11.

Fire Safety (in terms of existing building occupancy,,

PLANNING 1- REVIEWER the building, and site access by
FRENZCARL N. MORETE firefighters)
12. Security (for people and contents of buildings)
MODULE 1
 SITE MUST WORK WITH THE BUILDING
01 INTRODUCTION & ASPECTS OF SITE DESIGN - Selection of materials, for components, systems, and
OBJECTIVES
➢ acquire extensive knowledge on the aspects op site design and planning
details site construction
➢ comparatively relate site design and planning to the building  SITE MUST ALSO RELATE TO THE FOLLOWING:
- GENERAL BUILDING ENCLOSURE
TOPIC OUTLINE:
1. What is Site Design? - ACCESS TO THE BUILDING
2. Aspects of Site Design: - ENTRY TO THE BUILDING
● SITE DEVELOPMENT
● CONCERNS FOR SITE DEVELOPMENT - WITH OTHER BUILDING SERVICE SYSTEMS
● DIVISION OF SITE WORK
● THE MICRO - SITE: INTERNAL CONCERNS
● THE MACRO- SITE: EXTENDED ENVIRONMENT 2.3 DIVISION OF WORK
● BUILDING / SITE RELATIONS Involvement of many people/professionals:
● WHOSE Site IS IT?
○ Owner/purchaser of the site,
○ Various Designers (Who work with the site)
1.0 SITE DEVELOPMENT
○ Contractors (who do site and building const, work)
What is Site Design?
○ Local Authorities and Agencies (who control the type
entails the whole range of concerns relating to:
of work planned for the site)
1. DEVELOPMENT or;
Work for site development overlaps the interest of many
2. REDEVELOPMENT
designers and consultants:
of a piece of ground for some planned purpose.
Site design activities are not always clearly divided
1. Construction of a building on site;
among major design professional = work that overlaps
2. Dealing with site issues outside the building.
spheres of action
2.1 SITE DEVELOPMENT
A building site's (typical) major concerns: ACTIVITIES RELATED TO SITE DEVELOPMENT:
• GENERAL FORM 1) SURVEYS & INVESTIGATIONS
• FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS (studies, existing surface conditions and features,
• APPEARANCE materials, setbacks/ easements, legal constraints, water
* being addressed by architects, planners, landscape conditions, slope stability, etc.)
architects, civil engineers and other professionals.
2) SITE ENGINEERING
(contour, drainage, surface stabilization, utilities and
DESIGN COORDINATION - complicated by the fact that:
services. site construction eg. pavements, retaining
walls, etc)
● REGRADING I EXCAVATION - The first work on site
which begins the construction and
3) LANDSCAPE DESIGN
install the unseen site infrastructure (later called the
(General usage and development of the site,
"INVISIBLE SITE")
constructed elements and plant materials for the visible
● SCHEDULING + SEQUENCES - of the following:
site.
• DESIGN WORK,
• CONSTRUCTION WORK,
4) FOUNDATION DESIGN
• CONTRACT NEGOTIATIONS, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT,
(below grade portions of the buildings, and supporting
and; BUILDING AGENCY APPROVALS DO NOT MESH
foundations)
WELL
5) DESIGN FOR CONSTRUCTION WORK
2.2 CONCERNS FOR SITE DEVELOPMENT
(Excavation, temporary sharing, dewatering, below -
The shaping and General construction of Building sites:
must respond to all of these design considerations: grade construction work, etc.)

