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Parametric strategies on passive heating techniques in cold-cloudy climate,
Shillong towards net-zero energy
Article · June 2023
DOI: 10.1063/5.0149181
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RESEARCH ARTICLE | JUNE 02 2023
Parametric strategies on passive heating techniques in cold-
cloudy climate, Shillong towards net-zero energy
Khuplianlam Tungnung ; Anurag Varma; Yuichiro Kodama; ... et. al
AIP Conference Proceedings 2760, 020022 (2023)
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Parametric Strategies on Passive Heating Techniques in
Cold-Cloudy Climate, Shillong Towards Net-Zero
Energy
Khuplianlam Tungnung1, a), Anurag Varma1, Yuichiro Kodama2, Koji
Takemasa3, Gerald Pde4, Swechcha Roy1
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1)
Amity University Rajasthan, Amity School of Architecture and Planning, Jaipur-303002, India
2
ESTEC Design, Tokyo, Japan
3
LEAD Labo, Hiroshima, Japan
4
EarthStudio, Shillong, India.
a)
Corresponding author: ktungnung@[Link]
Abstract. Window glazing’s U-value is one of the highest amongst building envelope elements. It allows direct solar heat
gain which can be collected, stored in high thermal mass envelopes, and conserved with insulation. Quantitative and
qualitative analysis of passive design techniques and monthly energy consumption highlights a difference of more than
50% increase in energy consumption during the peak heating season when compared to the peak cooling month. These
highlights possible innovations in net-zero energy futures. The paper reports solar heat gain and improvements in a
repurposed Assam-type house in cold-cloudy climate zone. To capitalize on high U-value building element, window,
optimum parametric combination of passive design elements will be formulated. The paper highlights novel design
ingenuity and improvements through analysis of climate, survey, and parametric simulations to formulate a critical passive
design strategy for specific cold-cloudy climate, Shillong. Since Shillong has long period of cold-cloudy winter season,
passive design strategies and elements need to collect and store direct solar heat gain through glazing and auxiliary heat
sources, store and radiate it with heat storage building envelopes, and conserve with insulating materials and
complementary lifestyles to afford comfort in the indoor environment when the outdoor ambient temperature is low. The
study validates the parametric complementarity of passive design techniques, such as glazing, heat storage envelope mass,
and building insulation. The critical combinations of passive design elements such as forms, sizes, materials, and orientation
with respect to the sun, etc., are a strategic part of passive heating. Based on the author(s) published papers on passive
design, this paper is a continuation, a step, and an initiation towards innovation for net-zero. Residual energy needs are
expected to be met through clean and renewable solar photovoltaic panels and storage in efficient batteries. Furthermore,
complementary socio-lifestyles are expected to be key in societies evolution.
KEYWORDS: Passive heating, method and strategy, climate, parametric, net-zero energy.
INTRODUCTION
“Preindustrial societies used solar energy flux both directly, as incoming radiation (insolation) - every house has
always been a solar house, passively heated—and indirectly.” [1]. Indirectly, solar energy produces all of our food,
animal feed and wood which are essential to life on earth. In this study, an attempt is made to take advantage of passive
heating technologies towards net-zero innovations. Net-zero energy is a concept defined using clean and renewable
energy generated on-site, energy conservation, and energy efficiency to account for 100% of all energy needs in a
climate zone or locality. Passive design strategies could be an innovation towards net-zero energy systems. “Passive
design consists of several architectural elements, and there are cases with mutually synergistic effects, and there are
elements that can lead to offset effects.” [2,3]. It is essential to achieved optimum balance of heat collection, storage,
and conservation through the right parametric combinations of building envelopes design elements. (Fig: 1, 2). The
Advances in Intelligent Applications and Innovative Approach
AIP Conf. Proc. 2760, 020022-1–020022-11; [Link]
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4522-2/$30.00
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innovations in passive heating to improve the heat flow in windows glazing, storage in thermal mass, and conservation
of heat gain with insulations and airtightness are expected to afford possible progress towards net-zero energy. (Fig:
1).
(I) (II)
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FIGURE 1 a. Strategy of passive heating techniques in Shillong’s cold-cloudy climate. (I) Optimum combination of solar heat
gain, storage, and conservation, (II) Parametric combination of glazing, thermal mass, insulation.
