Shear Wall Design Manual

Turkish TS 500-2000 with Seismic Code 2018

 Shear Wall
Design Manual
Turkish TS 500-2000
with Turkish Seismic Code 2018
For ETABS®

ISO ETA02219M60 Rev. 0

Proudly developed in the United States of America April 2019
 Copyright

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 Contents

1 Introduction
1.1 Notation 1-2
1.2 Design Station Locations 1-7
1.3 Default Design Load Combinations 1-7
1.3.1 Dead Load Component 1-8
1.3.2 Live Load Component 1-8
1.3.3 Wind Load Component 1-8
1.3.4 Earthquake Load Component 1-9
1.3.5 Combinations that Include a Response Spectrum 1-9
1.3.6 Combinations that Include Time History Results 1-10
1.3.7 Combinations that Include Static Nonlinear
Results 1-11
1.4 Shear Wall Design Preferences 1-11
1.5 Shear Wall Design Overwrites 1-11
1.6 Choice of Units 1-12

2 Pier Design
2.1 Wall Pier Shear Design 2-1
2.1.1 Determine the Concrete Shear Capacity 2-2
2.1.2 Determine the Require Shear Reinforcing 2-2
2.2 Wall Pier End Zones 2-3
2.2.1 Details of Check for Wall End Zone Requirements 2-3

i
Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

2.2.2 Reinforcement for Wall End Zones 2-4

2.3 Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-5
2.3.1 Designing a Simplified Pier Section 2-5
2.3.2 Checking a General or Uniform Reinforcing
Pier Section 2-10
2.3.3 Wall Pier Demand/Capacity Ratio 2-18
2.3.4 Designing a General Reinforcing Pier Section 2-19

3 Spandrel Design
3.1 Spandrel Flexural Design 3-1
3.1.1 Determine the Maximum Factored Moments 3-2
3.1.2 Determine the Required Flexural Reinforcing 3-2
3.2 Spandrel Shear Design 3-10
3.2.1 Determine the Concrete Shear Capacity 3-10
3.2.2 Determine the Required Shear Reinforcing 3-11

Bibliography

ii
 Chapter 1
Introduction

This manual describes the details of the shear wall design and stress check
algorithms used by the program when the user selects the TS 500-2000(R2018)
design code. The various notations used in this manual are described in Section
1.1.

The design is based on loading combinations specified by the user (Section

1.2). To facilitate the design process, the program provides a set of default load
combinations that should satisfy requirements for the design of most building
type structures.

The program performs the following design, check, or analysis procedures in

accordance with TS 500-2000 and Seismic Design code 2018 requirements:

 Design and check of concrete wall piers for flexural and axial loads (Chapter
2)

 Design of concrete wall piers for shear (Chapter 2)

 Design of concrete shear wall spandrels for flexure (Chapter 3)

 Design of concrete wall spandrels for shear (Chapter 3)

 Consideration of the wall end zones requirements for concrete wall piers us-
ing an approach based on the requirements of Turkish Earthquake code 2018
Section 7.6.2 in TS 500-2000(R2018) (Chapter 3)

1-1
Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

1.1. Notation
Following is the notation used in this manual.

A cv Area of concrete used to determine shear stress, mm2

Ag Gross area of concrete, mm2
A h-min Minimum required area of distributed horizontal reinforcing
steel required for shear in a wall spandrel, mm2 / mm

As Area of tension reinforcing steel, mm2

A sc Area of reinforcing steel required for compression in a pier

edge member, or the required area of tension steel required to
balance the compression steel force in a wall spandrel, mm2

A sc-max Maximum area of compression reinforcing steel in a wall pier

edge member, mm2

A sf The required area of tension reinforcing steel for balancing

the concrete compression force in the extruding portion of the
concrete flange of a T-beam, mm2

A st Area of reinforcing steel required for tension in a pier edge

member, mm2

A st-max Maximum area of tension reinforcing steel in a wall pier edge

member, mm2

A sw /s Area of reinforcing steel required for shear, mm2 / mm

A swd Area of diagonal shear reinforcement in a coupling beam,

mm2

A sw-min /s Minimum required area of distributed vertical reinforcing

steel required for shear in a wall spandrel, mm2 / mm

A stw The required area of tension reinforcing steel for balancing

the concrete compression force in a rectangular concrete
beam, or for balancing the concrete compression force in the
concrete web of a T-beam, mm2

A' s Area of compression reinforcing steel in a spandrel, mm2

1-2 Notation
 Chapter 1 Introduction

B 1 , B 2 ... Length of a concrete edge member in a wall with uniform

thickness, mm

Cc Concrete compression force in a wall pier or spandrel, pounds

Cf Concrete compression force in the extruding portion of a T-

beam flange, pounds

Cs Compression force in wall pier or spandrel reinforcing steel,

pounds

Cw Concrete compression force in the web of a T-beam, pounds

D/C Demand/Capacity ratio as measured on an interaction curve

for a wall pier, unitless

DB1 Length of a user-defined wall pier edge member, mm. This

can be different on the left and right sides of the pier, and it
also can be different at the top and the bottom of the pier.

DB2 Width of a user-defined wall pier edge member, mm. This can
be different on the left and right sides of the pier, and it also
can be different at the top and the bottom of the pier.

Es Modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel, MPa

IP-max The maximum ratio of reinforcing considered in the design of

a pier with a Section Designer section, unitless

IP-min The minimum ratio of reinforcing considered in the design of

a pier with a Section Designer section, unitless

L BZ Horizontal length of the wall end zone at each end of a wall

pier, mm

Lw Horizontal length of wall pier, mm. This can be different at

the top and the bottom of the pier

Ls Horizontal length of wall spandrel, mm

LL Live load

Mr Bending resistance, N-mm

Md Designed bending moment at a design section, N-mm

Notation 1-3
Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

M dc In a wall spandrel with compression reinforcing, the designed

bending moment at a design section resisted by the couple
between the concrete in compression and the tension steel, N-
mm

M ds In a wall spandrel with compression reinforcing, the

designed bending moment at a design section resisted by the
couple between the compression steel and the tension steel,
N-mm

M dw In a wall spandrel with a T-beam section and compression

reinforcing, the designed bending moment at a design section
resisted by the couple between the concrete in compression in
the web and the tension steel, N-mm

Nb Axial load capacity at balanced strain conditions, N

NC max Maximum ratio of compression steel in an edge member of a

wall pier, unitless

Nd Designed factored axial load at a section, N

N left Equivalent axial force in the left edge member of a wall pier
used for design, N. This may be different at the top and the
bottom of the wall pier.

N max Limit on the maximum compressive design strength specified

by TS 500-2000, N

N max Factor Factor used to reduce the allowable maximum compressive

design strength, unitless. The TS 500-2000 specifies this fac-
tor to be 1.0. This factor can be revised in the preferences.

N0 Axial load capacity at zero eccentricity, N

N oc The maximum compression force a wall pier can carry with

strength reduction factors set equal to one, N

N ot The maximum tension force a wall pier can carry with

strength reduction factors set equal to one, N

N right Equivalent axial force in the right edge member of a wall pier
used for design, pounds. This may be different at the top and
the bottom of the wall pier.

1-4 Notation
 Chapter 1 Introduction

NT max Maximum ratio of tension steel in an edge member of a wall

pier, unitless

OC On a wall pier interaction curve the "distance" from the origin

to the capacity associated with the point considered

OL On a wall pier interaction curve the "distance" from the origin

to the point considered

R LW Shear strength reduction factor as specified in the concrete

material properties, unitless. This reduction factor applies to
light-weight concrete. It is equal to 1 for normal weight con-
crete.