1. Site Traffic Circulation (Pedestrian and Autos)

2. Surface Drainage and Disposal of Run-Off Water 2.4 THE MICRO-SITE: INTERNAL CONCERNS
3. Development of Planting and General Landscape The design output is essentially a restatement of
Design (Flora and Fauna) conditions for the site. This section deals with issues
that arise from conditions within site boundaries a.k.a.
4. Placement of the Building on the site (Tropical Design)
'micro-site
5. Development of Building Foundations and Below -
Grade Construction
Latter includes:
6. Connections to Off-Site services
- Existing site
7. Site-edge Interface with Existing streets and
- The building that will occupy the site
properties
- General development of the internal site.
8. Site Lighting (Natural & Artificial Lighting) (as offered
by building exhaust air, site-auto
Must perform a complete survey of the existing
traffic, etc.)
conditions for the existing site:
9. Sound (Noise and Privacy) (as affected by building
An existing site's major concerns involve the following:
exhaust air, site-auto)
- TOPOLOGY; the general site surface form
10. Air Quality (“ “)
- EXISTING PHYSICAL ELEMENTS (e.g. trees, rock SITE DEVELOPMENT must be considered as an
outcroppings, streams, buildings; other elements for INVESTMENT and pursued with the property owner's best
protection (conservation of natural elements), interest.
preservation of (built) features)
- CHARACTER OF DEEP SUBSURFACE SOILS: relating to • Aspects of design must relate to the functional needs
the development of the building foundations and other of the actual user's leg. children = elementary school)
deep-seated construction • Good - looking appearance enhances property
- EXISTING UNDERGROUND ELEMENTS (eg. utility lines, values = worthwhile intention nowever, satisfying the
sewers, tunnels, etc.) needs of the users is equally significant.
- ANY LEGAL RESTRICTIONS WITHIN THE SITE BOUNDARIES Outdoor spaces or sites „belong' to all those people
(easements, setback, height restrictions, etc.) who experience them as such whether visually or for
actual use.
2.5 THE MACRO-SITE: EXTENDED ENVIRONMENTS •Walking /driving past a site makes anyone a partial
The world outside the site; 'macro-site' user of the site. sites- part of a continuum and relate to
Considerations begin w| the development of the site a larger context.
edges of boundaries which represent the
terminal limits of the internal site development as well as MODULE 02
the immediate interfaces of the site which covers but TOPIC OUTLINE
1. DETERMINATION OF SITE CONDITIONS
are not limited to the following: 2. SITE PLANNING
• STREETS 3. BUILDING / SITE RELATIONS

• ALLEYS 1) DETERMINATION OF SITE CONDITIONS

• RIVER BANKS ● THE EXISTING SITE
● THE DESIGN PROBLEM
• LAKE SHORELINES ● INFORMATION OF THE PHYSICAL SITE
Site edges represent fixed conditions generally not ● GENERAL INFORMATION
● LEGAL CONSTRAINTS
subject to major redevelopment permission for a curb ● ANALYSIS CONDITIONS
cut to install a driveway on the site.
2) SITE PLANNING
● DEFINING THE SITE DESIGN PROBLEM
Site edges establish major design constraints for the ● TRAFFIC PARKING
● THE VISIBLE SITE
general site design with concerns for the following ● THE INVISIBLE SITE
items: ● MANAGEMENT OF SITE MATERIALS

3) BUILDING / SITE RELATIONS

1) RECONTOURING OF THE SITE (edges shaped by ● SITING THE BUILDING
● THE BUILDING BASE
property line) ● ACCESS
2) SITE SURFACE DRAINAGE (Tropics = major impact on ● BUILDING SERVICES
● BUILDING / SITE SPATIAL
site form; issuance of permits by agencies for the ● THE BUILDING MODIFIED BY THE SITE
conduct of site work) ● THE SITE MODIFIED BY THE BUILDING

3) ACCESS TO THE SITE (must be accessed from their

edges; pedestrian or vehicular traffic, utility service or DETERMINATION OF SITE CONDITIONS
sewers) INTRODUCTION
4) BUILDING SITE AND ORIENTATION (existing items at
edge affect the general orientation for planning of the Preceding any real design solutions, there must be:
site and any building) ● A thorough investigation of the site
● A collection of various forms of information
2.6 BUILDING / SITE RELATIONS
sites for Building = must be developed with major For building sites = General Pre-design* Analysis:
concerns for site-to-building relationships: 1. Consultation
2. Pre-feasibility Studies
• ROUTE OF ACCESS to building entry points 3. Feasibility (possibility / probability)
• PLACEMENT & ORIENTATION of buildings on the site 4. Site Selection and Analysis
• DEVELOPMENT OF THE BUILDING BASE & 5. Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies
FOUNDATIONS, as well as the connections 6. Architectural Research
to services (esp: underground) 7. Architectural Programming
8. Space Planning
Aspects of building/ site relations from a design point of 9. Space Management Studies
view depend on the designer's attitude or philosophies. 10. Value Management Studies
11. Design Brief Preparation
2.7 WHOSE SITE IS IT? 12. Promotional Services

Philosophical argument in developing an approach to

site design is the real ownership of the site Site = earliest areas for concern for building design
because:
• True rights of ownership= Legal title to site is rested in ● Issues
legal owner of the property. Some sites are owned by ● Constraints
people or organizations that do not use them and the
designers may question whom the real! owners at that 3.1 THE EXISTING SITE
point - Present a situation for the designer similar to that of a
blank canvas for a painter

- Its CONDITIONS may be:

