] Biden had close relationships with several Latin American leaders and was assigned a
focus on the region during the administration; he visited the region 16 times during his vice presidency, the
most of any president or vice president.[258] In August 2016, Biden visited Serbia, where he met with the
Serbian Prime Minister, Aleksandar Vučić, and expressed his condolences for civilian victims of the
bombing campaign during the Kosovo War.[259]

Biden never cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate, making him the
longest-serving vice president with this distinction.[260]

Role in the 2016 presidential campaign

During his second term, Biden was often said to be preparing for a
bid for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.[261] With his
family, many friends, and donors encouraging him in mid-2015 to
enter the race, and with Hillary Clinton's favorability ratings in Biden with Israeli prime minister
decline at that time, Biden was reported to again be seriously Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem,
March 9, 2016
considering the prospect and a "Draft Biden 2016" PAC was
established.[261][262][263]

By late 2015, Biden was still uncertain about running. He felt his son Beau's recent death had largely
drained his emotional energy, and said, "nobody has a right ... to seek that office unless they're willing to
give it 110% of who they are."[264] On October 21, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his
wife and Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to run for president in 2016.[265][266][267]

Subsequent activities (2017–2019)

After leaving the vice presidency, Biden became an honorary professor at the University of Pennsylvania,
developing the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement. Biden remained in that position
into 2019, before running for president.[268][269]
In 2017, Biden wrote a memoir, Promise Me, Dad, and went on a
book tour.[270] By 2019, he and his wife reported that they had
earned over $15 million since the end of his vice presidency from
speaking engagements and book sales.[271]

Biden remained in the public eye, endorsing candidates while

continuing to comment on politics, climate change, and the
presidency of Donald Trump.[272][273][274] He also continued to
speak out in favor of LGBT rights, continuing advocacy on an Biden with Barack Obama and
Donald Trump, at the latter's
issue he had become more closely associated with during his vice
inauguration on January 20, 2017
presidency.[275][276] In 2018, he gave a eulogy for Senator John
McCain, praising McCain's embrace of American ideals and
bipartisan friendships.[277] Biden continued to support cancer research.[278]

2020 presidential campaign

Speculation and announcement

Between 2016 and 2019, media outlets often mentioned Biden as a
likely candidate for president in 2020.[279] When asked if he would
run, he gave varied and ambivalent answers, saying "never say
never".[280] A political action committee known as Time for Biden
was formed in January 2018, seeking Biden's entry into the
race.[281] He finally launched his campaign on April 25, 2019,[282]
saying he was prompted to run because he was worried by the
Trump administration and felt a "sense of duty."[283] Biden at his presidential kickoff rally
in Philadelphia, May 2019

Campaign
As the 2020 campaign season heated up, voluminous public polling showed Biden as one of the best-
performing Democratic candidates in a head-to-head matchup against President Trump.[284][285][286] With
Democrats keenly focused on "electability" for defeating Trump,[287] this boosted his popularity among
Democratic voters.[288] It also made Biden a frequent target of Trump.[289][290] In September 2019, it was
reported that Trump had pressured Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to investigate alleged
wrongdoing by Biden and his son Hunter Biden.[291] Despite the allegations, no evidence was produced of
any wrongdoing by the Bidens.[292][293][294] Trump's pressure to investigate the Bidens was perceived by
many as an attempt to hurt Biden's chances of winning the presidency.[295] Trump's alleged actions against
Biden resulted in a political scandal[296] and Trump's impeachment by the House of Representatives for
abuse of power and obstruction of congress.[297]

In March 2019 and April 2019, eight women accused Biden of previous instances of inappropriate physical
contact, such as embracing, touching or kissing.[298] Biden had previously called himself a "tactile
politician" and admitted this behavior had caused trouble for him.[299] Journalist Mark Bowden described
Biden's lifelong habit of talking close, writing that he "doesn't just meet you, he engulfs you... scooting
closer" and leaning forward to talk.[300] In April 2019, Biden pledged to be more "respectful of people's
personal space".[301]
 Throughout 2019, Biden stayed generally ahead of other
Democrats in national polls.[302][303] Despite this, he finished
fourth in the Iowa caucuses, and eight days later, fifth in the New
Hampshire primary.[304][305] He performed better in the Nevada
caucuses, reaching the 15% required for delegates, but still finished
21.6 percentage points behind Bernie Sanders.[306] Making strong
appeals to Black voters on the campaign trail and in the South
Carolina debate, Biden won the South Carolina primary by more
Biden at a rally on the eve of the
Iowa caucuses, February 2020
than 28 points.[307] After the withdrawals and subsequent
endorsements of candidates Pete Buttigieg and Amy Klobuchar, he
made large gains in the March 3 Super Tuesday primary elections.
Biden won 18 of the next 26 contests, putting him in the lead overall.[308] Elizabeth Warren and Mike
Bloomberg soon dropped out, and Biden expanded his lead with victories over Sanders in four states on
March 10.[309]

In late March 2020, Tara Reade, one of the eight women who in 2019 had accused Biden of inappropriate
physical contact, accused Biden of having sexually assaulted her in 1993.[310] There were inconsistencies
between Reade's 2019 and 2020 allegations.[310][311] Biden and his campaign denied the sexual assault
allegation.[312][313]