RLL Reduced live load

Ts Tension force in wall pier reinforcing steel, N

V cr Shear at inclined cracking, N

V ds The portion of the shear force in a spandrel carried by the

shear reinforcing steel, N

Vd Designed shear force at a design section, N

WL Wind load

a Depth of the wall pier or spandrel compression block, mm

a1 Depth of the compression block in the web of a T-beam, mm

bs Width of the compression flange in a T-beam, mm. This can

be different on the left and right ends of the T-beam

c Distance from the extreme compression fiber of the wall pier

or spandrel to the neutral axis, mm

d r-bot Distance from bottom of spandrel beam to centroid of the bot-

tom reinforcing steel, mm. This can be different on the left
and right ends of the beam.

d r-top Distance from top of spandrel beam to centroid of the top re-
inforcing steel, mm. This can be different on the left and right
ends of the beam.

Notation 1-5
Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

ds Depth of the compression flange in a T-beam, mm. This can

be different on the left and right ends of the T-beam.

d spandrel Depth of spandrel beam minus cover to centroid of reinforc-

ing, mm

fy Yield strength of steel reinforcing, N/mm2. This value is used

for flexural and axial design calculations.

f ys Yield strength of steel reinforcing, N/mm2. This value is used

for shear design calculations.

f' c Concrete compressive strength, N/mm2. This value is used for

flexural and axial design calculations.

f' cs Concrete compressive strength, N/mm2. This value is used for

shear design calculations.

f' s Stress in compression steel of a wall spandrel, N/mm2.

hs Height of a wall spandrel, mm. This can be different on the

left and right ends of the spandrel.

p max Maximum ratio of reinforcing steel in a wall pier with a Sec-

tion Designer section that is designed (not checked), unitless.

p min Minimum ratio of reinforcing steel in a wall pier with a Sec-

tion Designer section that is designed (not checked), unitless.

tw Thickness of a wall pier, mm. This can be different at the top

and bottom of the pier.

ts Thickness of a wall spandrel, mm. This can be different on

the left and right ends of the spandrel.

ΣDL The sum of all dead load cases

ΣLL The sum of all live load cases

ΣRLL The sum of all reduced live load cases

α The angle between the diagonal reinforcing and the longitu-

dinal axis of a coupling beam

1-6 Notation
 Chapter 1 Introduction

ε Reinforcing steel strain, unitless

εs Reinforcing steel strain in a wall pier, unitless

ε' s Compression steel strain in a wall spandrel, unitless

γm Material factor

γ mc Material factor for concrete

γ ms Material factor for steel

1.2. Design Station Locations

The program designs wall piers at stations located at the top and bottom of the
pier only. To design at the mid-height of a pier, break the pier into two separate
"half-height" piers.

The program designs wall spandrels at stations located at the left and right ends
of the spandrel only. To design at the mid-length of a spandrel, break the span-
drel into two separate "half-length" piers. Note that if a spandrel is into broken
into pieces, the program will calculate the seismic diagonal shear reinforcing
separately for each piece. The angle used to calculate the seismic diagonal
shear reinforcing for each piece is based on the length of the piece, not the
length of the entire spandrel. This can cause the required area of diagonal re-
inforcing to be significantly underestimated. Thus, if you break a spandrel into
pieces, calculate the seismic diagonal shear reinforcing separately by hand.

1.3. Default Design Load Combinations

The design load combinations are the various combinations of the load cases
for which the structure is to be checked. For this code, if a structure is subjected
to dead (G), live (Q), wind (W), and earthquake (E), and considering that wind
and earthquake forces are reversible, the following load combinations may
need to be defined (TS 6.2.6):

1.4G + 1.6Q (TS 6.3)

0.9G ± 1.3W (TS 6.6)

1.0G + 1.3Q ± 1.3W (TS 6.5)

Design Station Locations 1-7

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

0.9G ± 1.0E (TS 6.8a)

1.0G + 1.0Q ± 1.0E (TS 6.7a)

1.0G + 1.0Q – 1.0E (TS 6.7b)

These also are the default design load combinations in the program whenever
the TS 500-2000 code is used. The user should use other appropriate design
load combinations if roof live load is separately treated, or if other types of
loads are present.

Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live
load case on a member-by-member basis to reduce the contribution of the live
load to the factored loading.

1.3.1. Dead Load Component

The dead load component of the default design load combinations consists of
the sum of all dead loads multiplied by the specified factor. Individual dead
load cases are not considered separately in the default design load combina-
tions.

See the description of the earthquake load component later in this chapter for
additional information.

1.3.2. Live Load Component

The live load component of the default design load combinations consists of
the sum of all live loads, both reducible and unreducible, multiplied by the
specified factor. Individual live load cases are not considered separately in the
default design load combinations.

1.3.3. Wind Load Component

The wind load component of the default design load combinations consists of
the contribution from a single wind load case. Thus, if multiple wind load cases
are defined in the program model, the preceding equations will contribute mul-
tiple design load combinations, one for each wind load case that is defined.

1-8 Default Design Load Combinations

 Chapter 1 Introduction

1.3.4. Earthquake Load Component

The earthquake load component of the default design load combinations con-
sists of the contribution from a single earthquake load case. Thus, if multiple
earthquake load cases are defined in the program model, the preceding equa-
tions will contribute multiple design load combinations, one for each earth-
quake load case that is defined.

The earthquake load cases considered when creating the default design load
combinations include all static load cases that are defined as earthquake loads
and all response spectrum cases. Default design load combinations are not cre-
ated for time history cases or for static nonlinear cases.

1.3.5. Combinations that Include a Response Spectrum

In the program all response spectrum cases are assumed to be earthquake load
cases. Default design load combinations are created that include the response
spectrum cases.

The output from a response spectrum is all positive. Any program shear wall
design load combination that includes a response spectrum load case is
checked for all possible combinations of signs on the response spectrum val-
ues. Thus, when checking shear in a wall pier or a wall spandrel, the response
spectrum contribution of shear to the design load combination is considered
once as a positive shear and then a second time as a negative shear. Similarly,
when checking moment in a wall spandrel, the response spectrum contribution
of moment to the design load combination is considered once as a positive
moment and then a second time as a negative moment. When checking the
flexural behavior of a two-dimensional wall pier or spandrel, four possible
combinations are considered for the contribution of response spectrum load to
the design load combination. They are:

 +N and +M

 +N and −M

 −N and +M

 −n and −M

where N is the axial load in the pier and M is the moment in the pier. Similarly,
eight possible combinations of N, M2 and M3 are considered for three-dimen-
sional wall piers.

Default Design Load Combinations 1-9

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

Note that based on the preceding, TS 6.8a and TS 6.8b are redundant for a load
combination with a response spectrum, and similarly, TS 6.7a and TS 6.7b are
redundant for a load combination with a response spectrum. For this reason,
the program creates default design load combinations based on TS 6.8a and
TS 6.7a only for response spectra. Default design load combinations using TS
6.8b and TS 6.7b are not created for response spectra.

1.3.6. Combinations that Include Time History Results

The default shear wall design load combinations do not include any time his-
tory results. To include time history forces in a design load combination, the
user must define the load combination.

When a design load combination includes time history results, the design can
be for the envelope of those results or for each step of the time history. The
type of time history design can be specified in the shear wall design
preferences.

When envelopes are used, the design is for the maximum of each response
quantity (axial load, moment, and the like) as if they occurred simultaneously.
Typically, this is not the realistic case, and in some instances, it may be un-
conservative. Designing for each step of a time history gives the correct corre-
spondence between different response quantities, but designing for each step
can be very time consuming.