FIGURE 1 b. South and Southwest façade glazing of Shillong’s case study residence.
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(a) (b)
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FIGURE 2. Heat gain and auxiliary sources (a) Solar heat gain from South and Southwest glazing in clerestory and window,
indoor equipment, and people, (b) Hybrid energy supply, Tata BP Solar installation on roof.
Climate characteristics and architectural passive design techniques of a region determines the energy performance
efficiency index and optimum parametric combinations can be strategic to low-energy solutions. [4]. Affording
comfortable indoor environment in buildings can be expected when passive design elements parameters are
complementary with the climate. And lifestyles affect building operations significantly. Optimum passive design
parameters enable buildings to respond to diurnal and seasonal climatic swings. Shillong is located at an altitude of
about 1500 m above MSL in Meghalaya, India at coordinates: 25.57 °N, 91.88 °E.
While climate zones are not defined by political boundaries, generic modernism afforded by globalization,
ubiquitous connectivity through transport and information technology resulted in similar architectural styles and same
material applications in contiguous neighboring states with different climate characteristics that significantly increase
energy consumptions. “The British introduced ‘Assam-type house’, a reinterpretation of vernacular architecture, but
research highlights that some houses are not sufficiently adapted to low temperature ranges and cloudy climate of
Shillong and this study highlights passive solar heating technology.” [5]. Various architectural ingenuities that respond
to the solar heating needs of the cold-cloudy climate can be observed in some traditional or modern designs in the
region. The case study house, an adaptation of Assam-type house by Gerald Pde, responded to cold-cloudy climate
characteristics with South and Southwest glazing for heat gain, heat storage in the North walls and floors, heat
conservation with fiber-wool roof insulation. [6]. (Fig. 1, 2). And, subsequent radiation of heat to the indoor
environment can be achieved when ambient temperature is low as a strategy to afford indoor thermal comfort.
The paper articulates the need for passive solar heating in cold-cloudy climate zones of India, climate
characteristics, parametric simulations and results discussions, residual energy demands, etc., in cold-cloudy climate
zone, Shillong. It highlights a method and strategy of passive solar heating in cold-cloudy climate zones of Northeast
India. The research discusses a possible design process towards passive solar heat gain through low U-value glazing,
collection and storage in high thermal mass heat storage building envelopes, radiation to indoor environment, and
control of the heat gain through high insulation in the building envelope and responsive lifestyles. With the objective
to determine appropriate passive design techniques, passive climate charts based on typical meteorological year
(TMY) of Energy Plus Weather (EPW) files were studied. Subsequently, appropriate passive design techniques were
selected and subjected through parametric simulations in computer. Lifestyle operations of the houseshold was
sufficiently accounted for in the simulations. Various grades of passive design techniques parameters were simulated
in an iterative process and optimum grades were selected as possible highlights to understand the parameters that
underscores the approach to energy efficiency and net-zero energy systems. The household energy consumption of
the case study house was analyse to study energy conservation possibilities if active heating could be significantly
reduce through appropriate passive design parametric combinations. The household energy performance index was
also analyse with respect to national or international benchmarks. Finally, residual energy demands that have not been
met through passive design techniques were proposed to be filled up by hybrid systems of photovoltaic solar panels
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and storage in efficient batteries. The inferences are expected to afford passive heating strategy towards energy
efficiency, on-site generation of energy towards 100% off-grid energy sustainability as a net-zero energy innovation.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Passive solar design refers to the collection, storage, and distribution of solar heat energy in the winter through the
design of windows, walls, and floors. [7]. The use of energy from the sun to heat or cool the building consists of four
separate components: collection, storage, distribution, control which is refer to as Solar thermal concept. [8]. Window
glazing’s U-value is the highest amongst building envelope elements, such as walls, floors, roofs, etc. High thermal
mass envelope elements of the building functions as heat storage for the direct solar heat gain through South and
Southwest glazing windows. While the walls, floors, and roofs of building envelopes have relatively high R-value to
resist heat flow between the indoor and outdoor environment, window glazing is the weakest. These varying materials
performances allow us to take advantage of direct solar heat gain and collection with the building’s weak element,
lower U-value glazing windows. Subsequently, high thermal mass envelopes stores the heat gain and insulation
conserves the same. At night, curtain blinds can be roll down to prevent heat loss to the cold outdoor ambient air. The
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paper highlights design ingenuities of traditional Assam-type house reinterpretations and improvement possibilities.