When Sanders suspended his campaign on April 8, 2020, Biden became the Democratic Party's
presumptive nominee for president.[314] On April 13, Sanders endorsed Biden in a live-streamed discussion
from their homes.[315] Former president Barack Obama endorsed Biden the next day.[316] On August 11,
Biden announced U.S. senator Kamala Harris of California as his running mate, making her the first
African American and first South Asian American vice-presidential nominee on a major-party ticket.[317]
On August 18, 2020, Biden was officially nominated at the 2020 Democratic National Convention as the
Democratic Party nominee for president in the 2020 election.[318][319]

Presidential transition
Biden was elected the 46th president of the United States in November 2020. He defeated the incumbent,
Donald Trump, becoming the first candidate to defeat a sitting president since Bill Clinton defeated George
H. W. Bush in 1992. Trump refused to concede, insisting the election had been "stolen" from him through
"voter fraud", challenging the results in court and promoting numerous conspiracy theories about the voting
and vote-counting processes, in an attempt to overturn the election results.[320] Biden's transition was
delayed by several weeks as the White House ordered federal agencies not to cooperate.[321] On
November 23, General Services Administrator Emily W. Murphy formally recognized Biden as the
apparent winner of the 2020 election and authorized the start of a transition process to the Biden
administration.[322]

On January 6, 2021, during Congress' electoral vote count, Trump told supporters gathered in front of the
White House to march to the Capitol, saying, "We will never give up. We will never concede. It doesn't
happen. You don't concede when there's theft involved."[323] Soon after, they attacked the Capitol. During
the insurrection at the Capitol, Biden addressed the nation, calling the events "an unprecedented assault
unlike anything we've seen in modern times".[324][325] After the Capitol was cleared, Congress resumed its
joint session and officially certified the election results with Vice President Mike Pence, in his capacity as
President of the Senate, declaring Biden and Harris the winners.[326]

Presidency (2021–present)

Inauguration
Biden was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States on
January 20, 2021.[327][328] At 78, he is the oldest person to have
assumed the office.[327][329] He is the second Catholic president
(after John F. Kennedy)[330][331] and the first president whose
home state is Delaware.[332] He is also the first man since George
H. W. Bush to have been both vice president and president, and the Biden takes the oath of office
second non-incumbent vice president (after Richard Nixon in 1968) administered by Chief Justice John
to be elected president.[333] He is also the first president from the G. Roberts Jr. at the Capitol, January
Silent Generation.[334][335] 20, 2021.

Biden's inauguration was "a muted affair unlike any previous

inauguration" due to COVID-19 precautions as well as massively increased security measures because of
the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Trump did not attend, becoming the first outgoing president
since 1869 to not attend his successor's inauguration.[336]

First 100 days

In his first two days as president, Biden signed 17 executive orders. By his third day, orders had included
rejoining the Paris Climate Agreement, ending the state of national emergency at the border with Mexico,
directing the government to rejoin the World Health Organization, face mask requirements on federal
property, measures to combat hunger in the United States,[337][338][339][340] and revoking permits for the
construction of the Keystone XL pipeline.[341][342][343]

On March 11, the first anniversary of COVID-19 having been

declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization,
Biden signed into law the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, a
$1.9 trillion economic stimulus and relief package that he had
proposed to support the United States' recovery from the economic
and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[344] The package
included direct payments to most Americans, an extension of
increased unemployment benefits, funds for vaccine distribution Biden with his Cabinet, July 2021
and school reopenings, and expansions of health insurance
subsidies and the child tax credit. Biden's initial proposal included
an increase of the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour, but after the Senate parliamentarian determined
that including the increase in a budget reconciliation bill would violate Senate rules, Democrats declined to
pursue overruling her and removed the increase from the package.[345][346][347]
Also in March, amid a rise in migrants entering the U.S. from Mexico, Biden told migrants, "Don't come
over." In the meantime, migrant adults "are being sent back", Biden said, in reference to the continuation of
the Trump administration's Title 42 policy for quick deportations.[348] Biden earlier announced that his
administration would not deport unaccompanied migrant children; the rise in arrivals of such children
exceeded the capacity of facilities meant to shelter them (before they were sent to sponsors), leading the
Biden administration in March to direct the Federal Emergency Management Agency to help.[349]

On April 14, Biden announced that the United States would delay the withdrawal of all troops from the war
in Afghanistan until September 11, signaling an end to the country's direct military involvement in
Afghanistan after nearly 20 years.[350] In February 2020, the Trump administration had made a deal with
the Taliban to completely withdraw U.S. forces by May 1, 2021.[351] Biden's decision met with a wide
range of reactions, from support and relief to trepidation at the possible collapse of the Afghan government
without American support.[352] On April 22–23, Biden held an international climate summit at which he
announced that the U.S. would cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 50%–52% by 2030 compared to 2005
levels. Other countries also increased their pledges.[353][354] On April 28, the eve of his 100th day in office,
Biden delivered his first address to a joint session of Congress.[355]

Domestic policy
On June 17, Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act, which officially declared
Juneteenth a federal holiday.[356] Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday since 1983.[357][358][359] In
July 2021, amid a slowing of the COVID-19 vaccination rate in the country and the spread of the SARS-
CoV-2 Delta variant, Biden said that the country has "a pandemic for those who haven't gotten the
vaccination" and that it was therefore "gigantically important" for Americans to be vaccinated.[360]