When the program gets the envelope results for a time history, it gets a
maximum and a minimum value for each response quantity. Thus, for wall
piers it gets maximum and minimum values of axial load, shear and moment;
and for wall spandrels, it gets maximum and minimum values of shear and
moment. For a design load combination in the program shear wall design
module, any load combination that includes a time history load case in it is
checked for all possible combinations of maximum and minimum time history
design values. Thus, when checking shear in a wall pier or a wall spandrel, the
time history contribution of shear to the design load combination is considered
once as a maximum shear and then a second time as a minimum shear.
Similarly, when checking moment in a wall spandrel, the time history
contribution of moment to the design load combination is considered once as
a maximum moment and then a second time as a minimum moment. When
checking the flexural behavior of a wall pier, four possible combinations are
considered for the contribution of time history load to the design load
combination. They are:

 N max and M max

1-10 Default Design Load Combinations

 Chapter 1 Introduction

 N max and M min

 N min and M max

 N min and M min

where N is the axial load in the pier and M is the moment in the pier.

If a single design load combination has more than one time history case in it,
that design load combination is designed for the envelopes of the time histo-
ries, regardless of what is specified for the Time History Design item in the
preferences.

1.3.7. Combinations That Include Static Nonlinear Results

The default shear wall design load combinations do not include any static non-
linear results. To include static nonlinear results in a design load combination,
define the load combination yourself.

If a design load combination includes a single static nonlinear case and nothing
else, the design is performed for each step of the static nonlinear analysis. Oth-
erwise, the design is performed for the last step of the static nonlinear analysis
only.

1.4. Shear Wall Design Preferences

The shear wall design preferences are basic properties that apply to all wall
pier and spandrel elements. Default values are provided for all shear wall de-
sign preference items. Thus, it is not required that preferences be specified.
However, at least review the default values for the preference items to make
sure they are acceptable. Please consult the program-specific on-line Help for
information about reviewing and updating preferences.

1.5. Shear Wall Design Overwrites

The shear wall design overwrites are basic assignments that apply only to those
piers or spandrels to which they are assigned. Note that the available
overwrites change depending on the pier section type (Uniform Reinforcing,
General Reinforcing, or Simplified T and C). Default values are provided for
all pier and spandrel overwrite items. Thus, it is not necessary to specify or

Shear Wall Design Preferences 1-11

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

change any of the overwrites. How-ever, at least review the default values for
the overwrite items to make sure they are acceptable. When changes are made
to overwrite items, the program applies the changes only to the elements to
which they are specifically assigned; that is, to the elements that are selected
when the overwrites are changed. Please consult the program-specific on-line
Help for information about reviewing and updating preferences.

1.6. Choice of Units

For shear wall design in this program, any set of consistent units can be used
for input. Also, the system of units being used can be changed at any time.
Typically, design codes are based on one specific set of units.

The TS 500-2000 code is based on Newton-Millimeter-Second units. For sim-

plicity, all equations and descriptions presented in this manual correspond to
Newton-Millimeter-Second units unless otherwise noted.

The shear wall design preferences allow the user to specify special units for
concentrated and distributed areas of reinforcing. These units are then used for
reinforcing in the model, regardless of the current model units displayed in the
drop-down list on the status bar (or within a specific form). The special units
specified for concentrated and distributed areas of reinforcing can only be
changed in the shear wall design preferences.

The choices available in the shear wall design preferences for the units associ-
ated with an area of concentrated reinforcing are in2, cm2, mm2, and current
units. The choices available for the units associated with an area per unit length
of distributed reinforcing are in2/ft, cm2/m. mm2/m, and current units.

The current units option uses whatever units are currently displayed in the
drop-down list on the status bar (or within a specific form). If the current length
units are m, this option means concentrated areas of reinforcing are in m2 and
distributed areas of reinforcing are in m2/m. Note that when using the "current"
option, areas of distributed reinforcing are specified in Length2/Length units,
where Length is the currently active length unit. For example, if you are work-
ing in kN and m units, the area of distributed reinforcing is specified in m2/m.
If you are in Newton and mm, the area of distributed reinforcing is specified
in mm2/mm.

1-12 Choice of Units

 Chapter 2
Pier Design

This chapter describes how the program designs each leg of concrete wall piers
for shear using TS 500-2000(R2018). Note that in this program shear reinforcing
cannot be specified and then checked by the program. The program only designs
the pier for shear and reports how much shear reinforcing is required. The shear
design is performed at stations at the top and bottom of the pier.

This chapter also describes how the program designs and checks concrete wall
piers for flexural and axial loads using TS 500-2000(R2018). The menu option
“TS 500-2000(R2018)” also covers the “Seismic Design Code” (TCS 2018).
First we describe how the program designs piers that are specified by a Simpli-
fied Section. Next we describe how the program checks piers that are specified
by a Section Designer Section. Then we describe how the program designs piers
that are specified by a Section Designer Section.

2.1 Wall Pier Shear Design

The wall pier shear reinforcing is designed for each of the design load combina-
tions. The following steps are involved in designing the shear reinforcing for a
particular wall pier section for a particular design loading combination.

 Determine the design factored forces Nd, Md and Vd that are acting on the wall
pier section.

 Determine the shear force, Vc, that can be carried by the concrete.

2-1
Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

 Determine the required shear reinforcing to carry the balance of the shear
force.

Step 1 needs no further explanation. The following two sections describe in de-
tail the algorithms associated with the Steps 2 and 3.

2.1.1 Determine the Concrete Shear Capacity

Given the design force set N d , M d and V d acting on a wall pier section, the shear
force carried by the concrete, V c , is calculated as.

Vc = 0.65 f ctd Ach (TS 8.1.3, TCS 7.6.7.1)

 The shear force is limited to a maximum of

Vmax = 0.85 f ck Ach for flexural wall (TCS 7.6.6.3, Eqn. 7.18)

Vmax = 0.65 f ck Ach for coupled wall (TCS 7.6.6.3, Eqn. 7.18)

2.1.2 Determine the Required Shear Reinforcing

Given V d and V c , the following equation provides the required shear reinforcing
in area per unit length (e.g., mm2/mm) for both seismic and nonseismic wall piers
(as indicated by the "Design is Seismic" item in the pier design overwrites). Note
that additional requirements for seismic piers are provided later in this section.

Vd − Vc
Ash = (TS 8.1.4, TCS 3.6.7.2)
f yd (0.8 Lw )
where,

=Vr 0.65 f ctd Ach + Ash f yd must not exceed 0.85 f ck Ach in accordance with TCS
Section 7.6.6.3, Eqn. 7.18.

For walls H w ≥ 2.0 , A sh shall be 0.0025 of the gross section area of the wall
lw
web remaining in between the wall end zones. In cases where H w ≤ 2.0 , the
lw
wall web section is the full section of the wall.

2-2 Wall Pier Shear Design

 Chapter 2 Pier Design

2.2 Wall Pier End Zones

This section describes how the program considers the wall end zones require-
ments for each leg of concrete wall piers using TCS 2018 code. The program
uses an approach based on the requirements of Section 7.6.5.2 of TCS 2018.

Note that the wall end zones requirements are considered separately for each
design load case that includes seismic load.

2.2.1 Details of a Check for Wall End Zone Requirements

The following information is available for the wall end zone check:

 The height of the entire wall, H w , length of the wall pier, l w , and the gross area
of the pier, A g . (Refer to Figure 2-5 later in this chapter for an illustration of
the dimensions l w and b w, the thickness of the wall pier.)
 The area of steel in the pier, A st . This area of steel is calculated by the program,
or it is provided by the user.
 The symmetry of the wall pier (i.e., is the left side of the pier the same as the
right side of the pier). Only the geometry of the pier is considered, not the
reinforcing, when determining if the pier is symmetrical. Figure 2-1 shows
some examples of symmetrical and unsymmetrical wall piers. Note that a pier
defined using Section Designer is assumed to be unsymmetrical, unless it is
made up of a single rectangular shape.