The complementary relationship of the variable parameters of passive design elements and the critical combination of
optimum grades could afford energy efficiency and comfort. The paper aims to highlight critical passive design
strategy towards passive solar heating to respond to local needs: energy efficiency as a net-zero energy initiative and
improved design strategies and practices pertinent to local praxis. In other words, the aim and objective of the paper
is to find an appropriate passive heating techniques through a synergetic optimum combination of passive design
parametric elements towards energy efficiency and comfort, utilization of new and renewable energy sources, and
complementary lifestyles. It is an initiative towards net-zero energy systems and improve design process.
METHODS AND STRATEGIES
Analysis of Passive Climate Charts
As a strategy, data for a typical meteorological year (TMY) of Shillong was collected and used to generate
advanced passive climate charts with computer based on the seminal ideas of V. Olgyay. [9]. It is expected to provide
adequate climate data, and site survey and questionnaires were used to determine the house operational data for input
in the simulation. The prerequisites in research to evaluate the efficient performance of any solar house design model
is sufficient weather and solar house component operating data. [10]. The horizontal axis and vertical axis in the
climate chart show the 12 months of the year, and 24 hours of the day for the selected typical meteorological year.
[11]. Winter in Shillong can be extremely cold and cloudy and may be accompanies by winds that causes wind chill
resulting in discomfort in the outdoor environment. However, in most other seasons of salubrious spring, autumn, and
summer thermal comfort can be expected. (Fig.3). Winter temperature shows minimum of about 4 °C and maximum
of 16-20 °C or more. (Fig.3a). Diffuse solar radiation on the South walls about is 700 W/m 2 in Summer, while 450
W/m2 was recorded in winter due to cloudy sky conditions. [12] (Fig.3b). So, it's essential to absorb solar heat gain
through South and Southwest glazing and indoor auxiliary heat sources, store it in optimum sizes of heat storage wall
thermal mass. These thermal mass envelopes conserve the heat collected with insulation and airtightness, and
subsequently reradiate to the indoor environment during cold-cloudy days and nights.
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Hours
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Months
FIGURE 3a. Passive climate charts annual Temperature (ºC) fluctuation.
Hours
Months
FIGURE 3b. Passive climate charts of annual solar radiation (W/m2) fluctuation.
Parametric Simulations and Results Discussions
Based on climate chart analysis it can be inferred that optimum combinations of passive design techniques of
glazing, insulation, and thermal mass under airtight ventilation mode of 1 ACH (air-change rate per hour) could
highlight synergetic performances. The use of scale models or drawings to select a set of design components
compatible to each other in their characteristics was how traditional designers cope with complex problems of design.
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[13]. The variable design elements sub-sets in this combination have three variable parametric sub-solutions: 1, 2, 3
that represents high, mid, and low grades. Representative modules and the parameters of 3 modules were articulated
and subjected to simulations with Solar Designer ([Link] in an iterative and system process to predict
optimum combinations of wall glazing area (GW), envelope insulation (IE), and heat storage thermal mass (MT). Other
passive design techniques were considered constant. The lifestyles of the residents’ energy use and heat generation
were accounted for in the best representative way. The simulation can be further improved by improving the
parameters of selected passive design techniques and incrementally adding more passive design elements, such as
adaptive shading, flexible ventilations, increase airtightness (0.5 ACH), etc.
Based on selected parametric combination settings with varying grades of elements, three modules (Fig. 4, 6)
compared are as follow:
x M1: Mid size glazing area on South and Southwest facade, very high insulation on all envelopes, mid thermal
mass on walls and floors (Fig.6)
x M2: (Case study house) high glazing area on north, south and west, low insulation only on roof, low thermal
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mass on walls and floors (Fig.4, 6).
x M3: Low glazing area, no insulation, high thermal mass on walls and floors (Fig.6).
FIGURE 4. Module (M2) of the case study house in Shillong.
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FIGURE 5. Temperature fluctuation due to parametric variation in simulation modules and diffuse southern solar radiation
(simulated) for very sunny, cloudy, and sunny, days of winter.
