CHAPTER-7

HUMAN COMMUNITIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT:

•POPULATION GROWTH refers to the change in the population over time.
•DEMOGRAPHY is the study of human populations,which has various connected
issues like
1.fertility
2.mortality
3.migration
4.public health
5.work
6.family
7.family planning
•POPULATION EXPLOSION
DEFINE:
Population explosion refers to a rapid increase in the number of people in a
specific area.
IMPORTANT POINTS:
•It is caused by a high birth rate and a decrease in mortality rate.
•It is more common in developing countries.
•It can lead to a number of problems, including poverty, hunger, environmental
degradation, and social unrest.
•The main reason of world’s population changes is the TRANSFORMATION IN
BIRTH AND DEATH RATES.
•The world’s population is unevenly distributed in 233 countries across the
globe and most of the population lives in few countries.
•MOST POPULATED COUNTRIES:
1.USA
2.PAKISTAN
3.NIGERIA
4.JAPAN
5.INDONESIA
6.BRAZIL
7.BANGLADESH
8.RUSSIA
•THE IMPROVEMENTS IN HEALTH CARE AND SANITATION AROUND THE
WORLD let to decline in death rates.
•Small differences in the trajectory of fertility have major consequences for
1.population size
2.structure
3.distribution in the long run
EASY EXPLANATION:
Imagine a town. A small change in how many babies are born each year can
mean:
•More or Fewer People:
A few extra babies each year adds up to a much bigger town in the future.
•Younger or Older Town:
More babies means a younger town with lots of kids. Fewer babies means an
older town with more grown-ups.
Where People Live:
If babies are mostly born in one part of town, that area gets more crowded over
time.
•THE SIZE OF POPULATION AND ITS RATE OF GROWTH are the major factors
leading to ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND RAPID DEPLETION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES.
REASONS FOR UNEVEN SPREAD OF POPULATION:
•There are some regions that are densely populated while others are sparely
populated.
•REASONS:
1.climate
2.terrain
3.work
4.resources
Etc
1.CLIMATE:
•it is important in influencing population
•Of all the climatic factors RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE play the most
important role in determining the population of an area.
•EXTREMES OF CLIMATE discourage the concentration of population.
EXAMPLE:
Extreme cold climate of Himalayas and extreme hot and dry climate of the thar
desert.
The sahara desert has a low population due to dry and hot climate.
•MODERATE CLIMATE is favourable for the population.
EXAMPLE:
West Europe,Mediterranean countries are populated due to favourable climatic
conditions.
•Countries with extreme hot or cold and extremely wet remain sparsely
populated.
EXAMPLE:
The Himalayan mountains has less population because COLD CLIMATE TENDS
TO DISCOURAGE CONCENTRATION OF POPULATION.

AVAILABILITY OF WATER:
•It plays a significant role in determining the population of a given area.
•WATER is the basic necessity for several purposes including
1.irrigation
2.industries
3.transport
4.domestic affairs
•RIVERS are the main source of fresh drinkable water.
•So most of the population are concentrated in the river valley.
•THE LARGE AND GROWING POPULATION IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD
is a major cause of environmental destruction.
EXAMPLE:
POVERTY contribute to unsustainable levels of resources to meet short term
sustainable needs.
EXPLANATION:
Imagine being really hungry. All you can think about is getting food now, even if
it means grabbing the nearest thing. That's kind of how poverty works with
resources.
People in poverty need things to survive right away, like food, water, and a
place to stay. They might have to cut down trees for firewood or use whatever
they can find to get by. This can hurt the environment in the long run, but they
don't have the luxury to wait.The problem is, using things up too fast hurts
everyone in the end. There's less wood for everyone, and the environment
suffers. To break this cycle, we need to help people in poverty so they don't
have to take from the environment just to survive. This way, everyone can have
what they need without hurting the Earth.
UNSUSTAINABLE LEVELS OF RESOURCES:
Imagine you have a giant piggy bank full of goodies - things we need like water,
trees, and fish. If we keep grabbing handfuls without putting any back in,
eventually the piggy bank will be empty. That's what unsustainable resource
use is like. We're using things up way faster than they can come back. This can
lead to problems like:
-No more goodies! We run out of important resources.
-A messy piggy bank! Pollution and environmental damage.
-Unhappy people! Shortages can cause fights and problems.
The key is to use our goodies wisely, put some back when we can, and find
ways to get more without breaking the piggy bank!
•HIGH LEVELS OF INCOME leads to misappropriate consumption of energy and
production of waste are reasons that exert tremendous pressure on
environment.
•POPULATION PRESSURE HAS OUTSTRIPPED THE COUNTRY’S CAPACITY TO
COPE.

