WRITTEN REPORT
ARCHITECTURE
BY: REVERIE
ABALOS, Carla Santa P.
AMPONGAN, Stefanie O.
ASTRERA, Sean Ivan
DELA CRUZ, Reilyne
ILAGAN, Raphael
PAREÑO, Princess Raeven
RAVELO, Ace
REGINALDO, Joel
REGINIO, John Paul I.
SALINAS, Jonas
BSOA 1-2
ARTS APPRECIATION
PROF. SOLANGON
Introduction of Architecture
Architecture is both an art and a science that shapes our physical environment and reflects
societal values. It encompasses the creative integration of form, function, and cultural context to
create meaningful spaces that enhance human experience. Key elements such as design
principles, structural integrity, and historical influences play pivotal roles in defining
architectural identities. By examining historical evolution, contemporary trends, and iconic
examples, we gain insights into architecture’s enduring impact on urban landscapes and its role
in shaping the built environment. Architecture stands at the intersection of art, science, and
human creativity, shaping the physical environment in which we live, work, and interact. It is
more than just the construction of buildings; it embodies the cultural, social, and technological
aspirations of societies throughout history. This essay explores the multifaceted nature of
architecture, delving into its historical evolution, contemporary relevance, and profound
influence on urban landscapes and human experience. This summary encapsulates the essence of
an introduction to architecture, highlighting its artistic, functional, and cultural significance
within the broader context of societal development and human interaction with the built
environment.
In the 20th and 21st centuries, architecture has witnessed diverse movements and styles, from the
functionalism of the Bauhaus to the organic forms of Frank Lloyd Wright’s architecture and the
avant-garde designs of contemporary architects like Zaha Hadid and Renzo Piano. Sustainable
architecture has emerged as a critical response to environmental concerns, promoting
energy-efficient designs, use of renewable materials, and integration with natural surroundings.
Architects today face the challenge of designing for increasingly dense urban environments
while balancing aesthetic considerations with practical demands for sustainability and social
inclusivity. Concepts such as smart cities, adaptive reuse of existing structures, and resilient
design are shaping the future of architecture, responding to global urbanization and climate
change.
In conclusion, architecture remains an indispensable facet of human civilization, reflecting our
aspirations, values, and technological prowess. By tracing its historical roots, exploring current
trends, and contemplating its future trajectory, we gain a deeper appreciation for the enduring
impact of architecture on our lives and the built environment. As architecture continues to evolve
in response to global challenges and opportunities, it remains a testament to human ingenuity and
creativity, enriching the way we experience and understand the world around us. This
introduction provides a comprehensive overview of architecture, covering its historical
evolution, contemporary trends, challenges, cultural significance, and social impact. Adjustments
can be made based on specific aspects of architecture you wish to emphasize or expand upon.
Historical Overview
- The historical overview when it comes to architecture expands the arts of a thing like
other buildings and even technology. The architecture expands the influence based on
Technological, Cultural, and social advancements. Over the century the architecture is
expanding more and creating a massive artwork, here’s the 9 timeline of the architecture.
1. Ancient Periods- architecture in ancient civilization such as Mesopotamia,
Egypt, Greece, and Rome reflected their respective cultural and religious beliefs.
2. Medieval Period- During the Middle Ages, architecture was largely characterised
by Romanesque and Gothic styles.
3. Renaissance - The Renaissance marked a revival of classical ideals, leading to a
renewed interest in symmetry, proportion, and humanism.
4. Baroque and Rococo- The Baroque period introduced dramatic and ornate
architectural styles, characterised by grandeur and movement. Rococo, a later
development, focused on intricate decoration and delicate forms.
5. Neoclassicism- Inspired by classical antiquity, Neoclassical architecture emerged in
the 18th century as a reaction against the excesses of Baroque and Rococo.
6. Industrial Revolution- The advent of the Industrial Revolution brought about
significant changes in architecture, with innovations such as iron and steel
construction allowing for taller buildings and large-scale infrastructure projects.
7. Modernism- In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Modernism emerged as a
rejection of traditional ornamentation and a focus on functionality and simplicity.
8. Postmodernism- Postmodern architecture, which emerged in the late 20th century,
embraced eclecticism and irony, often combining elements from different
architectural styles in unconventional ways.
9. Contemporary- Today, architecture continues to evolve with advancements in
technology, sustainability, and cultural diversity shaping the built environment.