● TOTALLY NATURAL for previously undeveloped sites or; 3.3 INFORMATION FOR THE PHYSICAL SITE
● COMPLETELY DEVELOPED heritage from previous ● Development of the site is planned = some
owners or users of the site information about the site is required.
● Type and extend of information may vary which
- Could have a predisposition to leave the site in its depends on:
present condition as much as possible due to : ○ Site conditions;
● It being an aesthetically-pleasing site: ○ Type of planned development
○ Natural or;
○ Undeveloped ● SURVEYING THE SITE - the general process of gathering
information
● It being essentially functionally usable as it is: ○ (not to be confused with the actual work of
○ Principal design goal: little intrusion or change surveying)
● SURVEYING - special process of finding specific
● It being a matter of economics horizontal and vertical dimensions

Building a new building / modifying an old one is likely ● Other forms of information:
to effect some changes:
1. SITE SURVEYS
● The performance / conduct of the construction work ● General Area Map
is likely to disturb the site significantly. ● Geographic Statistics
○ If intent is to disturb the site as little as possible‟ efforts ● Aerial Surveys (Photomaps)
are required to preserve existing site features or ● Geotechnical Surveys
elements = becomes a major design activity
2. MAPS
● It may be desirable to completely redevelop the site. ● Cartography
○ In this event; critical to thoroughly investigate and
document the existing site conditions; 3. SITE DEVELOPMENT PLANS
○ No item on site can be ignored; calls for a complete ● Site Plan
site inventory and evaluation of which features or ● Grading Plan
elements need to be: ● Construction Plans

■ Changed or removed 4. DATA SOURCES

■ Preserved or recycled and so on. ● Surface Drainage
● Existing Streets, etc.
3.2 THE DESIGN PROBLEM ● Existing Utilities
● Adjacent Properties
- PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION = idea of general site
intentions (similar to the chicken or egg situation) 5. INFORMATION FOR DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
- Simple information about the site = used for any
realistic design projections
- Requires sequential investigation: 1. SITE SURVEYS
● Preliminary design studies to establish specific design ● Reserved for a special map
intentions ● Produced by a professional land survey
● Thorough follow-up investigations ● Registered with local authorities as a legal document
● Part of the legal description of the property
Ex. Site is reasonably accessible = more site visits during ● Major purpose: establish all data necessary for an
design work as a need for more precise information informed design