IMPACT OF GROWING POPULATION ON ENVIRONMENT,HUMAN HEALTH

AND WELFARE:
•Population has a deep impact on environment and issues.
EXAMPLE:
1.POPULATION EXPLOSION has put an increasing demand on earth and its
resources.
2.HEALTH ISSUES are closely related to population growth.
3.DETERIORATION OF QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT is a major reason of decline
in human health and various diseases gripping the humanity. environmental
degradation is a major reason why people are getting sick more often, and
these health problems are affecting a large number of people around the world.
•ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH is the branch of public health concerned with all
aspects of the natural and built environment affecting human health.It's
basically studying how the world around us impacts our well-being.
•Forces and conditions in the surroundings of man exert an influence on man’s
health and well being.
•According to WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION:
Health is a state of complete physical,mental and social well being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
•The status of man’s health represents the the result of interactions between
HIS INTERNAL BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM AND THE TOTAL EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT SYSTEM.
•The environment is both NATURAL AND MODIFIED BY MAN’S WORK AND
PRESENCE.
•MANMADE ENVIRONMENT INCLUDES:
1.illness
2.pollution
3.stress
4.overcrowding
5.isolation
6.vibrations
7.radiations
•EXCESSIVE POLLUTION OF AIR leads to disease and death.
•COMMUNICABLE DISEASES can be transmitted directly from one person to
other by direct contact, by use of contaminated water for drinking etc.
•THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION is directly related to the QUALITY
OF ENVIRONMENT.
•Nations with middle and low development stage exert pressure on the
environment because of INCREASING RESOURCE CONSUMPTION.
•The countries at high developmental stages also leads to unbalanced
consumption of energy and production of waste.
•This pressure can be reduced with IMPROVED TECHNOLOGIES and ENERGY
SUFFICIENCY.
•ROLE OF RESEARCHERS AND POLICY MAKERS:
-The right to a healthy environment is an obligation as well as responsibility.
-Healthy environment means that no individual or entity, whether government
or business should endanger the environment to the extenthat it reduces the
ecological sustainability of the natural resources, including the air, land or
water.
ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY:
It refers to using natural resources (like air, water, land, forests) in a way that
we can keep using them for a long time, without them running out or getting too
damaged.
-An adjoining duty with the right is to protect the environment and its resources
for the future generations.
-The demographic changes have a deep influence on the environment and
growing population leads to environmental decline. High consumption and
production trends in the developed nations have impact on environment as well.
-So, consumption pattern and population size, both have to be incorporated in
the policy making. There is a need to create an integrated programme involving
the population, natural resources, economic development and environmental
protection and conservation.

RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION OF PROJECT AFFECTED

PERSONS:
•the construction of dams has connected ecological hazards and a deep impact
on livelihood of people.
For example, the displaced, environmentalists and human rights activists have
opposed megaprojects like Narmada or Tehri. In the protest agains! the Tehri
Dam in Garhwal, the questions of rehabilitation and other environmental issues
related to the dams have been raised. The VISHNUPRAYAG HYDROELECTRIC
PROJECT poses a danger to the fragile ecosystem of the valley of flowers. The
Silent Valley Project has been dropped because people opposed it because of
its impact.
THE TEHRI DAM-CASE STUDY:
•It is conceptualised as one of the highest dams of the world on two Himalayan
rivers BHAGIRATHI and BHILANGANA and was expected to yield benefits to the
society.
People opposed it because of the religious belief for they considered Bhagirathi
a sacred river and constructing a dam would harm the holy places on the banks
of the river downstream.

~In 1965,the union minister of India,SHRI KL RAO visited the place and the local
people demonstrated their stiff opposition to the construction of dam.
~In 1973,the communist party of India organised an agitation to attract the
attention of the government for the cause.
~ Despite all this, when in 1972 the Planning Commission gave its approval, 35
Goan Sabhas ni the Tehri district passed a joint resolution to oppose the
project. The Utar Pradesh Government went ahead with the project despite of
opposition from all quarters.
EFFECTS:
The construction affected one town which was TEHRI- 37 villages fully and 88
villages partially.The number of families affected fully in the urban areas were
5291 and in rural areas 4278 families were affected partially.To provide
employment to even one person from every family to this large number was a
difficult task.
EFFORTS OF TEHRI BANDH VIRODHI SANGHARSH SAMITI(TBVSS)
~it was constituted in January 1978,it launched an organised struggle against
the campaign. the diversion of the Bhagirathi River to make way for the
construction of the Tehri Dam. This action by the government upset some
people who felt it would harm the environment.
~SATYAGRAHA MOVEMENT and the mass protests were there in which old
women also participated.
REHABILITATION PLAN:
~ The Rehabilitation Plan has been broadly divided into Rural Rehabilitation and
Urban Rehabilitation. Affected families under Rural Rehabilitation are
categorised as "Fully affected" or "Partially affected". The families whose 50%
or more land is being acquired are treated as Fully Affected. Those families
whose less than 50% land is coming under submergence are categorised as
"Partially Affected". In case of Urban population of Tehri Town, all 5291 families
living in the Town as on the cut-off date of 06.06.1985, are treated as fully
affected.
Under Rural Rehabilitation, there are 5429 Fully Affected families due to Tehri
Dam, which are to be rehabilitated. Another 3810 rural families are Partially
Affected and are not going to be displaced; they would be paid cash
compensation for their land under submergence.
PRINCIPLES THAT SHAPED REHABILITATION PLAN:
● People losing rural homes get new land or money to choose from.
● They'll be moved together to keep their communities strong.
● They get a say in where they're relocated
● They can pick the spot they like best, if possible.
● New places will have things they need, even if their old ones didn't.

