Stony Brook University Calculus II

Mathematics Department MAT 132, Fall 2023

Julia Viro
Final Exam. Solutions
Show all your work, that is provide complete solution for the problems. Answers alone will give no
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end of the exam, please remain seated and follow the proctor instructions.

Last name First name Student ID #

Recitation # Recitation Instructor

Problem # Points/total

1 /15

2 /10

3 /15

4 /10

5 /10

6 /10

Total /70

R110/210 MW 9:00am-9:53am Frey 328 Austin Konkel

R112/212 MW 10:00am-10:53am Frey 328 Shuhao Li
R113/213 MF 1:00pm- 1:53pm Chemistry 128 Decun Hao
R115/215 MW 2:30pm- 3:23pm Chemistry 128 Shuhao Li
R118/218 MW 5:30pm- 6:23pm Physics P112 Austin Konkel
R123/223 TuTh 1:00pm- 1:53pm ESS183 Danfei Wang
R125/225 TuTh 5:30pm- 6:23pm Physics P112 Danfei Wang
R130/230 WF 10:00am-10:53am Physics P112 Eunice Ng
R131/231 WF 11:00am-11:53am Lgt Engr Lab 152 Eunice Ng
R151/251 MF 10:00am-10:53am Library N4006 Decun Hao
 2

1 2 3 4
Problem 1. Consider the series + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...
e e e e
a) Determine whether the series converges or diverges using two different convergence tests.
b) Calculate the sum of the series. Provide detailed explanations.
1 2 3 4 P∞ n
Solution. + 2 + 3 + 4 + ··· = n
.
e e e e n=1 e
1
an+1 n+1 n n + 1 en 1+
• By the ratio test, = n+1 ÷ n = n+1 · = n −→ 1 < 1.
an e e e n e n→∞ e
Therefore, by the ratio test, the series converges.
r 1
p n nn
• By the root test, |an | =
n n
= −→ ?
en e n→∞
1
1 1
ln n n 1
ln n 1 ln x x
Since n = e n =e n and lim ln n = lim = lim = 0, we obtain
n→∞ n x→∞ x x→∞ 1
1
1 1
ln n 0 nn 1
lim n = lim e
n n = e = 1 and lim = < 1. Therefore, the series converges by the
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ e e
root test.
x
• Use the integral test. Consider an extension function f (x) = x
, x ≥ 1. Obviously, f (x) is
e
ex − xex ex (1 − x)
positive and continuous. Since f 0 (x) = = < 0 for x > 1, it follows that f (x)
e2x e2x
decreases for x ≥ 1. Calculate the integral by parts:
∞ ∞
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
−x −x −x −1 −x
f (x)dx = xe dx = −xe + e dx = e −e = 2e−1 .
1 1 1
1 1
P∞ n
Since the integral of the extension function converges on [1, ∞), the series n
converges too.
n=1 e
P∞ n
Therefore, the original series n
converges by the integral test.
n=1 e
 n
n 2n 2
• Use the comparison test. Since n < 2n for all n, we obtain that en
<
en
=
e
.
∞   ∞
X 2 n 2 X n
We know that the geometric series converges since < 1. Therefore, converges
e e en
n=1 n=1
by the comparison test.
∞ n ∞  1 n P ∞
nxn
P P
b) First, we observe that n
= n = .
n=1 e n=1 e n=1
x=1/e
∞
nxn by operating with the standard geometric series:
P
Then we obtain the power series
n=1
 3

∞
1
xn =
P
, |x| < 1
n=0 1−x
d
dx
∞
1
nxn−1 =
P
, |x| < 1
n=1 (1 − x)2

×x
∞
x
nxn =
P
, |x| < 1
n=1 (1 − x)2

Therefore,
∞ n ∞ ∞ 1
 1 n P x e e
nxn
P P
= n = = = =
n e (1 − x)2 1 2 (e − 1)2
n=1 e


n=1 n=1
x=1/e x=1/e
1− e
∞
1
nxn , so the
P
Notice that is inside the interval of convergence (−1, 1) of the power series
e n=1
1
substitution x = is legitimate.
e
 4

P∞ (3x − 1)n
Problem 2. For the power series √ , find the radius and interval of convergence.
n=1 2n n
∞
X
Solution. Rewrite the power series in the standard form cn (x − a)n , where x = a is the
n=1
center of the series and cn are the coefficients:
1 n
   3 n
n
∞ (3x − 1) n ∞ 3 x − ∞  1 n