- Some design problems can be forthcoming merely on I. LAND SURVEY

the basis of information about the site ● Written description of the property
- The need to remedy some situations or deal with ● Specific legal definition of a site
exceptionally constraining ones may strongly influence ● Refers to its location based on the established legal
the feasibility of the design solutions. boundaries of the lot, region (city, country, etc.)
● Locations of adjacent streets and alleys
Ex. areas that are intensely developed (with existing ● Easements for utilities (portions of the property that
streets, utilities, neighboring properties and many legal have existing utilities
constraints requiring setbacks, height restrictions, or are held available for future installations)
easements, etc. ● Locations and descriptions of major site features (ex.
Ponds, streams,
- Design work/ process is hardly a clear linear in rock outcropping, existing buildings, large trees, etc.)
summary / points to remember:
II. Additional Types
● No / Lack of preliminary information = No design work ● GENERAL AREA MAP
● No / Lack of preliminary design intentions = no - Political Map - obtained from local authorities, various
expensive or extensive investigation agencies (highways, agriculture, etc.)
● If design work is ongoing, some interplay between ● GEOGRAPHIC STATISTICS
design work and investigation is to be investigated - Display distribution of various data (ex. Population
density, air pollution, etc.)
● AERIAL SURVEYS (Photo Maps)
- Obtained from government agencies / commercial 2. ZONING ORDINANCES
mapping services ● Restrictions imposed by legislative bodies or
● GEOTECHNICAL SURVEYS government agencies
- Ground conditions and geological properties of the ● Ex. Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP)
subsurface ground materials) ● The CLUP communicates the plans of the local
government
2 MAPS ● The Comprehensive Land Use Plan allows the local
government unit to communicate to various sectors of
● CARTOGRAPHY - production / making of the population how it plans to cater their needs of land
● Horizontal, planar views of some region of the earth‟s resources
surface
● International establishments. Latitudes / longitudes, 3. WEATHER & GENERAL CLIMATE RECORDS
boundaries of continue, and etc. ● Yield information on:
Ex. ● Annual rainfall
○ Geographical Information ● Depth of frost penetration
○ Legal property descriptions ● Temperaturer extremes
○ Site surveys of various kinds ● Prevailing winds
● Risk of windstorms
3 SITE DEVELOPMENT PLANS ● Probability of earthquakes
- Generally a „Site Map‟
4. REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHIC
● SITE PLAN ● Information on local conditions (existing and
○ For actual mapping purposes projected)
○ Repetition of data from site surveys etc. Ex. SOCIO ECONOMIC INDICATORS
● GRADING PLAN ● Physical and Demographic Characteristics
○ Existing site contours and features ● Economic Activities
○ a.k.a. finished grade if recontoured / redeveloped ● Social Service
○ Grading Plan - inform working recontouring ● Infrastructure and Utilities
● Public Finance
● CONSTRUCTION PLANS ● Public Administration
○ Showing horizontal planar view of the construction
work proposed for a site 5. GENERAL COMMUNITY or REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
○ Supported by various detailed drawings PLANS
○ Separate plans for site construction - Master Plan
- Constraining Elements
4 DATA SOURCES ● Preservation of local and culturaly significant buildings
● Maintenance of community appearances
Maps = primary data sources; describe „as is‟ condition ● Working with no-growth policies
I. Concerns Ex. COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (CDP)
● SURFACE DRAINAGE - recontouring of the site, ● Vision
rechannelling surface water drainage during rainfall ● Cross-Sectoral Concerns on climate change
● EXISTING STREETS, etc. - usually unchangeable ● Economic Development
conditions, vehicular entry/exit, traffic conditions / ● Social Development
restrictions ● Infrastructure Development
● EXISTING UTILITIES - connections to existing services, ● Environmental Management
recognition of existing mains; esp. sewers, gravity ● Institutional Development
drainage
● ADJACENT PROPERTIES - const. on site must not 6. CRITICAL INFORMATION
jeopardize adjacent or present the dangers such as: - Anything that has a potential for restricting the
undermining, erosion, etc. freedom of developing a site such
as:
5 INFORMATION FOR DESIGN DEVELOPMENT ● Drainage Patterns
● Irrigation for plantings
- Design of construction projects = staggered fashion. ● Placement of structures on property line
- Broad decisions are made without detailed ● Vehicular traffic (on/ off) site
information; detailed information is obtained
through actual design studies (prelim. design Entire feasibility of the project may be questioned
development) where extensive and highly restrictive constraints exits
❖ GENERAL INFORMATION - PRELIMINARY DESIGN -
SPECIFIC INFORMATION - 3.5 LEGAL CONSTRAINTS
DEFINITIVE DESIGN - CRITICAL / SPECIFIC INFORMATION
1. TITLE OF OWNERSHIP
3.4 GENERAL INFORMATION ● Specific legal description of the property
● Establishes precise location
1. NEGOTIATED PROPERTY USAGE RESTRICTIONS ● Basis of ownership
● Title description ● Major point: identification of the property line
● Restrictions negotiated on large tract basis Ex. ORIGINAL CERTIFICATE OF TITLE (OCT)
● Apply to all individual properties in the tract TRANSFER CERTIFICATE OF TITLE (TCT)
2. USAGE RESTRICTIONS ➢ NBCP: illustrated data CD, released 2016 by the
- Primary restriction: fundamental usage (zoning) DPWH (for public recipients) and by
the NCCA and AAF (for both private and other public
3. BUILDING CODES recipients), for use only as a
- Actual construction on a site is usually controlled by a general technical reference (SIR) i.e. a guide in the
building code graphical interpretation of the 2004
- Enacted as ordinance by a political body having revised IRR of the NBCP
jurisdiction over the property ➢ Local Development Controls
- Permission to build on the site; building permit issuance ➢ Local Government Unit (LGU) laws that are valid and
- Codes as reference but subject to ongoing revisions subsisting
➢ Zoning Ordinances (20‟s) and their IRR‟S including
● NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CONTROLS official zoning maps (OZM‟s) and /
● P.D. 1096: 1977 NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE or annexes
PHILIPPINES (NBCP) and its 2004 revised IMPLEMENTING ➢ Other development - related and / or construction -
RULES AND REGULATIONS (IRR) (promulgated by DPWH) related LGU ordinances, particularly
➢ Referal Codes (Section 103-3 up 2004 revised IRR of those levying local taxes and mandating the hiring of
P.D. 1096): local labors:
➢ R.A. 9514: 2008 FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (FCP) ➢ LGU Policy Guidance (not laws but are the bases for
and its 2009 IRR. (promulgated by DILG through BPP) LGU laws):
➢ B.P. 344: THE LAW TO ENHANCE THE MOBILITY OF ➢ Legal Comprehensive Land, Water and Air Use Plans
DISABLED PERSONS AND ITS IRR / ANNEX, as well as the (CLWAUP), duty approved by the
applicable provision of R.A. 7277: The Magna Carta LGU council: and
for Disabled Persons, (1992) ➢ Provincial Physical Framework Plan (PPFP) as
➢ PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY LAWS (PRL’s): R.A. 9266 application
for State-registered and licensed architects (RLA‟s); PRC
and PRB issuance: resolutions, COE‟s SPP and the 3.6 ANALYSIS OF CONSTRAINTS
like Before beginning any phase of design works
➢ P.D. 1067: THE WATER CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES ➢ Make some analysis of the basic conditions of the
➢ P.D. 856: THE SANITATION CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES design:
➢ DPWH Design Guidelines; Criteria and Standards ● Various sources constraints
(DGCS)Volume 6 - building design, released 2015; ● Basic premises for specific design goals and
➢ DPWH PHILIPPINE GREEN BUILDING CODE (PGBC), objectives
2015
➢ DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DoE) Guidelines on energy SITE PLANNING
conserving design on building, 2008
➢ NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES 4.1 DEFINING THE SITE DESIGN PROBLEM
(NSCP) 2010 or lates edition: What constitutes a „problem‟ to be considered is:
➢ PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE (PEC) latest edition and ● Must be carefully explored through the basis of the:
PH electronice code latest edition ○ Various existing conditions
➢ MECHANICAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, latest ○ Design goals
edition;
➢ PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, latest edition; Usually the first „problem‟ to be considered is:
➢ ARCHITECTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (ACP), ● How to get a building on the site and;
2000 or latest edition; ● Which site situations may present constraint or
➢ RULES OF THE CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY OF THE difficulty
PHILIPPINES (CAAP) particularly on BUILDING HEIGHT
LIMIT (BHL) near operating airports / active The site may:
aerodrome; ● Accommodate a building easily
➢ Hazard maps such as seismic maps (showing fault ● Or may offer some challenging problems
line / trace locations) flood maps,
etc. duty issued by the pertinent National Government FEASIBILITY OF ACHIEVING specific building designs for
agencies, etc. the site can be tested if:
● Exceptional physical design problems are confronted
➢ CLUP document 102 on private constructions;
early on.
➢ Issuance and interpretations by the Department of
COST-INDUCING or construction budget-limiting
Health (DOH) pertaining to P.D. Np.
activities / conditions:
856 (The Sanitation Code of the Philippines):
➢ Issuance and interpretations by the DPWH pertaining
● Extreme shape change of the site or;
to P.D. No. 1096, including
Memoranda Circulars, published building design and
● Need for very special foundations (e.g.)
rainwater collection standards,
○ Isolated - soft soil = high water table
and related / derivative regulations (DR‟s)
○ Combined - close foundation / retaining walls
➢ Applicable standards by other infrastructure
that share the load
agencies such as department of ○ Strip - support a long foundation wall
Transportation (DoTr) and its attached agencies e.g. ○ Raft / Mat - supports entire building (weak
Philippine National Railways soil)
(PNR), Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP),
etc; and External conditions that can add other complications to
the project:
● Lack of paved streets VEHICULAR TRAFFIC - its facilitation must relate to:
● A local sewer system ● Specific Form of Vehicles (e.g.)
● Power lines ○ Bicycles to large trucks or buses
● Other services ● Minimum Radius of Turning
○ Limits planning of corners in traffic paths
● Neighbourhood properties situation handling. (limit ● Width of Paths (automobiles)
work, necessity to shield construction, or erect buffer ● Provisions for larger vehicles
zones and other means of separation) ● Specific vehicle and its activities (e.g.)
● Local Ordinances, Zoning Boards, and other sources
of legal constraints (severe constraints) MINIMUM PARKING DIMENSIONS
● Removal, or even severe trimming of large trees may -Perpendicular Parking: 2.50m x 5.00m
be restricted or protected by local ordinances -Diagonal Parking: 2.10m x 6.00m
-Parallel Parking: 2.15m x 6.00m
4.2 TRAFFIC
Site Planning involves: Turning Radius; or turning path - smallest circular turn
● Management of considerable traffic: that it can make.
○ PEDESTRIAN ● Measuring the diameters, and commonly radii, of the
○ VEHICULAR inner and outer circular geometries.
● Turning circles are used to evaluate how easily a
People and cars must be moved on and off site and specific car can make a U-turn or park
around the site for various purposes.
Traffic Generating Buildings
Traffic must enter the site: thus its considerations: = very high volumes of pedestrian and vehicular traffic
● Access Streets Distance between the street curb of the ingress/egress
● What points on site edges can entry be achieved? of such a commercial lot/property (nearest the
● Pedestrian Walkability intersection) and the straight curb of the intersection
● Mass Transit Connection shall not be less than 50,00 meter within 100.00 meters of
● Vehicular Access such intersection.
● Traffic flow amount: time occurrence
● Potential impact of site-related traffic on local streets RULE VIII. C: STREETS / ROAD - RIGHT - OF WAY (RROW)