Economy
Biden entered office nine months into a recovery
from the COVID-19 recession and his first year in
office was characterized by robust growth in real
GDP, employment, wages and stock market
returns, amid significantly elevated inflation. Real
GDP grew 5.9%, the fastest rate in 37
years.[361][362] Amid record job creation, the
Inflation rate, United States and eurozone, January
unemployment rate fell at the fastest pace on
2018 through June 2023
record during the year.[363][364][365] By the end
of 2021, inflation reached a nearly 40-year high of
7.1%, which was partially offset by the highest nominal wage and salary growth in at least 20
years.[366][367][368][369] In his third month in office, Biden signed an executive order to increase the
minimum wage for federal contractors to $15 per hour, an increase of nearly 37%. The order went into
effect for 390,000 workers in January 2022.[370][371]

Amid a surge in inflation and high gas prices, Biden's approval ratings declined, reaching net negative in
early 2022.[372][373][374] After 5.9% growth in 2021, real GDP growth cooled in 2022 to 2.1%, after
slightly negative growth in the first half spurred recession concerns. Job creation and consumer spending
remained strong through the year, as the unemployment rate fell to match a 53-year low of 3.5% in
December. Inflation peaked at 9.1% in June before easing to 3.2% by October 2023. Stocks had had their
worst year since 2008[375][376][377] before recovering. Widespread predictions of an imminent recession
did not materialize in 2022 or 2023, and by late 2023 indicators showed sharply lower inflation with
economic acceleration. GDP growth hit 4.9% in the third quarter of 2023 and the year ended with stocks
near record highs, with robust holiday spending.[378][379][380]

Biden signed numerous major pieces of economic legislation in the 117th Congress, including the American
Rescue Plan, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, CHIPS and Science Act, the Inflation Reduction Act,
and the Honoring our PACT Act.[381] Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act into law on August 9,
2022.[382] The act provides billions of dollars in new funding to boost domestic research on and
manufacture of semiconductors, to compete economically with China.[383]

Over the course of five days in March 2023, three small- to mid-size U.S. banks failed, triggering a sharp
decline in global bank stock prices and swift response by regulators to prevent potential global contagion.
After Silicon Valley Bank collapsed, the first to do so, Biden expressed opposition to a bailout by
taxpayers.[384] He claimed that the partial rollback of Dodd-Frank regulations contributed to the bank's
failure.[385]

At the beginning of the 118th Congress, Biden and congressional Republicans engaged in a standoff after
the United States hit its debt limit, which raised the risk that the U.S. would default on its debt.[386] Biden
and House speaker Kevin McCarthy struck a deal to raise the debt limit, the Fiscal Responsibility Act of
2023, which suspended the debt limit until January 2025. Biden signed it on June 3, averting a default.[387]
The deal was generally seen as favorable to Biden.[388][389]

Judiciary
By the end of 2021, 40 of Biden's appointees to the federal
judiciary had been confirmed, more than any president in his first
year in office since Ronald Reagan.[390] Biden has prioritized
diversity in his judicial appointments more than any president in
U.S. history, with most of his appointees being women and people
of color.[391] Most of his appointments have been in blue states,
making a limited impact since the courts in these states already
generally lean liberal.[392] Biden and Ketanji Brown Jackson
watching the U.S. Senate vote on
In January 2022, Supreme Court justice Stephen Breyer, a moderate her confirmation, April 2022
liberal nominated by Bill Clinton, announced his intention to retire
from the Supreme Court. During his 2020 campaign, Biden vowed
to nominate the first Black woman to the Supreme Court if a vacancy occurred,[393] a promise he reiterated
after Breyer announced his retirement.[394] On February 25, Biden nominated federal judge Ketanji Brown
Jackson to the Supreme Court.[395] She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on April 7[396] and sworn in on
June 30.[397] By November 2023, Biden had confirmed 150 federal judges, including 100 women.[398]

Infrastructure and climate

As part of Biden's Build Back Better agenda, in late March 2021, he proposed the American Jobs Plan, a
$2 trillion package addressing issues including transport infrastructure, utilities infrastructure, broadband
infrastructure, housing, schools, manufacturing, research and workforce development.[399][400] After
months of negotiations among Biden and lawmakers, in August 2021 the Senate passed a $1 trillion
bipartisan infrastructure bill called the Infrastructure Investment and
Jobs Act,[401][402] while the House, also in a bipartisan manner,
approved that bill in early November 2021, covering infrastructure
related to transport, utilities, and broadband.[403] Biden signed the
bill into law in mid-November 2021.[404]

The other core part of the Build Back Better agenda was the Build
Back Better Act, a $3.5 trillion social spending bill that expands the
social safety net and includes major provisions on climate Biden, UK prime minister Boris
Johnson and UN secretary-general
change.[405][406] The bill did not have Republican support, so
António Guterres at the opening
Democrats attempted to pass it on a party-line vote through budget ceremony of the COP26 climate
reconciliation, but struggled to win the support of Senator Joe summit in Glasgow on November 1,
Manchin, even as the price was lowered to $2.2 trillion.[407] After 2021
Manchin rejected the bill, [408] the Build Back Better Act's size was
reduced. It was comprehensively reworked into the Inflation
Reduction Act of 2022, covering deficit reduction, climate change, healthcare, and tax reform.[409]

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was introduced by senators Chuck Schumer and Joe
Manchin.[410][411] The package aimed to raise $739 billion and authorize $370 billion in spending on
energy and climate change, $300 billion in deficit reduction, three years of Affordable Care Act subsidies,
prescription drug reform to lower prices, and tax reform.[412] According to an analysis by the Rhodium
Group, the bill will lower US greenhouse gas emissions between 31 percent and 44 percent below 2005
levels by 2030.[413] On August 7, 2022, the Senate passed the bill (as amended) on a 51–50 vote, with all
Democrats voting in favor, all Republicans opposed, and Vice President Kamala Harris breaking the tie.
The bill was passed by the House on August 12[413] and was signed by Biden on August 16.[414][415]