Figure 2-1 Example Plan Views of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Wall Piers

The critical wall height is measured from the foundation or Base level in ETABS
using the following criteria:

Wall Pier End Zones 2-3

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

l
H cr ≥  w (TCS 7.6.2.2, Eqn. 7.15)
H w / 6

H cr ≤ 2lw (TCS 7.6.2.2, Eqn. 7.15)

In structural walls with rectangular cross-sections, the wall end zone length lu is
computed as follows:

2bw
lu ≥ along the critical wall height, and
0.2lw

bw
lu ≥ outside the critical wall height (TCS 3.6.2.3)
0.1lw

If wall end zones are required, the program calculates the minimum required
length of the wall end zone at each end of the wall, l u , in accordance with the
requirements of TCS Section 7.6.5.2 Figure 2-2 illustrates the boundary zone
length l u .

Figure 2-2 Illustration of Wall End Zone Length, l u

2.2.2 Reinforcement for Wall End Zones

The vertical reinforcement at each wall end zone is required by TCS Sections
7.6.5.1. The program computes and reports the total cross-sectional area of ver-
tical reinforcement as follows:

0.02bwlu , along critical wall height

As ≥  (TCS 7.6.5.1)
0.01bwlu , outside critical wall height

Asv s ≥ 0.0025 Ag (TCS 7.6.3.1)

2-4 Wall Pier End Zones

 Chapter 2 Pier Design

2.3 Wall Pier Flexural Design

For both designing and checking piers, it is important to understand the local
axis definition for the pier. Access the local axes assignments using the Assign
menu.

2.3.1 Designing a Simplified Pier Section

This section describes how the program designs a pier that is assigned a simpli-
fied section. The geometry associated with the simplified section is illustrated in
Figure 2-3. The pier geometry is defined by a length, thickness and size of the
edge members at each end of the pier (if any).

Figure 2-3 Typical Wall Pier Dimensions Used for Simplified Design

A simplified C and T pier section is always planar (not three-dimensional). The

dimensions shown in the figure include the following:

Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-5

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

 The length of the wall pier is designated l w . This is the horizontal length of the
wall pier in plan.

 The thickness of the wall pier is designated b w . The thickness specified for left
and right edge members (DB2 left and DB2 right ) may be different from this wall
thickness.

 DB1 represents the horizontal length of the pier end zone. DB1 can be different
at the left and right sides of the pier.

 DB2 represents the horizontal width (or thickness) of the pier end zone. DB2
can be different at the left and right sides of the pier.

The dimensions illustrated are specified in the shear wall overwrites (Appendix
B) and can be specified differently at the top and bottom of the wall pier.

If no specific end zone dimensions have been specified by the user, the program
assumes that the end zone is the same width as the wall, and the program
determines the required length of the end zone. In all cases, whether the end zone
size is user-specified or program-determined, the program reports the required
area of reinforcing steel at the center of the end zone. This section describes how
the program-determined length of the end zone is determined and how the
program calculates the required reinforcing at the center of the end zone.

Three design conditions are possible for a simplified wall pier. These conditions,
illustrated in Figure 2-4, are as follows:

 The wall pier has program-determined (variable length and fixed width) end
zones on each end.

 The wall pier has user-defined (fixed length and width) end zones on each end.

 The wall pier has a program-determined (variable length and fixed width) end
zone on one end and a user-defined (fixed length and width) end zone on the
other end.

2.3.1.1 Design Condition 1

Design condition 1 applies to a wall pier with uniform design thickness and pro-
gram-determined end zone length. For this design condition, the design algo-
rithm focuses on determining the required size (length) of the end zones, while
limiting the compression and tension reinforcing located at the center of the end
zones to user-specified maximum ratios. The maximum ratios are specified in

2-6 Wall Pier Flexural Design

 Chapter 2 Pier Design

the shear wall design preferences and the pier design overwrites as Edge Design
PC-Max and Edge Design PT-Max.

Design Condition 1 Design Condition 2

Wall pier with uniform thickness and Wall pier with user-defined edge
ETABS-determined (variable length) members
edge members

Design Condition 3 Note:

Wall pier with a user-defined edge In all three conditions, the only
member on one end and an ETABS- reinforcing designed by ETABS is that
determined (variable length) edge required at the center of the edge
member on the other end members

Figure 2-4 Design Conditions for Simplified Wall Piers

Consider the wall pier shown in Figure 2-5. For a given design section, say the
top of the wall pier, the wall pier for a given design load combination is designed
for a factored axial force N d-top and a factored moment M d-top .

The program initiates the design procedure by assuming an end zone at the left
end of the wall of thickness b w and width B 1-left , and an end zone at the right end
of the wall of thickness b w and width B 1-right . Initially B 1-left = B 1-right = b w .

The moment and axial force are converted to an equivalent force set N left-top and
N right-top using the relationships shown below. (Similar equations apply at the bot-
tom of the pier.)

N d -top M d -top
N= +
left-top
2 ( lw − 0.5B1-left − 0.5B1-right )
N d -top M d -top
=
N right-top −
2 ( lw − 0.5B1-left − 0.5B1-right )
For any given loading combination, the net values for N left-top and N right-top could
be tension or compression.

Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-7

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

0.5Lp

0.5tp 0.5tp
tp tp

tp
B1-left B1-right
B2-left B2-right
B3-left B3-right
Lp

CL
Wall Pier Plan

Pleft-top Pu-top Pright-top

Mu-top
Top of
pier
Right edge member
Left edge member

Bottom
of pier
Mu-bot

Pleft-bot Pu-bot Pright-bot

Wall Pier Elevation

Figure 2-5 Wall Pier for Design Condition 1

2-8 Wall Pier Flexural Design

 Chapter 2 Pier Design

Note that for dynamic loads, N left-top and N right-top are obtained at the modal level
and the modal combinations are made before combining with other loads. Also
for design loading combinations involving SRSS, the N left-top and N right-top forces
are obtained first for each load case before the combinations are made.

If any value of N left-top or N right-top is tension, the area of steel required for tension,
A st , is calculated as:

N
Ast = .
f yd

If any value of N left-top or N right-top is compression, for section adequacy, the area
of steel required for compression, A sc , must satisfy the following relationship.

=Abs ( N ) ( N max Factor ) [0.85 f cd ( Ag − Asc ) + f yd Asc ]

where N is either N left-top or N right-top , A g = b w B 1 , and the N max Factor is defined in

the shear wall design preferences (the default is 0.80). In general, we recommend
use of the default value.

Abs ( N )
− 0.85 f cd Ag
( N max Factor)
Asc = .
f yd − 0.85 f cd

If A sc calculates as negative, no compression reinforcing is needed.

The maximum tensile reinforcing to be packed within the b p times B 1 concrete

end zone is limited by:

Ast -max = NTmax bw B1.

Similarly, the compression reinforcing is limited by:

Asc -max = NCmax bw B1.

If A st is less than or equal to A st-max and A sc is less than or equal to A sc-max , the
program will proceed to check the next loading combination; otherwise the pro-
gram will increment the appropriate B 1 dimension (left, right or both, depending
on which end zone is inadequate) by one-half of the wall thickness to B 2 (i.e.,
1.5b w ) and calculate new values for N left-top and N right-top resulting in new values
of A st and A sc . This iterative procedure continues until A st and A sc are within the
allowed steel ratios for all design load combinations.

Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-9

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

If the value of the width of the end zone B increments to where it reaches a value
larger than or equal to l w /2, the iteration is terminated and a failure condition is
reported.

This design algorithm is an approximate but convenient algorithm. Wall piers

that are declared overstressed using this algorithm could be found to be adequate
if the reinforcing steel is user-specified and the wall pier is accurately evaluated
using interaction diagrams.