-Tight or small sites with little space outside the building Minimum Access Requirements for RROW‟s
=MOBILITY ISSUES / MOVEMENT DIFFICULTY -Interior / Rear Lots = dependent on the # of buildings /
units w/c it serves; RROW should not be less than 3.00m
● Moving can horizontal or be up / down with multilevel in width*
drive or parking
● Should be provided with a 4.00m wide CHAFLAN at its
-Pedestrian and / or vehicular traffic may be intersect w/ the main RROW
complicated by other additional considerations RROW shall not be used for any form of parking
involving: Alignment of RROW / access streets = integrated into
● Building occupants and visitors the existing street / road network, particularly with the
● Access and traffic paths for fire trucks provision of chaflans of the appropriate width
● Trash pick-ups No obstruction should exist within the RROW / access
● Service & delivery vehicles streets servicing multiple housing of more than 75 units
All kinds of subdivisions and residential condominiums
Traffic must be related to the buildings on a site may generally refer to this Guideline concerning streets
● SITE ENTRY (first stage in traffic flow) / roadways
● BUILDING ENTRY
VEHICULAR TRAFFIC - its facilitation must relate to
Site Plan must be tested for continuous entry & exit (cont‟d):
paths ● Specific vehicle and its activities (e.g.):
● Traffic Paths, for the entire path of travel, must be: ● Acces
○ Functionally usable: ● Parking
○ Barrier ● Unloading / Loading
○ Continuous in nature ● Long-term storage