Architects explore innovative materials, forms, and concepts to address contemporary
challenges and reflect changing societal values.
This is the 9 Official Timeline in Architecture, with these 9 timeline giving pointers to
this generation about what the architecture looks like than before.
Architectural Elements and Principles
Architectural principles guide architects in designing buildings that are functional, aesthetically
pleasing, and environmentally responsive. These principles include form and composition, which
ensure visual balance and proportion, such as the symmetry of the Parthenon and the balanced
asymmetry of the Heydar Aliyev Center. Visual dynamics introduce movement and emphasis,
seen in the rhythmic patterns of the Palace of Gymnastics and the iconic sail-like roof of the
Sydney Opera House. Human scale considers the comfort and functionality for users,
exemplified by the walkable sections of the Great Wall of China and the versatile spaces of the
Seattle Public Library.
Aesthetics focus on visual appeal through harmony and contrast, with the Alhambra Palace's
unified gardens and water features, and striking contrasts in modern designs. Environmental
considerations prioritize sustainability and contextual responsiveness, like Masdar City's use of
renewable energy and Fallingwater's integration with its natural surroundings. These principles
ensure that buildings not only serve their intended purpose but also enhance their surroundings
and remain adaptable for future generations. Architectural elements, such as arches, columns,
windows, roofs, and facades, are crucial components in a building's design, serving specific
purposes and contributing to its aesthetics, stability, and user experience.
● Shapes - geometric or organic, are fundamental building blocks in architectural design,
used to create patterns, rhythms, and visual interest.
● Volume - refers to the three-dimensional space enclosed by walls, ceiling, and floor in a
building, requiring architects to consider interactions for smooth transitions and flow.
● Size - Architects must consider the size of elements like doorways, windows, and
furniture to create a harmonious and functional design in architectural design.
● Scale - is the size of architectural elements within a building or environment, influencing
harmony and balance in design, with smaller buildings having smaller elements and
larger ones featuring more significant features.
● Color - significantly influences architectural design, influencing mood, atmosphere, and
aesthetics by creating contrast, highlighting elements, and evoking emotions through
warm and cool colors.
● Texture - in architecture refers to the surface quality of materials, used to create visual
contrast, depth, and enhance the tactile experience of a space.
Analysis of Architectural Masterpiece
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, designed by the renowned architect Frank Gehry, stands as a
testament to the transformative power of contemporary architecture. Inaugurated in 1997 in
Bilbao, Spain, this masterpiece not only redefined the city's cultural and urban landscape but also
set a new benchmark for architectural innovation and modern art museums globally. This essay
delves into the architectural significance of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, exploring its
design principles, construction techniques, and its impact on both the architectural world and the
local community.
Design and Principles and Aesthetic
Frank Gehry’s design for the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a daring departure from traditional
architectural forms. The museum is characterized by its flowing, organic shapes, which Gehry
likened to a "metallic flower" due to its intricate and sinuous curves. This fluidity is achieved
through the use of titanium cladding, which gives the building its distinctive, shimmering
appearance. The seemingly chaotic structure is, in fact, a carefully orchestrated blend of complex
geometries and advanced engineering.
The design embodies Gehry's philosophy of "deconstructivism," where traditional architectural
conventions are subverted to create structures that appear disordered yet are meticulously
planned. The museum’s exterior is a dynamic composition of convex and concave surfaces,
undulating forms, and dramatic volumes. This approach not only challenges the orthogonal grid
typical of modern architecture but also invites visitors to experience the building from multiple
perspectives, each revealing new facets and forms. The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a
striking example of deconstructivist architecture, a style characterized by fragmentation,
non-linear processes of design, and the manipulation of a structure’s surface. Gehry’s design
breaks away from traditional architectural forms, presenting an unconventional and fluid
structure that seems to defy the norms of geometry and gravity. The museum’s exterior is
composed of organic, curvilinear forms clad in titanium panels, which shimmer in the light and
create a dynamic interplay of reflections and shadows. This use of titanium was innovative at the
time and contributed to the building's futuristic appearance.
The asymmetry and seemingly chaotic arrangement of the building's forms are balanced by an
underlying sense of harmony. Gehry’s design draws inspiration from the industrial heritage of
Bilbao and the flowing curves of the nearby Nervión River. The building’s organic forms evoke
the image of a ship, a nod to the city's maritime history, and the shimmering surface reflects the
changing moods of the sky and water, integrating the museum with its surroundings in a unique
way.