2.3.1.2 Design Condition 2

Design condition 2 applies to a wall pier with user-specified end zones at each
end of the pier. The size of the end zones is assumed to be fixed; that is, the
program does not modify them. For this design condition, the design algorithm
determines the area of steel required in the center end zones and checks if that
area gives reinforcing ratios less than the user-specified maximum ratios. The
design algorithm used is the same as described for condition 1; however, no it-
eration is required.

2.3.1.3 Design Condition 3

Design condition 3 applies to a wall pier with a user-specified (fixed dimension)
end zone at one end of the pier and a variable length (program-determined) end
zone at the other end. The width of the variable length end zone is equal to the
width of the wall.

The design is similar to that which has previously been described for design con-
ditions 1 and 2. The size of the user-specified end zone is not changed. Iteration
occurs on the size of the variable length end zone only.

2.3.2 Checking a General or Uniform Reinforcing Pier Section

When a General Reinforcing or Uniform Reinforcing pier section is specified to
be checked, the program creates an interaction surface for that pier and uses that
interaction surface to determine the critical flexural demand/capacity ratio for
the pier. This section describes how the program generates the interaction sur-
face for the pier and how it determines the demand/capacity ratio for a given
design load combination.
Note: In this program, the interaction surface is defined by a series of PMM interac-
tion curves that are equally spaced around a 360-degree circle.

2-10 Wall Pier Flexural Design

 Chapter 2 Pier Design

2.3.2.1 Interaction Surface

In this program, a three-dimensional interaction surface is defined with reference
to the N d , M 2d and M 3d axes. The surface is developed using a series of interac-
tion curves that are created by rotating the direction of the pier neutral axis in
equally spaced increments around a 360-degree circle. For example, if 24 PMM
curves are specified (the default), there is one curve every 15 degrees (360°/24
curves = 15°). Figure 2-6 illustrates the assumed orientation of the pier neutral
axis and the associated sides of the neutral axis where the section is in tension
(designated T in the figure) or compression (designated C in the figure) for var-
ious angles.

T C Interaction curve is Interaction curve is

for a neutral axis for a neutral axis
parallel to this axis parallel to this axis

C
3 3

T
Pier section Pier section

2 2

45°
a) Angle is 0 degrees b) Angle is 45 degrees

Interaction curve is Interaction curve is

for a neutral axis for a neutral axis
parallel to this axis parallel to this axis
3 3
Pier section Pier section

2 2

C T 225°
T

a) Angle is 180 degrees b) Angle is 225 degrees

C

Figure 2-6 Orientation of the Pier Neutral Axis for Various Angles

Note that the orientation of the neutral axis is the same for an angle of θ and
θ+180°. Only the side of the neutral axis where the section is in tension or com-
pression changes. We recommend use of 24 interaction curves (or more) to de-
fine a three-dimensional interaction surface.

Each PMM interaction curve that makes up the interaction surface is numerically
described by a series of discrete points connected by straight lines. The coordi-
nates of these points are determined by rotating a plane of linear strain about the

Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-11

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

neutral axis on the section of the pier. Details of this process are described later
in the section entitled "Details of the Strain Compatibility Analysis."

By default, 11 points are used to define a PMM interaction curve. This number
can be changed in the preferences; any odd number of points greater than or
equal to 11 can be specified, to be used in creating the interaction curve. If an
even number is specified for this item in the preferences, the program will incre-
ment up to the next higher odd number.

Note that when creating an interaction surface for a two-dimensional wall pier,
the program considers only two interaction curvesthe 0° curve and the 180°
curveregardless of the number of curves specified in the preferences. Further-
more, only moments about the M3 axis are considered for two-dimensional
walls.

2.3.2.2 Formulation of the Interaction Surface

The formulation of the interaction surface in this program is based consistently
on the basic principles of ultimate strength design given in Sections 7.1 of TS
500-2000(R2018). The program uses the requirements of force equilibrium and
strain compatibility to determine the strength axial load and moment strength
(N r , M 2r , M 3r ) of the wall pier. For the pier to be deemed adequate, the required
strength (N d , M 2d , M 3d ) must be less than or equal to the design strength, i.e.,

(N d , M 2d , M 3d ) ≤ (N r , M 2r , M 3r )

The design strength for concrete and steel is obtained by dividing the character-
istic strength of the material by a partial factor of safety, γ mc and γ ms . The values
used in the program are as follows:

Partial safety factor for steel, γ ms = 1.15, and (TS 6.2.5)

Partial safety factor for concrete, γ mc = 1.5. (TS 6.2.5)

These factors are already incorporated in the design equations and tables in the
code. Although not recommended, the program allows them to be overwritten.
If they are overwritten, the program uses them consistently by modifying the
code-mandated equations in every relevant place.

The theoretical maximum compressive force that the wall pier can carry is des-
ignated N oc and is given by:

N oc = [0.85f cd (A g − A st ) + f yd A st ].

2-12 Wall Pier Flexural Design

 Chapter 2 Pier Design

The theoretical maximum tension force that the wall pier can carry is designated
N ot and is given by:

N ot = f yd A st .

If the wall pier geometry and reinforcing is symmetrical in plan, the moments
associated with both N oc and N ot are zero. Otherwise, a moment associated will
be with both N oc and N ot .

The maximum compressive axial load is limited to N r(max) , where

N r(max) = 0.6 f ck A g for gravity combinations (TS 7.4.1)

N r(max) = 0.5 f ck A g for seismic combinations

Note: The number of points to be used in creating interaction diagrams can be speci-
fied in the shear wall preferences and overwrites.
As previously mentioned, by default, 11 points are used to define a single inter-
action curve. When creating a single interaction curve, the program includes the
points at N b , N oc and N ot on the interaction curve. Half of the remaining number
of specified points on the interaction curve occur between N b and N oc at approx-
imately equal spacing along the N axis. The other half of the remaining number
of specified points on the interaction curve occur between N b and N ot at approx-
imately equal spacing along the N axis.

Figure 2-7 shows a plan view of an example two-dimensional wall pier. Notice
that the concrete is symmetrical but the reinforcing is not symmetrical in this
example. Figure 2-8 shows several interaction surfaces for the wall pier illus-
trated in Figure 2-7.

# 5@12” o.c.,
12'-6"
each face, except
3" 12 spaces at 1'-0" = 12'-0" 3" as noted
1'

f’c = 4 ksi
2-#9
2-#9

2-#6

fy = 60 ksi

Figure 2-7 Example Two-Dimensional Wall Pier With Unsymmetrical Reinforcing

Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-13

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

Figure 2-8 Interaction Curves for Example Wall Pier Shown in Figure 2-7

Note the following about Figure 2-8:

 Because the pier is two-dimensional, the interaction surface consists of two

interaction curves. One curve is at 0° and the other is at 180°. Only M 3d mo-
ments are considered because this is a two-dimensional example.

 In this program, compression is negative and tension is positive.

 The 0° and 180° interaction curves are not symmetric because the wall pier
reinforcing is not symmetric.

 The smaller interaction surface (drawn with a heavier line) has the strength
reduction factor, as specified by TS 500-2000(R2018).

 The dashed line shows the effect of setting the N max Factor to 1.0.

 The larger interaction surface has both the strength reduction factor and the
N max Factor set to 1.0.

2-14 Wall Pier Flexural Design

 Chapter 2 Pier Design

 The interaction surfaces shown are created using the default value of 11 points
for each interaction curve.

Figure 2-9 shows the 0° interaction curves for the wall pier illustrated in Figure
2-7. Additional interaction curves are also added to Figure 2-9.

Figure 2-9 Interaction Curves for Example Wall Pier Shown in Figure 2-7

The smaller, heavier curve in Figure 2-9 has the strength reduction factor as
specified in TS 500-2000(R2018).