REHABILITATION PROBLEM:
•The displacement of human population is always traumatic.The large scale
migration of people cannot be justified in money values.
•A good rehabilitation policy should not make anybody worse off and should be
displaced of with adequate compensation for sacrifice made for the national
cause.
CRITICISMS:
•LAND DOWNGRADE:
The people displaced by the dam were supposed to get new land as
compensation, but it turned out to be a bad swap. This new land was of poorer
quality, less fertile, and already facing issues due to nearby cities growing and
more tourists visiting the area.
•SCATTERED COMMUNITIES:
The relocations weren't done considering the social bonds between people.
Instead of moving entire villages together, families were separated and
relocated individually. This disrupted their close-knit communities and support
systems.
•UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF MONEY:
Not everyone received land as compensation. Some were offered money
instead, but the amount wasn't enough to buy new land of comparable quality
or rebuild their lives elsewhere.
•BROKEN PROMISE:
The whole plan was supposed to follow the "land for land" principle. This
means people losing their land due to a project should be given new land that's
just as good. Unfortunately, in this case, that promise wasn't kept.
MISCALCULATION OF PEOPLE AFFECTED:
The authorities significantly underestimated the number of villages that would
be submerged by the dam reservoir. This resulted in many people being left out
of the relocation plans, causing hardship and uncertainty.
LACK OF COMMUNICATION:
The displaced communities, which included tribal groups, scheduled castes,
and indigenous people, weren't properly informed about their rights or the
resettlement options available to them. This lack of communication left them
feeling disoriented and powerless.
IGNORING CULTURAL HERITAGE:
The dam project focused solely on engineering considerations without giving
proper regard to the potential impact on historical and religious sites. These
sites held significant cultural value for the communities being displaced.
INADEQUATE COMPENSATION:
The compensation provided for houses and other property was based on the
current depreciated value, rather than the cost of rebuilding elsewhere. This
meant people couldn't afford to replace their homes, causing financial hardship
on top of the emotional stress of relocation.

•Suspension of dams took place in 1990.

DISASTERS:
•It is a sudden,shocking event bringing great damage,loss and destruction and
devastation to life and property.
•It influences the mental,socio-economic,political and cultural state of the
affected area.
•A disaster whether natural or human induced,is an event which results in
widespread human loss.
•INDIA is one of the most vulnerable developing countries to suffer from
various disasters.
TYPES:
There are two types of disasters:
1.NATURAL DISASTERS:
•It is caused by a natural hazard(Natural hazards refer to naturally occurring
physical phenomena that can have adverse effects on human life, property, and
the environment).
EXAMPLES:
•2015 earthquake in Nepal
•2013 Kedarnath flash floods and landslides
•2008 earthquake in china
a).FLOODS:
Flood is natural as well as manmade disaster which affects human habitation
Over large areas causing loss of lives and property.It is an overflow of a large
amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially over dry land.It is result of
long period of heavy rainfall, from overflowing rivers, sudden cloud burst, from
sudden melting of snow, cyclone, dam collapse etc.
•Floods damage crops,property and also life.
•Homes are destroyed making people homeless
•Erodes soil and it may also lead to famine.
FLOOD AWARENESS:
Stay Informed:
During flood season or heavy rain events, tune in to local radio or TV stations
for flood warnings and updates. These broadcasts will provide crucial
information about affected areas, evacuation orders, and potential dangers.
•Have an Escape Plan:
Don't wait until a flood is imminent! Identify higher ground locations in your
community beforehand. This could be a designated evacuation shelter, a friend
or family member's house on higher ground, or even a specific hill or rise in
your neighborhood. Having a pre-determined escape route will save valuable
time during a flood emergency.
•Build Dams Responsibly:
Before constructing large dams, authorities should conduct thorough flood risk
assessments. This involves analyzing historical flood data, potential water flow
patterns, and the overall impact on surrounding areas. Building dams in high-
risk flood zones can worsen flooding downstream, so careful planning is
crucial.
•Manage Water Flow:
Large reservoirs built strategically on major rivers can play a significant role in
flood control. These reservoirs act like giant holding tanks, capturing excess
water during heavy rains and releasing it gradually to prevent rivers from
overflowing. This helps regulate water flow and reduces the risk of flooding in
downstream communities.

EARTHQUAKE:
•Tremors and vibrations in the crust of the earth are called earihquakes. An
earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden
release of energy in the earth's crust that creates seismic waves.
•Earthquakes are measured with a SEISMOMETER, device which also records is
known as a SEISMOGRAPH.
•Smaller earthquakes (magnitude 3 or lower) are usually too weak to
feel.Larger earthquakes (magnitude 7+) can cause serious damage over wide
areas
•earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust [1].
This can happen due to the movement of tectonic plates, which are large slabs
of rock that make up the Earth's surface. When these plates move, they can
grind together or slip past each other. This movement can cause the rocks to
break and release energy, which creates seismic waves. Seismic waves travel
through the Earth's crust and cause the ground to shake.
CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES:
1. CRUSTAL INSTABILITY:
is caused by the movement of tectonic plates, which grind together or slip past
each other, causing rocks to break and release energy as seismic waves that
shake the ground.
2. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS:
Volcanic eruptions happen when MOLTEN ROCK(MAGMA) from Earth's interior
erupts onto the surface as lava. PLATE TECTONICS are the main culprit. When
TECTONICS PLATES move apart, MAGMA fills the gap, sometimes forming
volcanoes. When plates collide, one plate can sink under the other, causing it to
melt and rise as magma, eventually erupting.
IMPACTS OF EARTHQUAKE:
•Big earthquake on ground like big shove. Shove can cause:
1.Rocks fall down (landslides)
2.Snow fall down (avalanches)
3.Big waves in ocean (tsunamis)
4.River blockage and floods
•Means of transport are interrupted, due to the damage to roads and twisting of
railway lines.
• It may damage large dams, power installations and even nuclear power plants.
•May also damage underground wires,pipelines and water systems
•Daily life gets affected.

c).CYCLONES:
Big storms called cyclones bring wild winds, heavy rain, and dark clouds.
Depending on where they are, they have different names. In the Bay of Bengal,
it's a depression. Watch out for hurricanes in the Caribbean, willy-willies in
Australia, and typhoons in China. These storms can be very dangerous because
of the strong winds, flooding rain, and giant waves they cause. If a big cyclone
is coming, stay inside and listen to the news for updates.
d).LANDSLIDES:
Landslides are like big piles of dirt or rocks on a hill that slide down.
There are two main reasons why landslides happen:
Too much rain: When it rains a lot, the ground gets very wet and heavy. This
extra weight can make the dirt and rocks on a hill too heavy to hold onto the
slope, and they start to slide down.
Shaky ground:
Sometimes, earthquakes or other things can shake the ground, making the dirt
and rocks loose. When this happens, they're more likely to slide down the hill in
a landslide.
•Mountains:
Rain makes the ground heavy, and mountains are already steep.
•Rivers and beaches:
The water can slowly eat away at the bottom of hills, making them weak.