Construction and Engineering
The construction of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao was a feat of engineering as well as
architecture. Advanced computer-aided design (CAD) software was used to translate Gehry’s
complex and unconventional sketches into a buildable structure. This technology allowed for the
precise fabrication of the building’s intricate forms, ensuring that each of the 33,000 titanium
panels fit perfectly together.
The structural framework of the museum is composed of a steel skeleton, which provides the
necessary support for the building’s sweeping curves and expansive interior spaces. The use of
steel allowed for the creation of large, column-free galleries that offer unparalleled flexibility in
exhibition design. This structural innovation was crucial in realizing Gehry’s vision of fluid,
interconnected spaces that flow seamlessly from one to another.
Impact on Architecture and Urban Regeneration
Since its opening in 1997, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao has had a profound impact on both
the field of architecture and the city of Bilbao. Architecturally, the museum is considered a
masterpiece and has influenced a generation of architects to explore new forms and materials. It
has demonstrated the potential of architecture to create iconic landmarks that capture the public
imagination and become symbols of cultural identity.
Economically and socially, the Guggenheim Museum has played a pivotal role in the
revitalization of Bilbao. Often referred to as the "Bilbao Effect," the museum's success has
spurred urban regeneration, attracting tourists and investments that have transformed the city
from an industrial decline to a vibrant cultural hub. The museum has also sparked similar
projects worldwide, where cities seek to emulate Bilbao’s success through cultural investment
and architectural innovation.
Conclusion
The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao stands as a testament to the transformative power of
architecture. Frank Gehry’s visionary design not only redefined what a museum could look like
but also demonstrated the broader impact that architecture can have on a city and its identity.
Through its innovative use of materials, advanced construction techniques, and bold aesthetic,
the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao has secured its place as a masterpiece of modern architecture,
inspiring future generations to push the boundaries of design and urban development.
Architecture in Art Movements
The Architecture in Arts Movement represents a transformative period in architectural history,
characterized by innovation, experimentation, and a rejection of conventional norms. Its legacy
can be seen in the diverse array of architectural styles and structures that continue to influence
contemporary design. By embracing creativity, craftsmanship, and a spirit of artistic expression,
the Architecture in Arts Movement continues to inspire architects and designers to push the
boundaries of what is possible in architecture, annd here are some Architectural Styles: Art
Nouveau, Art Deco, Baroque, Gothic, and Postmodernism. Each style reflects its era’s
cultural, social, and technological influences. Art Nouveau emphasized organic forms and
decorative motifs, seen in works like the Sagrada Família. Art Deco, characterized by geometric
shapes and lavish ornamentation, is exemplified by structures like the Chrysler Building.
Baroque architecture, known for its grandeur and opulence, produced masterpieces such as St.
Peter’s Basilica. Gothic style, marked by verticality and pointed arches, is showcased in
cathedrals like Notre-Dame. Postmodernism, a late 20th-century reaction against Modernism,
embraced eclecticism and historicism, evident in buildings like the Portland Building. These
styles demonstrate architecture’s evolution and its reflection of societal values throughout
history.
In Conclusion, It often involves collaboration between architects and artists, resulting in works
that integrate architectural elements into artistic creations. This emphasizes the
interconnectedness of different artistic expressions and highlights the importance of
interdisciplinary collaboration in the creative process.
The Development of Architecture
Ancient and Medieval Period
The ancient world covers all continents inhabited by humans in the period 3000 BC. The
three-age system periodizes ancient history into the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron
Age, with recorded history generally considered to begin with the Bronze Age. While Medieval
period, which lasted roughly from AD 500 to AD 1400, was characterized by the rise of
feudalism and the controlling power of the Catholic Church in people's lives. The Renaissance
included a rebirth of interest in Classical culture. It began around 1400 and lasted until 1650.
Modern World
Modern architecture, dominated in the 1930s and 1960s, was methodical and practical,
characterized by open floor plans, curtain windows, flat roofs, and sparse decoration. It
prioritized user needs over aesthetics and was closely linked to social-political beliefs, often
referred to as international modernism or the international style.
Contemporary World
The Contemporary World of architecture, starting in the late 20th century, integrates new
technologies and design philosophies. Postmodernism blends traditional forms with modern
aesthetics, often adding playful or ironic elements, as seen in the Portland Building in Oregon.