Traffic - usually takes place on some form of pavement RULE VIII. D: SIDEWALKS
that is designed to accommodate the specific type of: OBSTRUCTIONS
● Traffic (pedestrian / vehicular)
● Its Form / Configuration CURB CONFIGURATIONS: MOUNTABLE CURBS & RAISED
● Rate of Flow CURBS

VEHICULAR TRAFFIC - (surfaces) must be on: Mountable Curbs* = if the sidewalk width on each side
● CONTINUOUS of the RROW is at a minimum of 5.00meters wide
● SMOOTH *a.k.a Roll Curbs = have sloping faces that allow
● EMPLOYING RAMPS (vertical movement) vehicles to encroach on them without damaging
● SLOPED DRIVES (vertical movement) tires and wheels
Raised Curbs* = are encouraged for use along ● Radius of corners
sidewalks that are less than 5.00 meters in width ● General acreage of pavement required
● PWD provisions (also with special access)
PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC
(surfaces) must be on: Developers of commercial and public parking lots have
● Continuous happily complied by reducing the
● Stairs (vertical movement) sizes of the provisions to the bare minimum.
● Elevators (vertical movement)
● Escalators (vertical movement) *Lack of advocacy groups to assert the rights of
● People movers (e.g. A moving walkway, also known motorists with large cars
as an autowalk, moving pavement,
moving sidewalk, people-mover, travolator, or Special emphasis on surface parking.
travelator)
● Ramps (vertical movement) Surface Parking can eat up enormous amounts of the
site area therefore:
PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC PATHS - highly restricted in form by: ● Rule of thumb: 28-32 sq.m. per parked car = total
● Requirements for barrier free access for use by area required for a parking lot
persons with limited capabilities inclusive of:
● Elements of building codes ● stalls,
● Authority / clearance ● drive-throughs,
● Label, direction, instruction, command ● turn around spaces and,
● „Non-place‟ - (linguistically-defined space) is ● access
driven by “reading” rather than “physicality”.
● Gates: sometimes required for parking.
NBCP RULE VIII.708: GROUP DWELLING REQ’TS. ● Separation of users may require:
● Separate lots
ENTRANCE AND EXIT: wind load; at least on (1) entrance ● Different points of vehicular entry
and another one for exit ● Different pedestrian access or paths