2.MANMADE DISASTERS:
•Man-made disasters, unlike natural disasters, are caused by human actions or
errors. They can be intentional, like terrorism, or unintentional, like industrial
accidents. These disasters can disrupt communities and cause harm, ranging
from technological failures to environmental damage and public health
emergencies.
•Serious destruction caused by humans affects the human being and the socio
economic conditions of that area.
EXAMPLES:
1.1984 gas tragedy
2.2008-serial blast in Mumbai

DISASTER MANAGEMENT:
Disaster management is all about taking steps to reduce the harm caused by
emergencies. It's like preparing your home for a storm by putting up shutters,
having flashlights on hand, and knowing where to go if you need to evacuate.
But it goes beyond just bad weather. Disaster management also involves
planning for things like earthquakes, floods, or even technological accidents.
The goal is to minimize loss of life, property damage, and disruption to
communities by being prepared, responding effectively during the disaster, and
then helping rebuild afterwards.
WAYS TO MINIMISE IT:
•Early warning systems:
By using weather forecasting and early warning systems, people can be alerted
to potential disasters and take steps to stay safe.
•Spreading awareness:
Educating people about disasters and how to prepare for them can help to
reduce loss of life and property.
Space technology: Satellites and other space-based technologies can be used
to monitor weather patterns and track disasters as they develop.
•Effective planning and evacuation procedures:
Having a plan in place for how to evacuate an area in the event of a disaster can
help to save lives.
Cooperation with rescue teams:
Working together with rescue teams after a disaster can help to ensure that
everyone gets the help they need.

DIFFERENT PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT:

•Help Right Away (Response):
This is when people take action immediately after a disaster to save lives and
provide basic needs like food and shelter.
•Get Back to Normal (Recovery):
This involves fixing things that were damaged and helping communities rebuild
after the disaster.
•Prevent Future Disasters (Mitigation):
This means taking steps to lessen the impact of future disasters, such as
building stronger buildings or planting trees to prevent soil erosion.
Preparedness:
It involves taking actions beforehand to enable communities, individuals and
governments to respond effectively when a disaster hits.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT DURING EARTHQUAKE:

TIPS TO BE SAFE:
•Go under a study table or any other furniture.
•Move away from heavy unsecured objects like windows,mirrors and
bookcases.
•Never use lift
•If outdoors,move into open,away from buildings,streetlights and utility wires.
•Listen to mobile radio for updates.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT DURING FLOODS:

Flood Disaster Management: A Comprehensive Approach
Floods are a force of nature, but that doesn't mean we're powerless against
them. By taking a comprehensive approach to flood disaster management, we
can significantly reduce the risk of death, injury, and property damage. Here's a
breakdown of the key phases:
•Preparation (Before the Flood):
Know Your Risk:
Identify your flood risk by checking flood plain maps and historical data. This
will help you determine if you need to take preventative measures for your
property.
Develop a Family Plan:
Create a communication plan for your family in case you get separated during a
flood. Discuss evacuation routes, designate a meeting place outside the flood
zone, and choose an out-of-town contact person.
Assemble an Emergency Kit:
Prepare a disaster preparedness kit that includes non-perishable food, bottled
water, first-aid supplies, medications, sanitation items, a flashlight, a battery-
powered radio, and a whistle.
Flood-Proofing Your Home:
Take steps to minimize water damage if your home is at risk. Elevate important
utilities like furnaces and electrical panels. Seal basement walls and doorways
to prevent water seepage. Consider installing check valves to prevent sewage
backups.
Community Preparedness:
Stay informed about your community's flood warning systems and evacuation
plans. Participate in community drills and preparedness exercises.
•Response (During the Flood):
Follow Evacuation Orders:
If a flood warning is issued for your area and evacuation orders are given, leave
immediately. Don't wait until the floodwaters rise. Time is critical.
Stay Informed:
Monitor weather reports and updates from emergency services. Use a battery-
powered radio or NOAA weather radio if the power goes out.
Avoid Floodwaters:
Floodwaters are dangerous and can be contaminated. They can contain raw
sewage, debris, and electrical hazards. Never drive through flooded roads or
attempt to walk through moving water.
Turn Off Utilities:
If safe to do so, turn off electricity, gas, and water at the main valves or
switches. This will prevent fires and electrical hazards after the floodwaters
recede.
RECOVERY (AFTER THE FLOOD)
•Wait for Clearance:
Don't return home until authorities declare it safe. Floodwaters may have
caused structural damage and hidden hazards.
Safety First:
Inspect your home thoroughly for structural damage, electrical hazards, and
gas leaks before entering. Wear protective clothing, including gloves and boots,
when cleaning up.
•Document the Damage:
Take photographs and videos of the damage to your property for insurance
purposes.
•Contact Your Insurance Company:
File a flood damage claim with your insurance company as soon as possible.
Community Recovery:
hable food, bottled water, first-aid supplies, medications, sanitation items, a
flashlight, a battery-powered radio, and a whistle.
•Flood-Proofing Your Home:
Take steps to minimize water damage if your home is at risk. Elevate important
utilities like furnaces and electrical panels. Seal basement walls and doorways
to prevent water seepage. Consider installing check valves to prevent sewage
backups.
•Community Preparedness:Stay informed about your community's flood
warning systems and evacuation plans. Participate in community drills and
preparedness exercises.
•Response (During the Flood):
Follow Evacuation Orders:
If a flood warning is issued for your area and evacuation orders are given, leave
immediately. Don't wait until the floodwaters rise. Time is critical.
Stay Informed:
Monitor weather reports and updates from emergency services. Use a battery-
powered radio or NOAA weather radio if the power goes out.
Avoid Floodwaters:
Floodwaters are dangerous and can be contaminated. They can contain raw
sewage, debris, and electrical hazards. Never drive through flooded roads or
attempt to walk through moving water.
•Turn Off Utilities:
If safe to do so, turn off electricity, gas, and water at the main valves or
switches. This will prevent fires and electrical hazards after the floodwaters
recede.
•Recovery (After the Flood):
•Wait for Clearance:
Don't return home until authorities declare it safe. Floodwaters may have
caused structural damage and hidden hazards.
•Safety First:
Inspect your home thoroughly for structural damage, electrical hazards, and
gas leaks before entering. Wear protective clothing, including gloves and boots,
when cleaning up.
•Document the Damage:
Take photographs and videos of the damage to your property for insurance
purposes.
•Contact Your Insurance Company:
File a flood damage claim with your insurance company as soon as possible.
•Community Recovery:
Once your home is safe, assist others in your community with cleanup and
recovery efforts when it's safe to do so.
•Additional Considerations:
•Flood Control Measures:
Levees, dams, and retention ponds can help regulate water flow and reduce
flood risks in some areas.
Land-Use Planning:
Smart development practices can minimize flood risks. This includes avoiding
building in floodplains and using natural drainage systems.
•Public Awareness:
Community education programs can help individuals understand flood risks and
prepare for emergencies.