Before and during the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26), Biden promoted an
agreement that the U.S. and the European Union cut methane emissions by a third by 2030 and tried to add
dozens of other countries to the effort.[416] Biden pledged to double climate funding to developing
countries by 2024.[417] Also at COP26, the U.S. and China reached a deal on greenhouse gas emission
reduction. The two countries are responsible for 40 percent of global emissions.[418] In July 2023, when the
2023 heat waves hit the U.S., Biden announced several measures to protect the population and said the heat
waves were linked to climate change.[419][420]

COVID-19 diagnosis
On July 21, 2022, Biden tested positive for COVID-19 with reportedly mild symptoms.[421][422]
According to the White House, he was treated with Paxlovid.[422][423] He worked in isolation in the White
House for five days[424] and returned to isolation when he tested positive again on July 30.[425][426]

Other domestic policy issues

In 2022, Biden endorsed a change to the Senate filibuster to allow for the passing of the Freedom to Vote
Act and John Lewis Voting Rights Act, on both of which the Senate had failed to invoke cloture.[427] The
rules change failed when two Democratic senators, Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema, joined Senate
Republicans in opposing it.[428] In April 2022, Biden signed into law the bipartisan Postal Service Reform
Act of 2022 to revamp the finances and operations of the United States Postal Service agency.[429]
On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps on the Mexico–United
States border in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings. During
his presidential campaign, Biden had pledged to cease all future border wall construction.[430] This
occurred after both allies and critics of Biden criticized his administration's management of the southern
border.[431]

In the summer of 2022, several other pieces of legislation Biden

supported passed Congress. The Bipartisan Safer Communities Act
aimed to address gun reform issues following the Robb Elementary
School shooting in Uvalde, Texas.[432] The act's gun control
provisions include extended background checks for gun purchasers
under 21, clarification of Federal Firearms License requirements,
funding for state red flag laws and other crisis intervention
programs, further criminalization of arms trafficking and straw
Biden and senior advisers watch the
Senate pass the CHIPS and Science
purchases, and partial closure of the boyfriend
loophole. [433][434][435] Biden signed the bill on June 25, 2022.[436]
Act on July 27, 2022.

The Honoring our PACT Act of 2022 was introduced in 2021 and
signed into law by Biden on August 10, 2022.[437] The act intends to significantly improve healthcare
access and funding for veterans who were exposed to toxic substances, including burn pits, during military
service.[438]

On October 6, 2022, Biden pardoned all Americans convicted of "small" amounts of cannabis possession
under federal law.[439] On December 22, 2023, he pardoned Americans of cannabis use or possession on
federal lands regardless of whether they had been charged or prosecuted.[440][441] Two months after his
first round of pardons, he signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act
and requires the federal government to recognize the validity of same-sex and interracial marriages.[442]

2022 elections
On September 2, 2022, in a nationally broadcast Philadelphia
speech, Biden called for a "battle for the soul of the nation". Off
camera, he called Trump supporters "semi-fascists", which
Republican commentators denounced.[443][444][445] A predicted
Republican wave election did not materialize and the race for U.S.
Congress control was much closer than expected, with Republicans
securing a slim majority of 222 seats in the House of
Representatives,[446][447][448][449] and the Democratic caucus Biden holding a rally at Bowie State
keeping control of the U.S. Senate, with 51 seats, a gain of one seat University in Maryland for
from the last Congress.[450][c] gubernatorial candidate Wes Moore,
November 7, 2022
It was the first midterm election since 1986 in which the party of the incumbent president achieved a net
gain in governorships, and the first since 1934 in which the president's party lost no state legislative
chambers.[454] Democrats credited Biden for their unexpectedly favorable performance,[455] and he
celebrated the results as a strong day for democracy.[456]

Foreign policy
In June 2021, Biden took his first trip abroad as president. In eight
days he visited Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. He
attended a G7 summit, a NATO summit, and an EU summit, and
held one-on-one talks with Russian president Vladimir Putin.[457]

In September 2021, Biden announced AUKUS, a security pact

between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, to
ensure "peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific over the long term";
Biden meeting with Secretary
the deal included nuclear-powered submarines built for Australia's
General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg in
use.[458] the Oval Office, June 7, 2021

Withdrawal from Afghanistan

American forces began withdrawing from Afghanistan in 2020,
under the provisions of a February 2020 US-Taliban agreement that
set a May 1, 2021, deadline.[459] The Taliban began an offensive
on May 1.[460][461] By early July, most American troops in
Afghanistan had withdrawn.[351] Biden addressed the withdrawal
in July, saying, "The likelihood there's going to be the Taliban
overrunning everything and owning the whole country is highly
Biden in a video conference with unlikely."[351]
Vice President Harris and the U.S.
National Security team, discussing On August 15, the Afghan government collapsed under the Taliban
the Fall of Kabul on August 15, 2021 offensive, and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the
country.[351][462] Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops
to assist in the evacuation of American personnel and Afghan
allies. [463] He faced bipartisan criticism for the manner of the withdrawal,[464] with the evacuation of
Americans and Afghan allies described as chaotic and botched.[465][466][467] On August 16, Biden
addressed the "messy" situation, taking responsibility for it, and admitting that the situation "unfolded more
quickly than we had anticipated".[462][468] He defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans
should not be "dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves."[468][469]