2.3.2.3 Details of the Strain Compatibility Analysis

As previously mentioned, the program uses the requirements of force equilib-
rium and strain compatibility to determine the nominal axial load and moment
strength (N d , M 2d , M 3d ) of the wall pier. The coordinates of these points are de-
termined by rotating a plane of linear strain on the section of the wall pier.

Figure 2-10 illustrates varying planes of linear strain such as those that the pro-
gram considers on a wall pier section for a neutral axis orientation angle of 0
degrees.

Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-15

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

Varying
neutral axis
locations

+ε

0.000

-0.003
Varying Linear Strain Diagram -ε

Plan View of Wall Pier

Figure 2-10 Varying Planes of Linear Strain

In these planes, the maximum concrete strain is always taken as −0.003 and the
maximum steel strain is varied from −0.003 to plus infinity. (Recall that in this
program compression is negative and tension is positive.) When the steel strain
is −0.003, the maximum compressive force in the wall pier, N oc , is obtained from
the strain compatibility analysis. When the steel strain is plus infinity, the maxi-
mum tensile force in the wall pier, N ot , is obtained. When the maximum steel
strain is equal to the yield strain for the reinforcing (e.g., 0.00207 for f yk = 460
MPa), N b is obtained.

Figure 2-11 illustrates the concrete wall pier stress-strain relationship that is ob-
tained from a strain compatibility analysis of a typical plane of linear strain
shown in Figure 2-10. In Figure 2-11 the compressive stress in the concrete, C c ,
is calculated using section 7.2 of TS 500-2000(R2018).

C c = 0.85f cd k 1 cb w (TS 7.1)

In Figure 2-10, the value for maximum strain in the reinforcing steel is assumed.
Then the strain in all other reinforcing steel is determined based on the assumed
plane of linear strain. Next the stress in the reinforcing steel is calculated using
the following equation, where ε s is the strain, E s is the modulus of elasticity, σ s
is the stress, and f ys is the yield stress of the reinforcing steel.

2-16 Wall Pier Flexural Design

 Chapter 2 Pier Design

13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Cs Cs Cs Cs

0.85f'c
Cc
a = β1c

Stress Diagram
ε13s
ε12s
ε11s ε10
s
ε9s ε8 c
s
ε7s ε6 5
s ε
s

ε = 0.003
ε4s ε3
s
ε2s ε1
s
Linear Strain Diagram

tp
Plan View of Wall Pier

Figure 2-11 Wall Pier Stress-Strain Relationship

σ s = ε s E s ≤ f ys

The force in the reinforcing steel (T s for tension or C s for compression) is calcu-
lated by:

T s or C s = σ s A s

For the given distribution of strain, the value of N r is calculated as:

N r = (ΣT s − C c − ΣC s ) ≤ N max

Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-17

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

In the preceding equation , the tensile force T s and the compressive forces C c
and C s are all positive. If N r is positive, it is tension, and if it is negative, it is
compression.

The value of M 2r is calculated by summing the moments due to all of the forces
about the pier local 2 axis. Similarly, the value of M 3r is calculated by summing
the moments due to all of the forces about the pier local 3 axis. The forces whose
moments are summed to determine M 2r and M 3r are N r , C c , all of the T s forces
and all of the C s forces.

The N r , M 2r and M 3r values calculated as described in the preceding paragraph

make up one point on the wall pier interaction diagram. Additional points on the
diagram are obtained by making different assumptions for the maximum steel
stress; that is, considering a different plane of linear strain, and repeating the
process.

When one interaction curve is complete, the next orientation of the neutral axis
is assumed and the points for the associated new interaction curve are calculated.
This process continues until the points for all of the specified curves have been
calculated.

2.3.3 Wall Pier Demand/Capacity Ratio

Refer to Figure 2-12, which shows a typical two-dimensional wall pier interac-
tion diagram. The forces obtained from a given design load combination are N d
and M 3d . The point L, defined by (N d , M 3d ), is placed on the interaction diagram,
as shown in the figure. If the point lies within the interaction curve, the wall pier
capacity is adequate. If the point lies outside of the interaction curve, the wall
pier is overstressed.

As a measure of the stress condition in the wall pier, the program calculates a
stress ratio. The ratio is achieved by plotting the point L and determining the
location of point C. The point C is defined as the point where the line OL (ex-
tended outward if needed) intersects the interaction curve. The demand/capacity
ratio, D/C, is given by D/C = OL / OC where OL is the "distance" from point O
(the origin) to point L, and OC is the "distance" from point O to point C. Note
the following about the demand/capacity ratio:

 If OL = OC (or D/C = 1), the point (N d , M 3d ) lies on the interaction curve and
the wall pier is stressed to capacity.

 If OL < OC (or D/C < 1), the point (N d , M 3d ) lies within the interaction curve
and the wall pier capacity is adequate.

2-18 Wall Pier Flexural Design

 Chapter 2 Pier Design

φPn

Pu L

Axial
Compression
Axial O M3u φM3n
Tension

Figure 2-12 Two-Dimensional Wall Pier Demand/Capacity Ratio

 If OL > OC (or D/C > 1), the point (N d , M 3d ) lies outside of the interaction
curve and the wall pier is overstressed.

The wall pier demand/capacity ratio is a factor that gives an indication of the
stress condition of the wall with respect to the capacity of the wall.

The demand/capacity ratio for a three-dimensional wall pier is determined in a

similar manner to that described here for two-dimensional piers.

2.3.4 Designing a General Reinforcing Pier Section

When a General Reinforcing pier section is specified to be designed, the program
creates a series of interaction surfaces for the pier based on the following items:

 The size of the pier as specified in Section Designer.

 The location of the reinforcing specified in Section Designer.

 The size of each reinforcing bar specified in Section Designer relative to the
size of the other bars.

Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-19

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

The interaction surfaces are developed for eight different ratios of reinforcing-
steel-area-to-pier-area. The pier area is held constant and the rebar area is mod-
ified to obtain these different ratios; however, the relative size (area) of each
rebar compared to the other bars is always kept constant.

The smallest of the eight reinforcing ratios used is that specified in the shear wall
design preferences as Section Design IP-Min. Similarly, the largest of the eight
reinforcing ratios used is that specified in the shear wall design preferences as
Section Design IP-Max.

The eight reinforcing ratios used are the maximum and the minimum ratios plus
six more ratios. The spacing between the reinforcing ratios is calculated as an
increasing arithmetic series in which the space between the first two ratios is
equal to one-third of the space between the last two ratios. Table 1 illustrates the
spacing, both in general terms and for a specific example, when the minimum
reinforcing ratio, IPmin, is 0.0025 and the maximum, IPmax, is 0.02.

After the eight reinforcing ratios have been determined, the program develops
interaction surfaces for all eight of the ratios using the process described earlier
in the section entitled "Checking a General or Uniform Reinforcing Pier Sec-
tion."

Next, for a given design load combination, the program generates a demand/ca-
pacity ratio associated with each of the eight interaction surfaces. The program
then uses linear interpolation between the eight interaction surfaces to determine
the reinforcing ratio that gives a demand/capacity ratio of 1 (actually the program
uses 0.99 instead of 1). This process is repeated for all design load combinations
and the largest required reinforcing ratio is reported.