STAIRS: at least 750mm in clear width with a rise of ● Zoning requirements: stipulate a min. no. of parking
200mm and a minimum run of 200mm spaces for various building occupancies
In summary, general design standards for traffic
accommodating elements: ● Other criteria: can generate a considerable
● Change overtime: assignment of space of parking
● New regulations, new attitudes about safety and
general optimization for usage e.g.: ● Becomes a major site planning issue: establishes limits
● Width of paths for the use of property (in general for a specific
● Max. permitted / desirable slopes occupancy)
● Surface characters (non-slip / skid)
NBCP RULE VII.707: PARKING
● Details are developed from some combination of:
● Legal restrictions ● In computing for parking slots, a fraction of 50% and
● Research-generated data above shall be considered as one (1) car parking slot to
● Proven experience be provided. In all cases however, a
● Personal preference
● Outright guesswork ● Minimum of one (1) car parking slot shall be provided
unless otherwise allowed
PARKING
MULTI-FLOOR PARKING GARAGES
Parking Space for vehicles: ● Multi-floor parking garages may serve the 20% parking
● Must be accommodated requirements of the / structure
● Frequent requirement for building sites
● May be developed as: B.P. 344 (ACCESSIBILITY LAW)
● Surface Parking (paved areas) ● Minimum provisions to be applied for the
● Structure Parking (in conjuncture w/ the handicapped
building or separate structure)
OTHER PROVISIONS
Vehicles must be able to: ● Direct access of parking / loading / utility slots and
● Get into or out of the parking terminals to the RROW shall be generally disallowed to
prevent the usage of the RROW as a maneuvering area
People must be able to: ● R-2, R-3, GI, C, C-2, and C-3 uses or occupancies,
● Get back and forth between the parking and the frontyards abutting RROW are not to be used for long-
buildings term off-street parking.
● Temporary or short-term off-street parking, particularly
Parking must be developed in association with: on driveways, shall preferably be only for visitors to
● General development of traffic accommodations these buildings / structures
(pedestrian or vehicular)
● Average sizes of vehicles
● Width of driveways
4.4 THE VISIBLE SITE objections about the development of the property
● Overall improvement of the development of the
Site Planning most notably deals with the visible portions neighborhood appearance may enhance the value of
of the site (what is): the of other properties (if only aesthetically)
● Seen Note: At - Grade (visible site) Below - Grade (invisible site) Vista - Economic value –
Visibility
● Walked on
● Generally participated in by the users and the 4.5 THE INVISIBLE SITE
buildings ➢ Not in view; underground
➢ Geological formation underlying the site surface
- Site Planning major aspects of the design work:
➢ Subsurface conditions that relate or affect the on-
● The Viewing of the visible site
grade surface development
● Its construction
➢ Need for feasibility can influence planning decisions
● Its use
➢ Considerations for below-grade soil materials and
● Its relations to the surrounding environment
geological structure
Whatever happens on the site
● Generally accessible to viewing (e.g.) Installations:
- A public event often shared by the occupants of the ● Manholes
building and persons off-site. ● Tunnels
● Underground vaults
● Viewing of the site is important: ● Buried elements
- From an aesthetic point of reference to the site ● Septic tanks
designer (as the building exterior is the architect) ● Cisterns
● Surface-mounted equipment.
Both the site and the building exterior:
● Are parts of the same landscape and viewing ● UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION
● And generally encompasses them both - Excavations
- Backfills (integrity)
Designs for the viewing of sites complicated by:
● It does not occur as a singular act but in ● DEVELOPMENT AND IRRIGATION OF PLANTING
many different situation - Locating trees and Large plans
- Development and anticipation of extensive root
Various possible viewing situation considerations: systems
● View from all possible points:
- On the site 4.6 THE MANAGEMENT OF SITE MATERIALS
- Off the site
- From inside the building ● Existing site = an inventory of materials
- From neighboring building: etc
● Decisions for the management of the inventory
● Viewing at night, during daylight, with the site lighting (materials) in the process of developing the site:
turned on/off 1. Removal
2. Rearrangement
● Viewing at different times of the year as the seasons 3. Modification
affect the landscape and environment of the site 4. Replacement

● Viewing by persons in vehicles, driving past or onto ● Nature of existing site + type of development =
the site; viewing by persons walking determines the extent of modification:
1. Site Materials
● For pleasurable effects 2. Removal of Soil
3. Imported Materials
● Relation to some functional/concerns 4. Modification of Site Materials
- ability to located building entrances
- find entry to parking lots 1) Site Materials:
- See and avoid collisions with cross traffic - Below-grade
- On/At-grade
● Heavy Security: (when required) viewing becomes
critical: ● Below-grade Site Materials:
- Obscured views may be objectionable ○ Soil
○ Rock
Viewing of the site may be: ○ Water deposits
● A major concern for people who own or uses ○ Below-grade construction (prev. developed)
surrounding properties ○ Root growth (heavily forested)

The need for major attention to the view from off the ● On/At-grade Site Materials:
site: ○ Trees or other plants (preservation/removal)
● Undeveloped site may have been attractive or; ○ Preservation: plans to protect existing growth. during
● Design for developed site may be a potential eyesore site work/construction.
● Attractive development of a formerly „ugly-
appearing‟ site may help to offset object ● Others that may seriously affect existing growth.
○ Raising/Lowering the grade
○ Major changes in surface drainage. ● Surface soils for raising to finish grade = need to be
Other modifications. cleaned of:
○ Debris
● Problems that might affect the management of site ○ Large roots
materials: ○ Rocks
1. Establishment of Finished Grades ○ EtC.
2. Building Excavation
3. Extensive Landscaping ● Soils for structural purposes (ex. base supports for
4. Site Construction pavements/bearing supports for foundations)= need
compaction and other forms of modification.
● Establishment of Finished Grades
○ Substantial raising/lowering of level of site surface ● Modifications may improve
= major need for removal or importation of materials. ○ Soil strength
○ Resistance to settlement-gloducing deformations
● Building Excavation ○ General soil. stability
○ Large building with extensive below-grade ○ Change water-related properties.
construction = may involve extensive removal of site
materials ● Feasibility and practicality study is required.
○ Removed site materials may be used elsewhere
on site or planned to be disposed of. MODULE 3