On August 26, a suicide bombing at the Kabul airport killed 13 U.S. service members and 169 Afghans. On
August 27, an American drone strike killed two ISIS-K targets, who were "planners and facilitators",
according to a U.S. Army general.[470] On August 29, another American drone strike killed ten civilians,
including seven children. The Defense Department initially claimed the strike was conducted on an Islamic
State suicide bomber threatening Kabul Airport, but admitted the suspect was harmless on September 17,
calling its killing of civilians "a tragic mistake".[471]
The U.S. military completed withdrawal from Afghanistan on August 30. Biden called the extraction of
over 120,000 Americans, Afghans and other allies "an extraordinary success".[472] He acknowledged that
up to 200 Americans who wanted to leave did not, despite his August 18 pledge to keep troops in
Afghanistan until all Americans who wanted to leave had left.[473]

Aid to Ukraine
In late February 2022, after warning for several weeks that an
attack was imminent, Biden led the U.S. response to the Russian
invasion of Ukraine, imposing severe sanctions on Russia and
authorizing over $8 billion in weapons shipments to
Ukraine.[474][475][476] On April 29, Biden asked Congress for $33
billion for Ukraine,[477][478] but lawmakers later increased it to
about $40 billion.[479][480][481] Biden blamed Vladimir Putin for
the emerging energy and food crises.[482][483][484] Biden with refugees from Ukraine in
Warsaw, Poland, March 2022
On February 20, 2023, four days before the anniversary of Russia's
invasion of Ukraine, Biden visited Kyiv and met with President
Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[485] While there, he promised more military aid to Ukraine and denounced the
war.[486][487][488]

In 2022, Congress approved about $113 billion in aid to Ukraine.[489] In October 2023, the Biden
administration requested an additional $61.4 billion in aid for Ukraine for the year ahead,[490] but delays in
the passage of further aid by the House of Representatives inhibited progress, with the additional $61 billion
in aid to Ukraine added in April 2024.[491][492][493] In May 2024, Biden announced a change of American
policy allowing for the use of U.S.-supplied military weapons against Russian military targets inside
Russia.[494][495][496]

NATO enlargement
Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Biden expressed support for the expansion of NATO to
cover both Sweden and Finland.[497][498] On August 9, 2022, he signed the instruments of ratification
stipulating U.S. support for their mutual entry into the security pact.[499][500] While Finnish ascenscion
occurred on April 4, 2023, opposition by Hungary and Turkey to Swedish entry into the organization led to
a stalemate.[501] Biden led diplomatic talks between the two nations resulting in formal Swedish ascension
into NATO on March 7, 2024.[502][503] He has also expressed openness to Ukrainian entry into NATO
following the end of the conflict.[504] In doing so he has supported an expedited timetable in its ascension
and the removal of requirements such as the Membership Action Plan typically required for NATO
entry.[505][506]

China relations
China's assertiveness, particularly in the Pacific, remains a challenge for Biden. The Solomon Islands-China
security pact caused alarm, as China could build military bases across the South Pacific. Biden sought to
strengthen ties with Australia and New Zealand in the wake of the deal, as Anthony Albanese succeeded to
the premiership of Australia and Jacinda Ardern's government took a firmer line on Chinese
influence.[507][508][509] In a September 2022 interview with 60 Minutes, Biden said that U.S. forces would
defend Taiwan in the event of "an unprecedented attack" by the Chinese,[510] which is in contrast to the
 long-standing U.S. policy of "strategic ambiguity" toward China
and Taiwan.[511][512][513] In late 2022, Biden issued several
executive orders and federal rules designed to slow Chinese
technological growth, and maintain U.S. leadership over
computing, biotech, and clean energy.[514]

On February 4, 2023, Biden ordered the United States Air Force to

shoot down a suspected Chinese surveillance balloon off the coast
Biden with Chinese leader Xi Jinping of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.[515][516] The State Department
during the G20 summit in Bali,
said the balloon carried antennas and other equipment capable of
November 14, 2022
geolocating communications signals, and similar balloons from
China have flown over more than 40 nations.[517] The Chinese
government denied that the balloon was a surveillance device, instead claiming it was a civilian (mainly
meteorological) airship that had blown off course.[518][519] The incident was seen as damaging to U.S. and
China relations.[520][521][522]

Israel
In October 2023, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel that
devolved into a war, jeopardizing the administration's push to
normalize relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia.[523] Biden
stated his unequivocal support for Israel and condemned the attack
by Hamas.[524] He deployed aircraft carriers in the region to deter
others from joining the war,[525] and called for an additional
$14 billion in military aid to Israel.[526] He later began pressuring
Israel to address the growing humanitarian crisis in Gaza.[527] Biden with Israeli president Isaac
Biden rejected calls for a ceasefire but said he supported Herzog and prime minister Benjamin
"humanitarian pauses" to deliver aid to the people of the Gaza Netanyahu in Tel Aviv, Israel,
Strip.[528] He asked Israel to pause its invasion of Gaza for at least October 18, 2023
three days to allow for hostage negotiations; Israel agreed to daily
four-hour pauses.[529] He also directed the U.S. military to facilitate
the delivery of humanitarian aid to Palestinians in Gaza.[530] Biden has said he is a Zionist.[531][532]