Design of a Uniform Reinforcing pier section is similar to that described herein

for the General Reinforcing section.
Table 2-1 The Eight Reinforcing Ratios Used by the Program
Curve Ratio Example
1 IPmin 0.0025
IPmax − IPmin
2 IPmin + 0.0038
14
7  IPmax − IPmin 
3 IPmin +   0.0054
3 14 
 IPmax − IPmin 
4 IPmin + 4   0.0075
 14 
 IPmax − IPmin 
5 IPmin + 6   0.0100
 14 

2-20 Wall Pier Flexural Design

 Chapter 2 Pier Design

Table 2-1 The Eight Reinforcing Ratios Used by the Program

Curve Ratio Example
25  IPmax − IPmin 
6 IPmin +   0.0129
3  14 
 IPmax − IPmin 
7 IPmin + 11   0.0163
 14 
8 IPmax 0.0200

Wall Pier Flexural Design 2-21

 Chapter 3
Spandrel Design

This chapter describes how the program designs concrete shear wall spandrels
for flexure and shear when TS 500-2000(R2018) is the selected design code.
The program allows consideration of rectangular sections and T-beam sections
for shear wall spandrels. Note that the program designs spandrels at stations
located at the ends of the spandrel. No design is performed at the center (mid-
length) of the spandrel. The program does not allow shear reinforcing to be
specified and then checked. The program only designs the spandrel for shear and
reports how much shear reinforcing is required.

3.1 Spandrel Flexural Design

In this program, wall spandrels are designed for major direction flexure and shear
only. Effects caused by any axial forces, minor direction bending, torsion or mi-
nor direction shear that may exist in the spandrels must be investigated by the
user independent of the program. Spandrel flexural reinforcing is designed for
each of the design load combinations. The required area of reinforcing for flex-
ure is calculated and reported only at the ends of the spandrel beam.

The following steps are involved in designing the flexural reinforcing for a par-
ticular wall spandrel section for a particular design loading combination at a par-
ticular station.

 Determine the maximum factored moment Md.

3-1
Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

 Determine the required flexural reinforcing.

These steps are described in the following sections.

3.1.1 Determine the Maximum Factored Moments

In the design of flexural reinforcing for spandrels, the factored moments for each
design load combination at a particular beam station are first obtained.

The beam section is then designed for the maximum positive and the maximum
negative factored moments obtained from all of the design load combinations.

3.1.2 Determine the Required Flexural Reinforcing

In this program, negative beam moments produce top steel. In such cases, the
beam is always designed as a rectangular section.

In this program, positive beam moments produce bottom steel. In such cases, the
beam may be designed as a rectangular section, or as a T-beam section. Indicate
that a spandrel is to be designed as a T-beam by specifying the appro-priate slab
width and depth dimensions are provided in the spandrel design overwrites
(Appendix B).

The flexural design procedure is based on a simplified rectangular stress block,

as shown in Figure 3-1. The maximum depth of the compression zone, c b , is
calculated based on the compressive strength of the concrete and the tensile steel
tension using the following equation (TS 7.1):

εcu Es
cb = d (TS 7.1)
εcu Es + f yd

The maximum allowable depth of the rectangular compression block, a max , is

given by

amax = 0.85k1cb (TS 7.11, 7.3, Eqn. 7.4)

where k 1 is calculated as follows:

k 1 = 0.85 − 0.006 ( f ck − 25 ) , 0.70 ≤ k 1 ≤ 0.85. (TS 7.1, Table 7.1)

3-2 Spandrel Flexural Design

 Chapter 3 Spandrel Design

Figure 3-1 Rectangular Spandrel Beam Design, Positive Moment

It is assumed that the compression depth carried by the concrete is less than or
equal to amax. When the applied moment exceeds the moment capacity at amax,
the program calculates an area of compression reinforcement assuming that the
additional moment is carried by compression reinforcing and additional tension
reinforcing.

The procedure used by the program for both rectangular and T-beam sections is
given in the subsections that follow.

3.1.2.1 Rectangular Beam Flexural Reinforcing

Refer to Figure 3-1. For a rectangular beam, the factored moment, Md, is resisted
by a couple between the concrete in compression and the tension in reinforcing
steel. This is expressed as:

 a
=M d Cc  dspandrel −  (TS 7.1)
 2

where Cc = 0.85 f cd a ts and dspandrel is equal to hs − dr-bot for positive bending and
hs − dr-top for negative bending.

The depth of the compression block, a, is given by:

Spandrel Flexural Design 3-3

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

2M d
a =dspandrel − dspandrel
2
−
0.85 f cd ts

The program uses the preceding equation to determine the depth of the compres-
sion block, a. The depth of the compression block, a, is compared with amax.

3.1.2.1.1 Tension Reinforcing Only Required

If a ≤ amax, no compression reinforcing is required and the program calculates
the area of tension reinforcing,

Md
As =
 a
f yd  dspandrel − 
 2

The steel is placed at the bottom for positive moment and at the top for negative
moment.
Note: The program reports the ratio of top and bottom steel required in the web area.
When compression steel is required, those ratios may be large because there is no limit
on them. However, the program reports an overstress when the ratio exceeds 4%.

3.1.2.1.2 Tension and Compression Reinforcing Required

If a > amax, compression reinforcing is required and the program calculates re-
quired compression and tension reinforcing as follows.

The depth of the concrete compression block, a, is set equal to a = amax. The
compressive force developed in the concrete alone is given by

Cc = 0.85 f cd amax ts (TS 7.1)

The moment resisted by the couple between the concrete in compression and the
tension steel, Mdc, is given by

 a 
=M dc Cc  dspandrel − max 
 2 

Therefore, the additional moment to be resisted by the couple between the com-
pression steel and the additional tension steel, Mds, is given by

M=
ds M d − M dc

3-4 Spandrel Flexural Design

 Chapter 3 Spandrel Design

The force carried by the compression steel, Cs, is given by,

M ds
Cs =
dspandrel − d r

Referring to Figure 3-1, the strain in the compression steel, ε's, is given by.

0.003 ( c − d r )
ε s′ =
c

The stress in the compression steel, f 's, is given by.

c − d′
σ′s Es εcu  max  ≤ f yd .
 cmax 

The term dr in the preceding equations is equal to dr-top for positive bending and
equal to dr-bot for negative bending. The term c is equal to amax k1.

The total required area of compression steel, A's, is calculated using the following
equation.

Cs
As′ =
(σ s′ − 0.85 f cd )

The required area of tension steel for balancing the compression in the concrete
web, Asw, is:

M dc
Asw =
 a 
f yd  dspandrel − max 
 2 

The required area of tension steel for balancing the compression steel, Asc, is:

M ds
Asc =
f yd ( dspandrel − d r )

In the preceding equations, dspandrel is equal to hs − dr-bot for positive bending and
hs − dr-top for negative bending. In the preceding equations, dr is equal to dr-top for
positive bending and dr-bot for negative bending.

The total tension reinforcement As is given by:

Spandrel Flexural Design 3-5

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

=
As Asw + Asc

Thus, the total tension reinforcement, As, and the total compression reinforce-
ment, As'. As is to be placed at the bottom of the beam, and As' at the top for
positive bending and vice versa for negative bending.

3.1.2.2 T-Beam Flexural Reinforcing

T-beam action is considered effective for positive moment only. When designing
T-beams for negative moment (i.e., designing top steel), the calculation of re-
quired steel is as described in the previous section for rectangular sections. No
T-beam data is used in this design. The width of the beam is taken equal to the
width of the web.

For positive moment, the depth of the compression block, a, is given by

2M d
a =−
d d2 − .
0.85 f cd b f

 If a ≤ ds, the subsequent calculations for the reinforcing steel are exactly the
same as previously defined for rectangular section design. However, in that
case, the width of the compression block is taken to be equal to the width of
the compression flange, bs. Compression reinforcement is provided when the
dimension "a" exceeds amax.

 If a > ds, the subsequent calculations for the required area of reinforcing steel
are performed in two parts. First, the tension steel required to balance the com-
pressive force in the flange is determined, and second, the tension steel re-
quired to balance the compressive force in the web is determined. If necessary,
compression steel is added to help resist the design moment.