P P 3 P 2
√ = √ = √ x− .
n=1 2n n n=1 2n n n=1 n 3
 3 n
1 2
We see that the center of the series is x = and the coefficients are cn = √ .
3 n
 3 n+1  3 n  3 n+1
√ 3
cn+1 2 2 2 n 3
Since = √ ÷ √ = √ ·  3 n = q 2 −→ , it follows that the
cn n+1 n n+1 1 n→∞ 2
2 1 +
n
1 2
radius of convergence is R = = . Therefore, the interval of convergence is, at least,
3/2 3
1 2 1 2  1 
− , + = − ,1 .
3 3 3 3 3
1
Check the endpoints. If x = − , then the series turns to
3
  1 n
∞ 3 − −1 ∞ (−2)n ∞ (−1)n
P 3 P P
√ = √ = √ .
n=1 2n n n=1 2
n n
n=1 n
This series converges by the alternating series test: for all n ≥ 1, we have
1 1 1 1
√ > 0, √ < √ , and lim √ = 0.
n n+1 n n→∞ n
P∞ (3 · 1 − 1)n P∞ 2n P∞ 1
If x = 1, then the series turns to √ = √ = 1 .
n=1 2n n n=1 2
n n
n=1 n 2
1
This is a p-series with p = ≤ 1, so it diverges.
2
h 1 
Overall, the power series converges on − , 1 .
3
Remark. The problem may be solved directly by applying the ratio test:

an+1 (3x − 1)n+1 (3x − 1)n 3x − 1 3x − 1

= n+1 √ ÷ n
√ = q −→
an 2 ( n + 1) 2 n 1 n→∞ 2
2 1+
n
The series converges if
3x − 1 1
< 1 ⇐⇒ |3x − 1| < 2 ⇐⇒ −2 < 3x − 1 < 2 ⇐⇒ − < x < 1
2 3
1
The endpoint x = − and x = 1 of the interval are studied separately, see above.
3
2
h 1 
Answer. The radius of convergence is , the interval of convergence is − , 1 .
3 3
 5

Problem 3. Let f (x) = ln(4x + 1).

(a) Find the Taylor series for f (x) around x = 1. You have to find the general term of the
series, not just few first terms. Find all values of x for which the Taylor expansion is valid.
(b) Determine the Taylor polynomial of degree 1 for f (x) around x = 1. What does the graph
of this polynomial represent? Draw this graph on the picture below.
y

y = ln(4x + 1)

x
1

Solution. (a) First, we prepare f (x) = ln(4x + 1) for the expansion around x = 1:
4 4
    
ln(4x + 1) = ln(4(x − 1) + 5) = ln 5 1 + (x − 1) = ln 5 + ln 1 + (x − 1)
5 5
Now we use the standard Maclaurin expansion
∞
X (−1)n+1 4
ln(1 + t) = tn , which is valid for −1 < t ≤ 1, and take t = (x − 1):
n 5
n=1
∞ ∞
 4
 X (−1)n+1  4 n X (−1)n+1 4n
ln 1 + (x − 1) = (x − 1) = nn
(x − 1)n .
5 n 5 5
n=1 n=1

Therefore,
∞
 4
 X (−1)n+1 4n
ln(4x + 1) = ln 5 + ln 1 + (x − 1) = ln 5 + n
(x − 1)n
5 5 n
n=1

4 8 64
= ln 5 + (x − 1) − (x − 1)2 + (x − 1)3 − ...
5 25 375
the expansion is valid for all x such that
4 5 5 1 9
−1 < (x − 1) ≤ 1 ⇐⇒ − < x − 1 ≤ ⇐⇒ − < x ≤
5 4 4 4 4
4
(b) The Taylor polynomial of degree 1 for f (x) around x = 1 is T1 (x) = ln 5 + (x − 1). The
5
4
graph of y = ln 5 + (x − 1) is the tangent line to the graph of y = ln(4x + 1) at x = 1:
5
 6

y
4
y = ln 5 + (x − 1)
5

y = ln(4x + 1)

x
1
 7
√
Problem 4. A region bounded by the curve y = cos x and the coordinate axes is rotated
about the y-axis. Find the volume of the solid of revolution. Express your answer as a numerical
series.
y

√
y = cos x

x
dx π2
4
x

√ √ π π2
Solution. Find the smallest x-intercept: y = 0 ⇐⇒ cos x = 0 =⇒ x= ⇐⇒ x = .
2 4
The volume of the solid by cylindrical shells is
x=π 2 2
Z /4 x=π
Z /4
√ √
V = 2πx cos x dx = 2π x cos x dx.
x=0 x=0
∞ (−1)n √
t2n and substitute t = x:
P
We use Maclaurin series for cos t =
n=0 (2n)!