Fig. 5 shows the synergetic or non-synergetic combinations of various building elements in the three modules
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subjected to parametric simulations. Creation of net-zero or net-positive buildings can be helped by synergy concepts
where each of the synergies primarily addresses one of the four aspects of integrated design: climate, use, design, and
systems. [14]. The results of temperature fluctuation for module M1 highlights synergy concepts possibility towards
net-zero since comfortable temperature ranges, ≥ 18 °C is achieved. Synergetic and optimum combination of moderate
size mid glazing area with sufficient thermal mass, and insulation on all building envelopes conserves heat stored by
the heat storage building envelopes, significantly. (Fig.5, 6). Comfortable temperature, ≥ 18 °C, is maintain in the
simulated room throughout the day or night since insulation is on all envelopes, and there is no significant heat loss
from the envelope or high air change rate ventilation through opening doors or windows. Module M2 shows increase
in room temperature but shows less than 18 °C when ambient temperature drops low in the evening, night, and
morning. Comfortable temperature, ≥ 18 °C, is observe in the simulation outputs only in the peak hours from 12:00
pm ~ 18:00 pm since insulation is only a fiber-wool roof insulation and there is significant heat loss from the envelope
walls and floors and glazing. (Fig.5, 6). Module M3 has high thermal mass but indoor room ambient temperature was
significantly raised since direct solar heat gain from small glazing area was low. The indoor temperature remains
constantly low, < 18 °C, despite its high thermal mass heat storage, high U-value glazing area was not adequate to
raise the room temperature significantly. So, optimum combination and complementarity of thermal mass, insulation
and glazing are critically highlighted with parametric strategy. (Fig.5, 6).
(a) (b)
FIGURE 6. Parametric combination matrix of modules Mn: M1, M2, M3 for 3 typical heating days of winter. (a) Passive design
techniques selected glazing, insulation, thermal mass. (b). Optimum parametric combination of moderate mid-size
glazing, high insulation, and mid thermal mass.
Fig. 6(a) shows that the selected passive design techniques of glazing, thermal mass, and insulation. Fig. 6(b)
shows the optimum synergetic combination of moderate mid glazing area on the South and Southwest facade, very
high insulation on all building envelopes, and mid heat storage thermal mass on walls and floors in module M1 which
eliminated the need for heating since indoor ambient temperature ranges ≥ 18 °C. Whereas Module M2, the case study
with low insulation house, shows significant heating needs around 18:00 pm ~ 12:00 pm when the outdoor ambient
temperature gradually drops and falls below 14~15 °C. (Fig. 5, 6). M3, module with low glazing area, no envelope
insulation, high heat storage thermal mass on walls and floors shows the need for continuous heating throughout the
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day and night. (Fig. 5, 6). Therefore, the improved module M1 highlights a possible innovation in net-zero energy
systems for the specific conditions of cold-cloudy Shillong climate.
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FIGURE 7a. Monthly energy consumption of the Shillong household studied, from 1 (January) to 12 (December) in kilowatt-
hour (kWh).
Fig. 7a shows the monthly energy consumption of the household studied, from January to December. The energy
consumption of the household during the peak cooling season was only 228 kWh/ Month and the peak heating season
shows 477 kWh/ Month for the same house. It can be inferred that without heating requirements the energy
consumption can be reduced, significantly, if it is used only for lighting and other low energy consuming equipment.
(Fig.7a). Comparative analysis of the energy consumption for the months of December and May in the case study
house highlights that there is a difference of about 250 kWh/ Month. This contributes to more than 50% increase in
energy needs during heating season. The monthly average energy consumption is 356 kWh/Month and the total energy
consumption is 4270 kWh. (Fig. 7b).
FIGURE 7b. Monthly energy consumption of the case study house, 1 (January) to 12 (December), annual total and average
energy consumption in kilowatt-hour (kWh).
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FIGURE 8. Energy performance index (EPI) of the household studied with respect to GRIHA and BEE.
The analysis of the Energy Performance Index (EPI) of the study household with respect to GRIHA (Green Rating
for Integrated Habitat Assessment) shows significant difference that suggests responsive lifestyles that complements
the passive design techniques, in the case study house. The annual energy consumption in the case study house is only
about 68% of the GRIHA limit for cold-cloudy climate zones. Further comparison of the case study house with respect
to BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) also shows that it is lower in its energy consumption. (Fig. 8) The studies suggest a
possible reduction of more than 50% in energy consumption during the peak heating months of December when
compared to the energy consumption in the cooling months of May. (Fig. 5, 7). This innovation towards net-zero
initiative could be possible if passive heating techniques and parametric combinations are appropriately accounted for.