The sustainable design emphasizes eco-friendly materials and energy-efficient methods,
exemplified by Milan's Bosco Verticale. Digital design and parametric architecture use advanced
technology to create complex and interactive forms, like the Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku and
the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in Spain. This era reflects a commitment to innovation,
sustainability, and aesthetic diversity.
The Development of Architecture in the Philippines
Architecture during the Pre-spanish period
During the pre-spanish period, architecture in the Philippines was primarily influenced by
Indigenous cultures and environment factors indigenous built structures using locally. Available
materials like bamboo palm, nipa, cogon grass, yakal tree, rattan, and wood. These are the ones
used in the huts or so-called “kubo” that we usually see, and we have examples of Pre-spanish
Architecture in the Philippines like Luzon and Mindanao.
First Architecture of Luzon, the Bontoc. Ivatan, and The Bahay Kubo
● Bontoc
The Bontoc people, residing in the mountainous Cordillera region of northern Luzon,
Philippines, build traditional fayu houses that reflect their ingenuity and adaptability.
These structures, situated on mountain slopes for defense and agricultural access, serve as
multifunctional shelters designed to withstand the cool climate and frequent rains.
Constructed from local materials like wood, bamboo, and cogon grass, fayu houses are
elevated on stilts to protect against flooding and pests, featuring steeply pitched roofs and
rectangular or oblong shapes. Decorative elements include intricate carvings, geometric
patterns, woven textiles, and tribal motifs, highlighting the cultural identity and artistic
skills of the Bontoc community.
● Ivatan
- The Ivatan stone houses, located in the Batanes province in the northernmost part of the
Philippines, are renowned for their sturdy construction using thick limestone walls and
cogon grass roofs, designed to withstand the region's harsh weather, including typhoons
and earthquakes. These durable shelters, with small windows and low doorways, provide
insulation and protection for the Ivatan people. While primarily functional, the houses
feature decorative elements such as intricate carvings on wooden beams and doors,
reflecting traditional motifs and the cultural identity of the Ivatan, and their use of natural
materials gives them a rustic, organic aesthetic.
● The Bahay Kubo
- The Bahay Kubo, a traditional Filipino house found in rural areas of Luzon, including
Mindoro, is particularly associated with the Mangyan people. Serving as a simple,
practical dwelling, it provides shelter and accommodates the tropical climate.
Constructed from bamboo and nipa palm, it is elevated on stilts for ventilation and flood
protection, with a steep thatched roof and wide windows. While primarily functional, it
features decorative elements like woven bamboo patterns, latticework, and carved
wooden details that reflect local craftsmanship and cultural aesthetics, including
indigenous Mangyan motifs.
Pre-Spanish Architecture of Mindanao
● Maranao Torogan
The Maranao Torogan is a traditional ancestral house located in Lanao del Sur,
Mindanao, Philippines. It served as a communal home for the Datu (chieftain) and his
family, symbolizing wealth and status, and as a cultural hub for community events.
Structurally, it features a raised floor on large wooden posts, a spacious main hall, and
distinctive protruding beam ends called panolong. The house is richly decorated with
intricate okir wood carvings, often featuring the Sarimanok and Naga motifs, and painted
in vibrant colors, reflecting Maranao artistry and cultural significance.
The Development of Architecture in the Philippines
Architecture During the Pre-Spanish Period
● Architecture During The Spanish Era
The Spaniards arrival in the Philippine Archipelago in the 1500s brought the introduction of
Antillean Style of Architecture in the Philippines which significantly influenced the Philippines
architecture in the following centuries. There are several changes made from the style in order
for it to fit in the Philippines tropical climates, providing a sense of twist and character to it that’s
distinct to Philippines. With the Spaniards goal to spread Christianity, comes the need to build
religious structures to support the ever-growing numbers of devotees. And unlike most structures
that can be found in Europe, the buildings in the Philippines are unique in a way that it highlights
the Spanish colonial architecture; alternatively known as a reinterpretation of Spanish-Mexican
Baroque Style.
The buildings that you can still see built during the Spanish era is a testament to the durability
that possessed although the later Americans & Japanese also influenced the architecture in the
later years it wasn’t as influential as the Spanish inspired ones. Many of these Spanish colonial
churches are present today and are still standing in the Ilocos Region, Southern Luzon (Laguna
and Batangas), Visayan region (specifically in the islands of Cebu, Panay, and Bohol), and
Manila. Some of these churches were never altered, while others were tainted by insipid
renovations. Some other examples of these are the Basilica Minore del Santo Nino in Cebu,
dubbed as the birthplace of Christianity in the Philippines, also standing in the same location
since 1565. Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion in Ilocos Sur, Santo Thomas de Villanueva Church in
Iloilo, and the San Agustin Church in Ilocos Norte are also examples of these Baroque churches.