By following these steps and working together as a community, we can

significantly reduce the devastating impact of floods and ensure a faster
recovery process. Once your home is safe, assist others in your community with
cleanup and recovery efforts when it's safe to do so.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT DURING LANDSLIDES:

Landslides are dangerous events triggered by heavy rain, earthquakes, or other
factors that destabilize slopes. Luckily, there are steps to take before, during,
and after a landslide to stay safe and minimize damage.
Before a landslide:
•Preparation is key:
Living in a landslide-prone area necessitates preparedness. Familiarize yourself
with escape routes and designated shelters.
•Hazard mapping:
Understand your vulnerability. Look for landslide hazard maps from your local
authorities to identify risky areas.
•Early warning systems:
Many areas have early warning systems for landslides. Register to receive
alerts and warnings.
•Mitigation strategies:
If you live on a slope, consider mitigation strategies like proper drainage
systems or retaining walls. Plant trees and avoid disturbing the soil.
During a landslide:
•Evacuate if instructed:
Don't hesitate to evacuate if authorities issue warnings. Time is of the essence
during a landslide.
•Seek higher ground:
If evacuation is not possible, move to higher ground away from the path of the
landslide.
Protect yourself indoors:
If you can't escape outdoors, find cover under a sturdy object indoors and stay
away from windows and doors.
After a landslide:
•Stay away:
Avoid the landslide area. There might be chances of further landslides and
dangers from damaged structures or utilities.
•Check for injured people:
Help those who are injured but avoid moving seriously injured people unless
they are in immediate danger.
•Call for help:
Contact emergency services as soon as it's safe.
•Report damages:
Report broken utility lines or damaged roads to the authorities.
•Beware of flooding:
Landslides can often trigger flash floods. Be aware of the possibility of flooding
and take precautions.

Remember, the best course of action depends on the specific situation. Stay
alert, listen to official instructions, and prioritize your safety.

ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS:
•Environmental damage:
The text highlights deforestation, pollution, and animal slaughter as threats to
the Earth's health.
•Industrialisation impact:
Rapid industrialization and commercialisation are blamed for neglecting
environmental concerns and exploiting resources.
•Grassroots movements:
The text emphasizes the importance of environmental movements as a
response to these issues. These movements fight for sustainability, justice, and
environmental protection.
•Protest as a tool:
Protests, demonstrations, and hunger strikes are mentioned as methods used
by these movements to raise awareness.
•Sunderlal Bahuguna's quote:
The environmentalist Sunderlal Bahuguna sees these movements as a beacon
of hope.
•Tehri Dam protest:
The image concludes with a message against the Tehri Dam project,
highlighting the potential destruction of mountains and displacement of people.
•There have been environmental movements in India focused on various issues,
including water pollution, deforestation, and the preservation of heritage sites.
•The movements have also protested against dams, which can displace people
and harm ecosystems.
•Some of the well-known environmentalists mentioned in the text include
Medha Patkar, who is known for her work with the Narmada Bachao Andolan
movement, and Vandana Shiva, who is an activist who focuses on issues like
biodiversity and seed preservation.
•Movements have been influenced by the philosophies of Vinoba Bhave and Jai
Prakash Narayan. Vinoba Bhave was a leader in the Indian independence
movement and advocated for nonviolent resistance and social justice. Jai
Prakash Narayan was a socialist leader who fought for social equality and
economic democracy.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS:
The environmental movements increase awareness on conservation and are
worried with development and depletion of resources.
•Social justice and sustainability:
They focus on how environmental issues affect people and promote practices
that benefit both the environment and society.
•Protection of nature:
They oppose activities that harm ecosystems and wildlife habitats.
•Grassroots activism:
They are often led by people directly impacted by environmental problems.
•Peaceful protests:
They use non-violent methods to raise awareness and pressure for change.
•Media attention:
They attract media attention to bring environmental issues to light.
TYPES OF PROTEST:

