ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
SHIRLY NICOLE YU BSN-1B
Tissues
- A group of specialized cells and extracellular
substances surrounding them
Histology
- Microscopic study of tissues
4 PRIMARY TYPES OF TISSUE
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
Epithelium
- Covers and protects surfaces, both outside and
inside the body
6 Characteristics:
Mostly composed of cells
Covers body surfaces
Distinct cell surface
Free/apical – surface that is
exposed
Lateral - where other epithelial are
attached
Basal – surface of cells anchored SIMPLE EPITHELIUM TABLE pg. 89
in place (basal surface); where
basal surface is attached Cell Layers and Cell Shapes
(basement membrane) - number of cell layers and shape of the cells
Cell and matrix connections reflect the function of epithelium.
Nonvascular
Example:
Regeneration
Simple-organs that move materials (lungs,
kidneys, glands, intestines)
5 Major functions:
Stratified- protection
Protecting underlying structures Stratified squamous- parts where abrasion can
Acting as a barrier occur (skin, anal canal, vagina)
Permitting the passage of substances
Secreting substances Flat and thin cells-diffusion
Absorbing substances Cuboidal or columnar-secretion/absorption
3 TYPES OF EPITHELIUM BASED ON THEIR Free Surfaces (Apical/Upper)
IDEALIZED SHAPES - not in contact with other cells and faces away
from underlying tissues.
Squamous
- flat or scalelike Smooth- reduces friction
Cuboidal (cubelike) Microvilli- increase surface area for secretion and
- cube shaped absorption.
Columnar Cilia-move materials across the surface
- taller than they are wide
CELL CONNECTIONS
Desmosomes
- mechanical links that bind cells together
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
SHIRLY NICOLE YU BSN-1B
Hemidesmosomes
- anchor cells to the basement membrane
Tight junctions
- bind adjacent cells together and form
permeability barrier
Gap junctions
- small channels that allow small molecules and
ions to pass from one epithelial cell to an
adjacent one
Glands
- an organ which produces and releases
substances that perform a specific function in
the body
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Bind structures together, form framework and
support for organs
- Group of tissues in the body that maintain the
form of the body and its organs and provide
cohesion and internal support.
Functions:
enclosing and separating other tissues
connecting tissues to one another
supporting and moving parts of the
body
storing compounds
cushioning and insulating
transporting
protecting
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
SHIRLY NICOLE YU BSN-1B
TABLE pg. 98 – 101 Tissue membrane
- thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a
MUSCLE TISSUE structure or lines a cavity.
- allows for active movement of the body or 4 TISSUE MEMBRANES:
materials within the body
- Main function is to contract, or shorten, Skin
making movement possible - also called cutaneous membrane
3 TYPES: - external tissue membrane
Mucous
Skeletal - line cavities open to the outside of the body,
Cardiac such as the digestive, respiratory, reproductive
Smooth tracts
TABLE pg. 104 – 105 - for protection, absorption and secretion
Serous
NERVOUS TISSUE - line cavities do not open to the exterior of the
- forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves body, such as the pericardial, pleural
- responsible for coordinating and controlling Synovial
many body activities - line in the cavities of freely movable joints
TISSUE DAMAGE & INFLAMMATION
Inflammation
- occurs when tissues are damaged
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
SHIRLY NICOLE YU BSN-1B
Tissue Repair
- ubstitution of viable cells for dead cells. It can
occur by regeneration or fibrosis
Regeneration
- new cells are the same type as those that were
destroyed and normal function is usually
restored
Fibrosis
- new type of tissue develops that eventually
causes scar production and the loss of some
tissue function
EFFECTS OF AGING ON TISSUES
Age-related changes:
Cells divide more slowly
Rate of RBC synthesis declines
Collagen fibers become more irregular in
structure
Elastic connective tissues become less elastic
(wrinkling of the skin)
Walls of arteries become less elastic
(atherosclerosis)