RESIDUAL ENERGY DEMAND AND SUPPLY SYSTEM
Residual electricity demand represents the energy load which cannot be met by renewable production and therefore
must be provided by conventional power plants, electricity imports or storage capacity. [15]. In these studies, on
parametric strategies on passive heating techniques in cold-cloudy climate, Shillong, the term residual energy refers
to the energy that has not been supplied through passive design strategy including energy collected through
photovoltaic solar panels and stored in batteries. The terms usage has been extended to make a clear distinction
between energy saving through the use of passive design strategies. Parts of the residual energy needs of households
can be met with clean and renewable sources, such as solar photovoltaic panels and storage in efficient batteries. Solar
panels can collect the Sun’s energy and convert that into electricity only during the day when the sun is shining. The
need for energy use in an efficient passive design house with responsive and energy conscious households would be
largely limited to lighting at night and a few other household appliances. The need for heating and cooling loads can
be minimized or eliminated in favorable climate zones if solar energy can be stored. Storage of energy is possible in
various ways, such as hydroelectric storage which stores water and later uses it to generate power, zinc or nickel
batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and molten-salt thermal storage. [16]. Given such contexts, the need to store energy
collected from solar panels in an efficient storage system becomes necessary.
Further, disruptive concepts of proactive socio-lifestyles responsive to seasonal and diurnal temperature swings in
specific climate zones of a habitat’s niche are expected to be key to net-zero energy innovations. A niche in the
environment is not quite the same as the habitat of a certain species; a niche refers more to the way of life of an animal
than to where it lives. [17]. Gibson (1979) suggests that a niche is a set of affordances action possibilities depending
on the physical environmental conditions, and the capabilities of the animal or occupant. The study also highlights
how a social lifestyle in the study house is necessary to net-zero initiatives since the conservation of heat in the indoor
environment or the action of opening the curtains to let in the winter sun to collect direct solar heat gain from the
South and Southwest glazing area depends on the action possibilities of the residents. Net-zero innovations would be
possible only if there are responsive and complementary actors for the affordances: action possibilities in the
environment. It is a complementary niche between the actor or user and the environment.
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INFERENCES AND CONCLUSION
The study highlights that even an ostensibly low thermal performance materials, such as low U-value window
glazing can be optimized to afford solar heat gain and indoor thermal comfort when strategically combined with other
appropriate building elements. Passive design technologies to collect direct solar energy in the form of heat with high
heat storage envelope in winter and conserve with the same building envelopes are shown to be possible. The study
highlights thermal performance of various parametric combinations and varying grades of architectural elements.
South and Southwest glazing in the study house is the main access to solar heat gain, which were absorbed, stored and
reradiated by the heat storage thermal mass envelopes on the floor and Northern wall. Insulation and air-tightness
conserve heat gain to stabilize indoor temperature at ≥ 18 °C. Improvements through a parametric study of passive
elements: glazing, insulation, thermal mass is an effective strategy. The study reveals critical passive heating strategies
for cold-cloudy climate zones, Shillong and validates the optimum complementary combinations of passive design’s
critical parameters of form, size, materials, orientation, etc. It is an effective passive design method towards energy
efficiency and design process improvement. In Shillong, the comparative analysis of the peak heating month of
December and peaking cooling month of May highlights that there is a difference more than 50% increase in energy
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needs during heating season. Detail studies and analysis are future research objectives and challenges as an innovation
towards net-zero energy system. Residual energy needs can be met through clean and renewable sources, such as solar
photovoltaic panels and storage in efficient batteries and complementary proactive socio-lifestyles could initiate the
process to net-zero energy innovations. The future research is to carry out research in various climatic zones of India
towards innovations in net-zero energy systems. Detail studies and analysis towards net-zero energy systems in other
contexts are future research objectives and challenges.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author(s) are most grateful to (L) Prof. Arvind Krishan for his contributions to the paper, climatic data, and
academic advice. Beyond academics, the late distinguished Professor’s encouragements and support, kindness,
hospitality, and cooperation in the fields of building sciences and design including architecture is sorely missed.
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