describes different protest methods used by environmental movements in

India. Here are the ones mentioned:
Protests and demonstrations:
Large gatherings of people to publicly express opposition to an environmental
issue.
Roadblocks:
Blocking roads to disrupt traffic and draw attention to a cause.
Strikes:
Workers stopping work to protest environmental practices of their companies
or the government.
Arrests:
Getting deliberately arrested to bring attention to an issue.
Public protests:
Large-scale demonstrations to raise awareness.
Suicidal fasts:
Threatening or carrying out a hunger strike to the point of death as a last resort
to pressure for change.
The text also mentions some specific examples of these protests, like the
Narmada Bachao Andolan movement’s use of Jal Samadhis (sitting in water
bodies) to protest dam construction on the Narmada River.
•Protests like hugging trees (Chipko) and sitting in rivers (Narmada Bachao
Andolan) showed people the importance of protecting nature. Planting trees
(Save the...) and stopping bad farming (Mannu Rakshna Koota) helped too.
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTS:
three types of environmental movements:
Land related protests
Water related protests
Animal related activism
Land related protests:
are typically focused on issues such as waste land management practices,
mechanized farming, use of minor forest produce, and plantation of trees. An
example of a land related protest movement is the Chipko movement, which
was a nonviolent protest movement in India against the cutting down of trees.
Water related protests:
are typically focused on issues such as the rights of fishermen and the conflict
over dams.
Animal related activism:
is typically focused on issues such as the rights of animals in circuses, the
entertainment industry, slaughterhouses, and laboratory vivisection.
ENVIRONMENTAL CASES:
1. Chipko Movement (1970s)
* A nonviolent movement in India that emerged in the early 1970s to protect
trees and forests from deforestation.
* Villagers, particularly women, played a central role in the movement, famously
hugging trees (chipko means "to cling" in Hindi) to prevent them from being cut
down.
* The movement raised awareness about the ecological importance of forests
and led to changes in government forest policies.
2. Appiko Movement (Not a known environmental movement)
The Appiko Movement was an Indian environmental movement that began in the
Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka in the Western Ghats in 1983. The Appiko
movement was a southern version of the Chipko movement, which began in the
Garhwal Himalayan region of Uttarakhand in 1973.
3. Silent Valley Movement (1970s)
* A successful environmental campaign in India that prevented the construction
of a hydroelectric dam in the Silent Valley, a biodiverse rainforest ecosystem in
Kerala.
* The movement, led by scientist M.K. Prasad and writer K.L. Meena,
highlighted the importance of biodiversity conservation and the potential
ecological devastation caused by the dam project.
* The Silent Valley was ultimately declared a national park in 1985.
4. Narmada Bachao Andolan (1980s-present)
* A social and environmental justice movement in India against the construction
of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River.
* The movement, led by Medha Patkar and others, raised concerns about the
displacement of indigenous communities, environmental damage, and
economic hardship caused by the dam project.
* The movement has had a mixed impact, with some displacement and
environmental issues persisting, but it also led to increased public scrutiny of
large dam projects and secured some compensation and rehabilitation
measures for affected communities.
5. Tehri Dam (1980s-present):
* A large hydroelectric dam project on the Bhagirathi River in Uttarakhand,
India.
* The project has been controversial due to concerns about its environmental
impact, including deforestation, geological instability, and displacement of
people.
* The Supreme Court of India has placed restrictions on the project's height,
and there have been ongoing legal challenges and protests.
6. Chilika Movement (1990s-present)
* A movement to protect the Chilika Lake, Asia's largest brackish water lagoon,
located in Odisha, India.
* The movement addresses threats such as pollution from industrial effluents,
encroachment for prawn cultivation, and overfishing.
* The movement has led to conservation efforts, including the designation of
the lake as a Ramsar site (a wetland of international importance) and the
establishment of the Chilika Development Authority.
7. Other Environmental Issues
* There are numerous other environmental issues that have spawned
movements around the world, including:
* Climate change activism (e.g., Fridays for Future)
* Anti-pollution movements (e.g., movements against air and water pollution)
* Sustainable development movements (e.g., promoting renewable energy
and responsible resource use)
* Wildlife conservation movements (e.g., protecting endangered species and
their habitats)
8. Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
* A legal tool in India that allows any citizen to file a lawsuit in the public
interest to protect environmental rights.
* PILs have been instrumental in raising awareness of environmental issues and
prompting government action on environmental protection.
* Some notable examples of PILs in India include those related to the Narmada
Bachao Andolan and the cleaning of the Ganges River.
These environmental movements and public interest litigation have played a
crucial role in raising awareness, promoting conservation efforts, and
influencing environmental policies in India and around the world.
EXAMPLES OF PIL:
The examples show how PIL empowers action on environmental issues. Court
orders protected the Taj Mahal, reduced air pollution in NCR, and led to
closures of polluting industries.