As of May 2024, Biden has continued to support Israel during the course of the war despite significant
domestic opposition to American involvement in it and subsequent widespread protests. A March 2024
Gallup poll found that a strong majority of Americans disapproved of Israeli conduct during the war.[533] It
found that 36% approved "of the military action Israel has taken in Gaza" and 55% disapproved.[533]
Young Americans have been significantly less supportive of Israel than older generations.[534][535]
Beginning in April 2024, widespread Israel–Hamas war protests emerged on university campuses,
denouncing Biden.[536]

On May 31, 2024, Biden announced his support for an Israeli ceasefire proposal, saying that Hamas was
"no longer capable" of another large-scale attack.[537][538][539] The proposal, which would establish a
permanent ceasefire, release all hostages, and reconstruct the Gaza Strip, was supported by Hamas officials
after mediation by Egypt and Qatar.[540][541] The Netanyahu administration responded that Israel's goals
regarding "the destruction of Hamas military and governing capabilities" had not changed and that
conditions would need to be met before it would agree to a ceasefire.[542][543][544]

Other foreign issues

On February 4, 2021, the Biden administration announced that the United States was ending its support for
the Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen.[545] In early February 2022, Biden ordered the
counterterrorism raid in northern Syria that resulted in the death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, the
second leader of the Islamic State.[546] In late July, Biden approved the drone strike that killed Ayman al-
Zawahiri, the second leader of Al-Qaeda, and an integral member in the planning of the September 11
attacks.[547] The 2022 OPEC+ oil production cut caused a diplomatic spat with Saudi Arabia, widening the
rift between the two countries, and threatening a longstanding alliance.[548][549]

Investigations

Retaining of classified documents

On November 2, 2022, while packing files at the Penn Biden Center, Biden's attorneys found classified
documents dating from his vice presidency in a "locked closet".[550][551] According to the White House,
the documents were reported that day to the U.S. National Archives, which recovered them the next
day.[551] On November 14, Attorney General Merrick Garland appointed U.S. attorney John R. Lausch Jr.
to conduct an investigation.[552][553] On December 20, a second batch of classified documents was
discovered in the garage of Biden's Wilmington, Delaware residence.[554]

The findings broke news on January 9, 2023, after CBS News published an article on the Lausch
investigation.[551][555][556] On January 12, Garland appointed Robert K. Hur as special counsel to
investigate "possible unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or other records".[557] On
January 20, after a 13-hour consensual search by FBI investigators, six more items with classified markings
were recovered from Biden's Wilmington residence.[558] FBI agents searched Biden's home in Rehoboth
Beach on February 1 and collected papers and notes from his time as vice president, but did not find any
classified information.[559] On February 8, 2024, Hur concluded the special counsel investigation and
announced that no charges would be brought against Biden.[560]

Business activities
On January 11, 2023, the House of Representatives launched an investigative committee into the foreign
business activities of Biden's son, Hunter, and brother, James.[561] The committee's chair, Representative
James Comer, simultaneously investigated alleged corruption related to the Hunter Biden laptop
controversy.[562]
On September 12, House speaker Kevin McCarthy initiated a formal impeachment inquiry against Biden,
saying that the recent House investigations "paint a picture of corruption" by Biden and his
family.[563][564][565][566] Congressional investigations, most notably by the House Oversight committee,
have discovered no evidence of wrongdoing by Biden as of December 2023.[d] On December 13, 2023,
the House of Representatives voted 221–212 to formalize an impeachment inquiry into Biden.[571][572][573]

2024 presidential campaign

Ending months of speculation,[574][575] on April 25, 2023, Biden confirmed he would run for reelection as
president in the 2024 election, with Harris again as his running mate. The campaign launched four years to
the day after the start of his 2020 presidential campaign.[576] On the day of his announcement, a Gallup poll
found that Biden's approval rating was 37 percent. Most of those surveyed in the poll said the economy was
their biggest concern.[577] During his campaign, Biden has promoted higher economic growth and recovery
following the COVID-19 pandemic.[578][579] He has frequently stated his intention to "finish the job" as a
political rallying cry.[576][580][581]

2024 primaries
Biden was not on the ballot in the January 23 New Hampshire primary, but won it in a write-in campaign
with 63.8% of the vote. He had wanted South Carolina to be the first primary, and won that state on
February 3 with 96.2% of the vote.[582] Biden received 89.3% of the vote in Nevada and 81.1% of the vote
in Michigan, with "none of these candidates" and "uncommitted" coming in second in each state,
respectively. On March 5 ("Super Tuesday"), he won 15 of 16 primaries, netting 80% or more of the vote in
13 of them.[583][584] On March 12, he reached more than the 1,968 delegates needed to win the
Democratic nomination, becoming the presumptive nominee.[585][586]

Political positions
As a senator, Biden was regarded as a moderate Democrat.[587] As
a presidential nominee, Biden's platform was the most progressive
of any major party platform in history, although not within his
party's ideological vanguard.[588]

Biden says his positions are deeply influenced by Catholic social

teaching.[589][590][591]

According to political scientist Carlo Invernizzi Accetti, "it has Mikhail Gorbachev (right) being
become second nature to describe his politics with such ready-made introduced to President Obama by
labels as centrist or moderate." [592] Accetti says that Biden Joe Biden, March 2009. U.S.
ambassador to Russia Michael
represents an Americanized form of Christian democracy, taking
McFaul is pictured in the
positions characteristic of both the center-right and center-left.[592] background.
Biden has cited the Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain, credited
with starting the Christian democratic movement, as immensely
influential in his thinking.[593] Other analysts have likened his ideology to traditional liberalism, "a doctrine
of liberty, equality, justice and individual rights that relies, in the modern age, on a strong federal
government for enforcement".[594][595] Such analysts distinguish liberals, who believe in a regulated
market economy, from the left, who believe in greater economic
intervention or a command economy.[594][595] In 2022, journalist
Sasha Issenberg wrote that Biden's "most valuable political skill"
was "an innate compass for the ever-shifting mainstream of the
Democratic Party".[596]