The remainder of this section describes in detail the design process used by the
program for T-beam spandrels when a > ds.

Refer to Figure 3-2. The compression force in the protruding portion of the
flange, Cf, is given. The protruding portion of the flange is shown cross-hatched.
=C f 0.85 f cd ( bs − ts ) d s

3-6 Spandrel Flexural Design

 Chapter 3 Spandrel Design

Figure 3-2 Design of a Wall Spandrel with a T-Beam Section, Positive Moment

The required area of tension steel for balancing the compression force in the
concrete flange, Asf, is:

Cf
Asf =
f yd

The portion of the total moment, Md, that is resisted by the flange, Mdf, is given
by

 d 
=M df C f  dspandrel − s .
 2 

Therefore, the balance of the moment to be carried by the web, Mdw, is given by

M=
dw M d − M df .

The web is a rectangular section of width ts and depth hs for which the design
depth of the compression block, a1, is recalculated as:

2 M dw
a1 =dspandrel − dspandrel
2
−
0.85 f cd ts

Spandrel Flexural Design 3-7

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

3.1.2.2.1 Tension Reinforcing Only Required

If a1 ≤ amax, no compression reinforcing is required and the program calculates
the area of tension steel for balancing the compression force in the concrete web,
Asw.

M dw
Asw =
 a 
f yd  d spandrel − 1 
 2

The total tension reinforcement As is given by.

=
As Asf + Asw

The total tension reinforcement, As, is to be placed at the bottom of the beam for
positive bending.

3.1.2.2.2 Tension and Compression Reinforcing Required

If a1 > amax, where a1 is calculated using the equation in Section 3.1.2.2, com-
pression reinforcing is required. In that case, the required reinforcing is com-
puted as follows.

The depth of the concrete compression block, a, is set equal to amax, a = amax. The
compressive force developed in the web concrete alone is given by

Cw = 0.85 f cd ats .

The moment resisted by the couple between the concrete web in compression
and the tension steel, Mdc, is given by

 a
=M dc Cw  dspandrel −  .
 2

Therefore, the additional moment to be resisted by the couple between the com-
pression steel and the tension steel, Mds, is given by

=
M ds M dw − M dc

Referring to Figure 3-2, the force carried by the compression steel, Cs, is given
by

3-8 Spandrel Flexural Design

 Chapter 3 Spandrel Design

M ds
Cs = .
dspandrel − d r -top

The strain in the compression steel, εs', is given by

0.003 ( c − d r -top )
ε s′ = .
c

The stress in the compression steel, fs', is given by

0.003Es ( c − d r -top )
f s′ = Es ε s′ = .
c

The term c is equal to amax k1 .

The required area of compression steel, As', is calculated as,

Cs
As′ = .
σ s′

The required area of tension steel for balancing the compression in the concrete
web, Asw, is

M dc
Asw = .
 a
f yd  dspandrel − 
 2

The required area of tension steel for balancing the compression steel, Asc, is

M ds
Asc = .
f yd ( dspandrel − d r -top )

The total tension reinforcement As is given by

As = Asf + Asw + Asc .

As is to be placed at the bottom of the beam, and As' at the top of the beam.

Spandrel Flexural Design 3-9

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

3.2 Spandrel Shear Design

The program allows consideration of rectangular sections and T-beam sections
for wall spandrels. The shear design for both of these types of spandrel sections
is identical.

The wall spandrel shear reinforcing is designed for each of the design load com-
binations. The required area of reinforcing for vertical shear is calculated only at
the ends of the spandrel beam.

In this program, wall spandrels are designed for major direction flexure and shear
forces only. Effects caused by any axial forces, minor direction bending, torsion
or minor direction shear that may exist in the spandrels must be investigated by
the user independent of the program.

The following steps are involved in designing the shear reinforcing for a partic-
ular wall spandrel section for a particular design loading combination at a par-
ticular station.

 Determine the factored shear force Vd.

 Determine the shear force, Vc, that can be carried by the concrete.

 Determine the required shear reinforcing to carry the balance of the shear
force.

Step 1 needs no further explanation. The following two sections describe in de-
tail the algorithms associated with Steps 2 and 3.

3.2.1 Determine the Concrete Shear Capacity

Given Vd and Vc, the required shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups or ties
within a spacing, s, is given for rectangular beam by the following:

 The shear force is limited to a maximum of

Vmax = 0.85 f ck Aw (TCS 7.4.5.2)

 The required shear reinforcement per unit spacing, Asw /s, is calculated as fol-
lows:

If Vd ≤ Vcr ,

3-10 Spandrel Shear Design

 Chapter 3 Spandrel Design

Asw f
= 0.3 ctd bw , (TS 8.1.5, Eqn. 8.6)
s f ywd

else if Vcr < Vd ≤ Vmax ,

Asw (Vd − Vc )
= , (TS 8.1.4, Eqn. 8.5)
s f ywd d

Asw f
≥ 0.3 ctd bw (TS 8.1.5, Eqn. 8.6)
s f ywd

else if Vd > Vmax ,

a failure condition is declared. (TS 8.1.5b)

If Vd exceeds its maximum permitted value Vmax, the concrete section size should
be increased (TS 8.1.5b).

3.2.2 Determine the Required Shear Reinforcing

One of the terms used in calculating the spandrel shear reinforcing is dspandrel,
which is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the
tension steel. For shear design, the program takes dspandrel to be equal to the
smaller of hs − dr-top and hs − dr-bot.

3.2.2.1 Seismic and Nonseismic Spandrels

Given Vd and Vcr, the required force to be carried by the shear reinforcing, Vds, is
calculated using (TS 8.1.4).

Vds= Vd − Vcr (TS 8.1.4)

If Vds exceeds 1.5 f ctd ts dspandrel , a failure condition is reported in accordance with
TCS Section 7.6.8.2.

Given Vds, the preceding equation initially calculates the required vertical shear
reinforcing in area per unit length (e.g., square mm per meter) for both seismic
and nonseismic wall spandrels (as indicated in the preferences). Note that addi-
tional requirements that are checked for both seismic and nonseismic wall span-
drels are given as.

Spandrel Shear Design 3-11

Shear Wall Design TS 500-2000(R2018)

Vds
Av =
f yd dspandrel

Note: The output units for the distributed shear reinforcing can be set in the
shear wall design preferences.

3.2.2.2 Seismic Spandrels Only

For seismic spandrels only, in addition to the requirements of the previous sub-
section, an area of diagonal shear reinforcement in coupling beams is also cal-
Ls
culated when ≤ 2 using the following equation.
dspandrel

Vd
Avd = , (TCS 7.6.8.2(b))
2 f yd sin γ

where,

0.8hs
sin γ = ,
L2s + (0.8hs ) 2

where hs is the height of the spandrel and Ls is the length of the spandrel.

In the output, the program reports the diagonal shear reinforcing as required or
not required (i.e., optional). The diagonal shear reinforcing is reported as re-
quired when Vd > 1.5f ctd dbspandrel .

3-12 Spandrel Shear Design

 Bibliography

CSI, 2019. CSI Analysis Reference Manual. Computers and Structures, Inc.,
Walnut Creek, California.

TCS, 2018. Specification for Turkish Seismic Code. Official Gazette No. 26454
and 26511. Ministry of Public Works and Settlement. Government of the
Republic of Turkey.

TS 500, 2000. Requirements for Design and Construction of Reinforced

Concrete Structures. Turkish Standard Institute. Necatibey Street No. 112,
Bakanliklar, Ankara.

White, D. W. and J. F. Hajjar, 1991. “Application of Second-Order Elastic Anal-

ysis in LRFD: Research to Practice.” Engineering Journal. American Insti-
tute of Steel Construction, Inc., Vol. 28, No. 4.

Bibliography - i