THE BISHNOIS OF RAJASTHAN:

DEFENDERS OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
The Bishnois of Rajasthan are a fascinating religious sect with a rich history and
an unwavering dedication to environmentalism. Founded in the 15th century by
Guru Jambheshwar, their faith centers around 29 core principles, with non-
violence towards all living beings as a cornerstone. This philosophy permeates
every aspect of Bishnoi life, fostering a deep respect for nature and a
commitment to sustainable practices.
Traditionally, Bishnois live a simple life in harmony with their surroundings.
Vegetarianism is a core tenet, reflecting their belief in the sanctity of all life.
They favor natural fabrics like cotton and wool, minimizing their ecological
footprint. Resourcefulness is another key aspect of the Bishnoi way of life. They
rely on locally available materials for their needs, minimizing waste and
promoting self-sufficiency.The Bishnoi community gained international
recognition for their courage during the Bishnoi Movement of the 18th century.
Led by Amrita Devi, a large group of Bishnois peacefully protested against a
Maharaja's order to cut down trees. This act of self-sacrifice, where some
Bishnois even embraced death rather than witness the destruction of trees,
became a powerful testament to their unwavering environmental
commitment.The Bishnois have been instrumental stewards of the Thar
Desert's fragile ecosystem. Their traditional practices, like planting trees,
protecting wildlife corridors, and meticulously conserving water, have played a
vital role in maintaining the desert's delicate balance. This ecological wisdom,
honed over centuries, has ensured the survival of not only the Bishnoi
community but also the countless species that call the Thar Desert home.
Today, the Bishnois remain at the forefront of environmental activism. They
actively participate in conservation efforts, collaborating with government
agencies and NGOs. Through education and awareness programs, they inspire
others to adopt sustainable practices and protect the planet. The Bishnois'
unwavering commitment to environmentalism serves as a powerful message of
hope, demonstrating that humanity and nature can thrive in harmony.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS:
According to the text, the definition of environment and culture is as follows:
Environment:
The text states that "Environment means something that environs i.e., encircles
all our surroundings; the natural world in which we live with the living and non-
living objects around us."
Culture:
The text defines culture as "Culture derives from Latin "colere" which means to
tend the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture. Culture is the
characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, defined by
everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, arts and way
of life."
•The image discusses the concept of environmental ethics, which is described
as a multidimensional concept with a direct connection to ethics and nature.
Some key points from the text include:
1. The relationship with nature should include religious and cultural
perspectives for environmental protection. Environmental problems must be
approached encompassing natural, physical, social, cultural, and spiritual
dimensions.
2. Environment means the natural world in which we live with living and non-
living objects around us. Ethics refers to the moral principles and precepts that
guide a community or individual.
3. Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people,
including language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music, arts, and way of life.
Culture and ethics are co-related.
4. Environmental ethics refers to the standards of moral conduct among
individuals, value-oriented decisions, and approach to the environment. The
unethical trend is based on self-centered and self-interested attitude.
5. Religions recognize that our lives cannot be measured by material
possession and consumption alone, and can help humanity realize the limits to
be imposed on our dominance and control over the animate and inanimate
world.
6.The Eastern cultural and religious traditions can be helpful in achieving
respect for the nature and averting ecological disasters. The Indian culture
emphasizes environmental values and ethical protection.
7.The Western tradition has contributed to scientific discoveries, technological
advances, and material development, but has ignored nature's importance. This
has led to environmental degradation and pollution in countries influenced by
industrial development.
8.India has been emulating the West mindlessly, resulting in the loss of its
glorious heritage and the destruction of the environment. The process of
modernization and Westernization has made the traditional Eastern values
ineffective and ineffective.
9.The environmental problems in the Indian context are cultural and ethical
problems, which the state institutions, market mechanisms, and judicial
authorities are largely unable to solve.
10.Reiterating the glorious past can solve problems that the state institutions,
market mechanisms, and judicial authorities are largely unable to solve. Hence,
the environmental problems are cultural and ethical problems in the Indian
context.