Biden has proposed partially reversing the corporate tax cuts of the
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, saying that doing so would not hurt
businesses' ability to hire.[597][598] But he supports raising the
corporate tax only up to 28% from the 21% established in the 2017
bill, not back to 35%, the corporate tax rate until 2017.[599] He
voted for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)[600] Pope Francis (left) meets Joe Biden
and the Trans-Pacific Partnership. [601] Biden is a staunch supporter at the White House, September
of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). [602][603] He has promoted a 2015.
plan to expand and build upon it, paid for by revenue gained from
reversing some Trump administration tax cuts.[602] Biden's plan
aims to expand health insurance coverage to 97% of Americans, including by creating a public health
insurance option.[604]

Biden did not support national same-sex marriage rights while in the Senate and voted for the Defense of
Marriage Act,[605] but opposed proposals for constitutional amendments that would have banned same-sex
marriage nationwide.[606] Biden has supported same-sex marriage since 2012.[607][608]

As a senator, Biden forged deep relationships with police groups and was a chief proponent of a Police
Officer's Bill of Rights measure that police unions supported but police chiefs opposed.[609][610] In 2020,
Biden also ran on decriminalizing cannabis,[611] after advocating harsher penalties for drug use as a U.S.
senator.[612][613]

Biden believes action must be taken on global warming. As a senator, he co-sponsored the Boxer–Sanders
Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act, the most stringent climate bill in the United States Senate.[614]
Biden supports nature conservation. According to a report from the Center for American Progress, he broke
several records in this domain.[615] He took steps to protect Old-growth forests.[616] Biden opposes drilling
for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[617] He wants to achieve a carbon-free power sector in the
U.S. by 2035 and stop emissions completely by 2050.[618] His program includes reentering the Paris
Agreement, green building and more.[619] Biden supports environmental justice, including climate justice
and ocean justice,[620][621] and has taken steps to implement it.[622] A major step is increasing energy
efficiency, water efficiency and resilience to climate disasters in low-income houses for mitigate climate
change, reduce costs, improve health and safety.[623][624] Biden has called global temperature rise above
the 1.5 degree limit the "only existential threat humanity faces even more frightening than a nuclear
war".[625] Despite his clean energy policies and congressional Republicans characterizing them as a "War
on American Energy", domestic oil production reached a record high in October 2023.[626]

Biden has said the U.S. needs to "get tough" on China, calling it the "most serious competitor" that poses
challenges to the United States' "prosperity, security, and democratic values".[627][628] Biden has spoken
about human rights abuses in the Xinjiang region to the Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping,
pledging to sanction and commercially restrict Chinese government officials and entities who carry out
repression.[629][630]
Biden has said he is against regime change, but for providing non-military support to opposition
movements.[631] He opposed direct U.S. intervention in Libya,[632][232] voted against U.S. participation in
the Gulf War,[633] voted in favor of the Iraq War,[634] and supports a two-state solution in the Israeli–
Palestinian conflict.[635] Biden has pledged to end U.S. support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in
Yemen and to reevaluate the United States' relationship with Saudi Arabia.[273] Biden supports extending
the New START arms control treaty with Russia to limit the number of nuclear weapons deployed by both
sides.[636][637] In 2021, Biden officially recognized the Armenian genocide, becoming the first U.S.
president to do so.[638][e]

Biden has supported abortion rights throughout his presidency, though he personally opposes abortion
because of his Catholic faith.[641][642] In 2019, he said he supported Roe v. Wade and repealing the Hyde
Amendment.[643][644] After Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, he criticized near-total bans
on abortion access passed in a majority of Republican-controlled states,[645] and took measures to protect
abortion rights in the United States.[646] He has vowed to sign a bill codifying the protections of Roe into
federal law; such a bill passed the House in 2022, but was unable to clear the Senate filibuster.[647][648]

Public image
Biden was consistently ranked one of the least wealthy members of the Senate,[649][650] which he attributed
to his having been elected young.[651] Feeling that less-wealthy public officials may be tempted to accept
contributions in exchange for political favors, he proposed campaign finance reform measures during his
first term.[94] As of November 2009, Biden's net worth was $27,012.[652] By November 2020, the Bidens
were worth $9 million, largely due to sales of Biden's books and speaking fees after his vice
presidency.[653][654]

Political columnist David S. Broder wrote that Biden has grown over time:

He responds to real people—that's been consistent throughout. And his ability to understand
himself and deal with other politicians has gotten much, much better."[37]

Journalist James Traub has written that "Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as
generous toward others as he is to himself".[133] In recent years, especially after the 2015 death of his elder
son Beau, Biden has been noted for his empathetic nature and ability to communicate about grief.[655][656]
In 2020, CNN wrote that his presidential campaign aimed to make him "healer-in-chief", while The New
York Times described his extensive history of being called upon to give eulogies.[657]

Journalist and TV anchor Wolf Blitzer has called Biden loquacious;[658] journalist Mark Bowden has said
that he is famous for "talking too much", leaning in close "like an old pal with something urgent to tell
you".[300] He often deviates from prepared remarks[659] and sometimes "puts his foot in his
mouth".[169][660][661] Biden has a reputation for being prone to gaffes[662] and in 2018 called himself "a
gaffe machine".[663][664] The New York Times wrote that Biden's "weak filters make him capable of
blurting out pretty much anything."[169]