√ ∞ (−1)n √ ∞ (−1)n
( x)2n = xn .
P P
cos x=
n=0 (2n)! n=0 (2n)!
√
Substitute this series for cos x in the volume integral and integrate term-by-term:
x=π 2 2 2
Z /4 x=π
Z /4 ∞
x=π
Z /4 ∞
√ X (−1)n n
X (−1)n
V = 2π x cos x dx = 2π x x dx = 2π xn+1 dx
n=0
(2n)! n=0
(2n)!
x=0 x=0 x=0

x=π 2
∞ (−1)n
Z /4 ∞ x=π 2 /4 ∞ n+2
(−1)n xn+2 (−1)n π2
X X 
xn+1 dx = 2π
P
= 2π = 2π
n=0 (2n)! n=0
(2n)! n + 2 n=0
(n + 2)(2n)! 4
x=0 x=0
 8

Problem 5. Find a polynomial of degree three that gives the best approximation for the
solution of the initial value problem

00
y = −2xy

y(0) = 1
y 0 (0) = 1.


Solution. Let y = y(x) be the solution of IVP. The best approximation for y(x) is given by
the Taylor polynomial of degree 3 for y(x) around x = 0:
y 0 (0) y 00 (0) 2 y 000 (0) 3
T3 (x) = y(0) + x+ x + x.
1! 2! 3!
It is given that y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 1. To find y 00 (0), we plug in x = 0 and y = 1 into the
differential equation: y 00 = −2xy =⇒ y 00 (0) = −2 · 0 · 1 =⇒ y 00 (0) = 0.
To find y 000 (0), we differentiate implicitly the equation:
d

y 00 = −2xy −→
dx
y 000 = −2(y + xy 0 ). Therefore, y 000 (0) = −2(y(0) + 0 · y 0 (0)) = −2y(0) = −2.
Combining all together, we obtain
y 0 (0) y 00 (0) 2 y 000 (0) 3 1 0 −2 3 x3
T3 (x) = y(0) + x+ x + x = 1 + x + x2 + x = 1+x−
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3! 3
 9

Problem 6. Consider the differential equation y 00 − 2y 0 + ky = 0, where k is a real number.

a) Find all values of k for which the equation has oscillating solutions (that is, solutions
involving sine and cosine).
b) Let k = −3. Find the general solution of the equation. Is there a non-zero solution y(x)
such that lim y(x) = 0?
x→∞

c) Explain why for any negative value of k, the equation has a non-zero solution y(x) such
that lim y(x) = 0.
x→∞

Solution. The characteristic equation λ2 − 2λ + k = 0 has roots

√
2 ± 4 − 4k √
λ1,2 = = 1 ± 1 − k.
2
a) For oscillating solutions (that is, solutions involving sine and cosine), the roots should
be complex conjugated. This happen if the discriminant of the characteristic equation is
negative: 1 − k < 0, that is k > 1 .
p
b) If k = −3, then the roots of the characteristic equations are λ1,2 = 1 ± 1 − (−3) = 1 ± 2.
So λ1 = −1, λ2 = 3, and the general solution is y(x) = C1 e−x + C2 e3x , C1 , C2 ∈ R.
If C2 = 0 and C1 6= 0, then y(x) = C1 e−x is a non-zero solution such that
y(x) = C1 e−x −→ 0.
x→∞
√
c) Assume that k < 0. Then 1 − k > 1 and 1 − 1 − k < 0.
√
Therefore, one of the roots of the characteristic equation is negative: λ1 = 1 − 1 − k < 0.
Since y(x) = eλ1 x is a solution, we obtain
√ √
y(x) = eλ1 x = e(1− 1−k)x
−→ 0 since 1 − 1 − k < 0, as required.
x→∞