ROLE OF WORLD RELIGIOUS AND CULTURES IN ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION:
1. The document discusses the role of world religions and cultures in
environmental protection. It examines how various religious and cultural
traditions can contribute to addressing environmental challenges.
2. Zoroastrianism is one of the oldest religions that endorses nature-
consciousness in thought, deeds, and words. It considers the world's creation
as an act of sublime goodness by God. Zoroastrians have eco-friendly practices
like the Tower of Silence for disposing of human remains.
3. Judaism calls for mercy, humility, and care towards God's creations. The Old
Testament emphasizes the responsibility of humans to preserve and protect the
environment, as they are accountable to God for the natural world.
4. Christianity, based on the Old and New Testaments, establishes the authority
of God as the creator and owner of the natural world. Humans are tasked with
managing and protecting nature, as per the scriptures, to bring about a
harmonious relationship between humanity and the rest of creation.
5. Islam advocates for harmony, unity, balance, and order in nature. The Quran
assigns the role of guardianship of God's heaven and earth to humans, who will
be held accountable for disrupting or polluting the environment.
6. Hinduism deeply respects nature and considers both God and nature as one
harmonious entity. The Vedas and Puranas revere trees and other natural
elements as embodiments of divine attributes.
7. The document suggests that the rich environmental values and ethical
traditions of these religions and cultures can be helpful in achieving
environmental protection. It argues that the process of mindless emulation of
the West has undermined these traditional Eastern values, leading to
environmental degradation.
8. The document concludes that in the Indian context, the environmental
problems are primarily cultural and ethical problems, which can be addressed
by reviving the glorious heritage and values of these religious and cultural
traditions.
Buddhism:
- Buddhism emphasizes the principle of ahimsa (non-violence) and respect for
all forms of life, including plants and animals.
- The Buddhist concept of interdependence and the interconnectedness of all
beings promotes a harmonious relationship between humans and the natural
world.
- Buddhist teachings encourage moderation, minimalism, and non-attachment,
which can contribute to sustainable living and environmental conservation.
Jainism:
- Jainism has a deep reverence for all life forms and a strong ethic of non-
violence (ahimsa) towards any living being.
- Jain principles like vegetarianism, non-possession, and non-exploitation of
natural resources align with environmental protection.
- Jain practices like the avoidance of harming plants and animals, and the use
of face masks to prevent the accidental killing of insects, demonstrate their
environmental consciousness.
Sikhism:
- Sikhism emphasizes the unity of God and the interconnectedness of all
creation, which can foster a sense of responsibility towards the natural
environment.
- The Sikh concept of seva (selfless service) and the belief in the sanctity of all
life forms can motivate environmental stewardship.
- Sikh teachings on simplicity, moderation, and the equitable distribution of
resources can contribute to sustainable living and ecological balance.
Overall, these Indian religious and cultural traditions, like the ones discussed in
the document, have the potential to provide a strong ethical and spiritual
foundation for environmental protection and sustainable development.
ENVIRONMENTAL COMMUNICATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS:
In the face of mounting environmental threats like climate change,
deforestation, and plastic pollution, environmental communication and public
awareness have become the cornerstones of building a sustainable future.
They act as a bridge, translating complex scientific data into accessible
knowledge for the public. This exchange of information goes beyond mere
dissemination; it fosters dialogue, explores the intricate ways humans interact
with the environment, and ultimately empowers individuals to become stewards
of the planet. An environmentally aware public possesses the key to unlocking
positive change. Imagine a society where individuals understand the delicate
balance of ecosystems and the far-reaching consequences of human actions.
This knowledge transcends a sense of responsibility – it ignites a passion for
conservation. Environmental educators are instrumental in achieving this by
employing a multi-faceted approach.
Formal education programs serve as the bedrock. Integrating environmental
themes throughout the curriculum, from primary school to university level,
equips students with the scientific foundation to understand ecological
principles, biodiversity, and the concept of sustainable development. Targeted
campaigns like "International Day for Biological Diversity" or "Earth Hour"
address specific environmental challenges and mobilize the public to support
solutions. These campaigns leverage the power of social media and traditional
media outlets to spread awareness and inspire action.
However, effective environmental communication transcends traditional
classroom lectures and public service announcements. It thrives on creative
storytelling, data visualization, and engaging narratives that connect with
audiences on an emotional level. Picture a documentary that captures the
breathtaking beauty and vulnerability of the Great Barrier Reef, or a social
media campaign that uses humor to highlight the impact of single-use plastics.
By tapping into people's values and emotions, environmental communication
can spark a sense of urgency and inspire individuals to make positive changes
in their everyday lives.The ultimate aim of environmental communication and
public awareness is to cultivate a sense of shared responsibility for the well-
being of the planet. An informed and engaged public can drive positive change
through individual actions such as reducing their carbon footprint, advocating
for environmentally friendly policies, and supporting sustainable businesses.
By fostering a culture of environmental awareness, we empower individuals to
become active participants in creating a healthy and resilient future for
generations to come. This future hinges on our collective ability to understand
the environment, communicate effectively, and take decisive action to ensure
its lasting health.
CASE STUDY:CNG IN DELHI:
CNG use in Delhi: A Case Study in Environmental Communication and
Policy:
A case study examining the use of compressed natural gas (CNG) as an
alternative fuel to tackle air pollution in Delhi, India. The case study highlights
the challenges and benefits associated with implementing an environmental
policy to achieve a sustainable future for the city.
Environmental Challenges in Delhi
Delhi faces a significant environmental challenge due to the exponential growth
in the number of vehicles on its roads. This surge has resulted in alarming
levels of air pollution, posing health risks for its residents.
Policy Implementation and its Impact
Recognising this environmental threat, the Supreme Court of India mandated
the use of CNG as a cleaner-burning fuel for public and commercial vehicles in
1998. This policy aimed to curb vehicular pollution by transitioning away from
traditional fuels like gasoline and diesel.
Successes of the CNG Policy
The case study acknowledges the positive impact of the CNG policy. The
introduction of CNG has demonstrably reduced air pollution levels in Delhi. This
achievement highlights the effectiveness of environmental policy interventions
in achieving environmental goals.
Challenges Associated with CNG Implementation
However, the case study also reveals unforeseen challenges that emerged
during the implementation of the CNG policy. The rapid growth in CNG vehicles
outpaced the infrastructure development required to support them.
Consequently, long waiting queues developed at CNG stations, creating
inconvenience for motorists.
Safety Concerns and Infrastructure Issues
The case study identifies safety concerns as another significant challenge. The
text points out instances of vehicle explosions due to improperly installed CNG
kits. Additionally, a lack of trained mechanics to service CNG vehicles further
complicates the situation.
Conclusion: A Balancing Act
The CNG case study in Delhi offers valuable insights into the complexities of
environmental communication and policy implementation. While the policy has
achieved success in reducing air pollution, it also highlights the need for
effective communication, infrastructure development, and proper training to
address unforeseen challenges.
In conclusion, the case study underscores the importance of a nuanced
approach to environmental policy. Environmental communication plays a vital
role in fostering public awareness and ensuring the success of such policies.