Joe Biden is the oldest sitting president in United States history.[665][666] During his presidency,
Republicans, Democrats, and pundits raised questions about Biden's cognitive health in reaction to his
publicized gaffes. Biden has repeatedly said that he is fit for the presidency.[667][668][669][670]
According to The New York Times, Biden often embellishes
elements of his life or exaggerates, a trait also noted by The New
Yorker in 2014.[671][672] For instance, he has claimed to have been
more active in the civil rights movement than he actually was, and
has falsely recalled being an excellent student who earned three
college degrees.[671] The Times wrote, "Mr. Biden's folksiness can
veer into folklore, with dates that don't quite add up and details that
are exaggerated or wrong, the factual edges shaved off to make
them more powerful for audiences."[672]

Job approval Joe Biden's 81st birthday cake

According to Morning Consult polling, Biden maintained an
approval rating above 50 percent in the first eight months of his
presidency. In August 2021, it began to decline, and it reached the low forties by December.[673] This was
attributed to the Afghanistan withdrawal, increasing hospitalizations from the Delta variant, high inflation
and gas prices, disarray within the Democratic Party, and a general decline in popularity customary in
politics.[674][675][676][677] According to Gallup, Biden averaged 41 percent approval in his second year in
office,[678] and 39.8 percent in his third year.[679]

In February 2021, Gallup, Inc. reported that 98 percent of Democrats approved of Biden.[680][681] As of
December 2023, that number had declined to 78 percent.[682] His approval rating among Republicans
reached a high of 12 percent in February 2021 and again in July 2021.[680]

Biden ended 2023 with a job approval rating of 39 percent, the lowest of any modern U.S. president after
three years in office.[682]

See also
2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
2020 United States presidential debates
Cabinet of Joe Biden
Electoral history of Joe Biden
List of awards and honors received by Joe Biden
List of things named after Joe Biden
Bibliography of Joe Biden

Notes
a. Biden held the chairmanship from January 3 to 20, then was succeeded by Jesse Helms
until June 6, and thereafter held the position until 2003.
b. Delaware's Democratic governor, Ruth Ann Minner, announced on November 24, 2008, that
she would appoint Biden's longtime senior adviser Ted Kaufman to succeed Biden in the
Senate.[183] Kaufman said he would serve only two years, until Delaware's special Senate
election in 2010.[183] Biden's son Beau ruled himself out of the 2008 selection process due
to his impending tour in Iraq with the Delaware Army National Guard.[184] He was a possible
 candidate for the 2010 special election, but in early 2010 said he would not run for the
seat.[185]
c. Kyrsten Sinema and Joe Manchin, whose seats were not up for election in 2022, left the
Democratic Party and became independent politicians in December 2022 and May 2024,
respectively. As a result, 47 Democrats (rather than 49), plus Angus King and Bernie
Sanders, independents who caucus with Democrats, were in the Senate of the 118th United
States Congress, on May 31, 2024. Manchin continues to caucus with Democrats while
Sinema has opted to caucus with neither party but to align with the Democrats, bringing the
Democratic Senate majority to 51 seats.[451][452][453]
d. Attributed to multiple sources:[567][568][569][570]
e. In 1981, President Ronald Reagan referred to the Armenian genocide in passing in a
statement regarding The Holocaust, but never made a formal declaration recognizing
it.[639][640]

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Works cited
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02690-0.
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s://[Link]/details/strangejusticese00maye). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-63318-2.
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Further reading
Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics ([Link]
[Link]/details/almanacofamerica00mich_0/). Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group.
ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0.
Levingston, Steven; Dyson, Michael (2019). Barack and Joe: The Making of an Extraordinary
Partnership ([Link] New York: Hachette
Books. ISBN 978-0-316-48788-7.
Moritz, Charles, ed. (1987). Current Biography Yearbook 1987. New York: H. W. Wilson
Company.
O'Toole, Fintan, "Eldest Statesmen", The New York Review of Books, vol. LXXI, no. 1
(January 18, 2024), pp. 17–19. "Biden's signature achievements as president [are] securing
large-scale investment in infrastructure and in the transition to a carbon-free economy... [But
t]here has been a relentless decline in absolute [economic] mobility from one generation to
the next..." (p. 18.) "With the promised bridge to a new generation as yet unbuilt, time is not
on Biden's side, or on the side of American democracy." (p. 19.)
Whipple, Chris (2023). The Fight of His Life: Inside Joe Biden's White House ([Link]
[Link]/books?id=1CWjEAAAQBAJ). New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-1-9821-0643-0.

External links

Official
President Joe Biden ([Link] official
website
Presidential campaign website ([Link]
Obama White House biography ([Link] (archived)

Biography ([Link] at the

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Financial information (federal office) ([Link] at the
Federal Election Commission
Legislation sponsored ([Link] at the
Library of Congress

Other
Appearances ([Link] on C-SPAN
Joe Biden ([Link]
Branch/President/Vice_President_Joe_Biden) at Curlie
 Joe Biden ([Link] at IMDb
Joe Biden ([Link]
[Link]) collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Joe Biden ([Link] at On the Issues
Joe Biden ([Link] at PolitiFact
Joe Biden ([Link] on X
Profile ([Link] at Vote Smart

Retrieved from "[Link]