While the influence of Spanish architecture is mainly found in the churches erected across the
country, it is noteworthy to note that the houses in the Philippines also evolved during the
Spanish Era. We’ve gone from having nipa hut (bahay kubo) to bahay na bato which is the
upgraded version of the aforementioned houses, the principles remain the same with the changes
that can be found on the materials used to build such houses that are much more durable than the
traditional ones. While the lower floors of the houses are made from stones and bricks that serve
as the foundation of the house, the upper floors are made of hardwood which are covered by tiles
or galvanized irons. The first floor commonly serves as the cellars, storage rooms or sometimes
shop whilst the second floor is considered the elevated residential floor.
The Spaniards colonial architecture also allows the rise to military fortresses that’s built and can
be found all around the country; one most famous example of these is the Walled City of
Intramuros, built in 1571. The place has a trapezoidal layout, standing between the sea & pasig
river that serves to protect the Spanish from attacks. Some other notable infrastructures that were
made during the Spanish era are the San Juan Dios Hospital, and schools like the University of
Santo Tomas, Ateneo Municipal, and Colegio de Letran. All of which follow the characteristic of
the tropical Baroque style of architecture that was prevalent during that time.
Conclusion
Architecture serves as a testament to human creativity, innovation, and adaptability. It shapes our
environment, influences our daily lives, and reflects our cultural and historical values. From
ancient wonders to modern marvels, architecture not only provides shelter but also creates spaces
that inspire and connect communities. As we move forward, sustainable and inclusive design
will be pivotal in addressing global challenges and enhancing the quality of life for future
generations. Ultimately, architecture remains a dynamic and evolving field that continually
redefines the possibilities of human ingenuity and environmental harmony. Architecture, as a
discipline and a practice, stands at the crossroads of art, science, and human experience. It is
more than the mere act of constructing buildings; it is an expression of cultural identity, historical
evolution, and societal values. The profound impact of architecture on our lives is evident in the
way it shapes our daily routines, influences our moods, and affects our interactions with one
another. As we reflect on the significance of architecture, several key themes emerge,
underscoring its multifaceted role in shaping human civilization.
Firstly, architecture is a reflection of cultural heritage. From the grandeur of ancient Egyptian
pyramids and Greek temples to the intricate details of Gothic cathedrals and the minimalist
aesthetics of modernist structures, architectural styles convey the artistic and philosophical
inclinations of different eras. These structures serve as tangible records of human history, telling
stories of past societies, their beliefs, and their advancements. The preservation and study of
historical architecture allow us to appreciate and learn from the ingenuity and creativity of our
ancestors.
Secondly, architecture plays a crucial role in environmental stewardship. In an era of increasing
environmental awareness, sustainable design has become a fundamental principle in
contemporary architecture. Architects are now tasked with creating buildings that minimize
energy consumption, reduce carbon footprints, and harmonize with their natural surroundings.
Innovations such as green roofs, solar panels, and energy-efficient materials are transforming the
way buildings are designed and constructed. This shift towards sustainable architecture not only
addresses environmental concerns but also promotes healthier and more resilient communities.
Moreover, architecture has a profound influence on social connectivity and inclusivity. The
design of public spaces, such as parks, plazas, and community centers, plays a crucial role in
fostering social interaction and community cohesion. Inclusive design principles ensure that
these spaces are accessible and welcoming to people of all ages, abilities, and backgrounds. By
creating environments that encourage social engagement and inclusivity, architecture helps to
build stronger, more connected communities. The thoughtful design of residential, educational,
and commercial spaces can also enhance quality of life by providing comfortable, functional, and
inspiring environments for everyday activities.
Lasty, architecture is a dynamic and evolving field that continuously shapes and is shaped by
human society. It reflects our cultural values, responds to environmental challenges, and fosters
social connections. As we look to the future, the principles of sustainable and inclusive design
will be essential in addressing global challenges and improving the quality of life for all.
Architecture, in its essence, remains a testament to human creativity and a powerful tool for
building a better, more harmonious world.