● Extensive Landscaping BUILDING / SITE RELATIONS

○ Lacking or inadequate existing topsoil = major TOPIC OUTLINE
3. Building/Site Relations
new plantings may require importation of material for ➢ Siting the Building
surface soils to sustain plant growth. ➢ The Building Base
➢ Access
➢ Building Services
● Site Construction ➢ Building/Site Spatial Continuity
➢ The Building Modified by the she
○ Extensive development of site structures = ➢ The Site Modified by the Building
may require removal of soils displaced by
construction. 5.0 BUILDING / SITE RELATIONS
INTRODUCTION
2) Removal of Soil ● Building Sites = must be closely related to the buildings
● Balancing cuts and fills required to achieve finished that will occupy the site.
grades = No significant removal or importing; ● Commonly; Buildings = predominant; Site = is
wherethe buildings are just located
● Common situation = major below-grade construction; ● At an extreme: sites with no buildings at all; sites are
most sites not being raised/lowered to of neighboring more significant than the buildings
properties/streets, retain connection to site boundary (ex. Sites of major historic' events)
● Relations = 'give or take' berveen site and bulldings;
• Site construction displ@ces soils that must be removed buildings are expected to respond
(if necessary) to some site concerns.
● Removal of undesirable site materials; plantings = 5. 1 SITING THE BUILDING
better support of pavements and drainage; sometimes
existing soils may be unusable and not possibly ● Establishing between a building and its site their
modifiable. specific:
○ Geometric
In summary: removed soils especially undesired) must ○ Spatial relationship
be taken elsewhere = new problem.
● Consists of the following principal considerations
3) IMPORTED MATERIALS 1. Horizontal Positioning
● May be a frequent exchange in construction 2. Vertical Positioning.
● May be imported from another site in which it was 1. Horizontal Positioning
previously removed from, ● A general architectural term for horizontal plane
section drawing.
● Topsoil (for plantings required) = may be removed ● Establishes the plan location of the building on the
from other sites to be mostly developed with site.
buildings/pavements. ● Dimensions of positioning concerns:
○ Requirements for setbacks from property
● Removed soil for an excavation = may be used to lines.
raise a major depressed portion of another site. ○ Protection of easements (usually along a side
of the properly)
● Feasibility and practicality study is required. ○ Allowance of site space for driveways, walks,
underground utilities, etc
4) MODIFICATION OF SITE MATERIALS ○ Protection of views or privacy.
● Existing site materials = usable raw materials that may ○ Allowance for site construction (ex. Stairs,
require modification to suit the new development. retaining walls, etc.) or installation of large
trees.
Easement = Public land: not to be used for any form of Most common forms:
building / structure that may go against its public
recreational character Vertical Positioning
Building/ground relationships with respect to the ground
● Positioning of the building on the site plan may be: surface plane
○ Severely constrained
- When the site is small in comparison to the c) Building with basement in construction
building's ground level footprint. - Special considerations in construction.
- Building may occupy the total buildable - Critical if below grade spaces are occupied for other
portion of the site than utilitarian purposes (ex. Storage, parking. etc.)
○ space not reserved or setbacks, easement or
other restrictions against construction. d) Building with no basement
○ Results into virtually no remaining site space:
site literally is the building's ground floor level. ● Building foundation
Important part of the büilding base
Positioning of the building on the site plan may be: ○ Choice must be closely coordinated with
● If there is almost no site left other aspects of the site work:
○ Buildings must generally conform very closely to the - Extensive excavation for basements/foundations = study for the
disposition of excavated materials and probable extensive backfill.
plan shape and size of the site.
● If a good deal of site remains
● Building services
○ Buildings are considerably free of plan constraints
● Enter or exit the building at is base
related to the shape of the site boundaries.
● Often below the site finished grade:
- Sewer
2. Vertical Positioning
- Water supply
Potential relationships for a building in this regard,
- Gas supply
including the following:
- Electrical line
● Relation to existing streets (that provide access to the
- Communication line
site)
● Relation-to any existing buildings or other features
5.3 ACCESS
that have a determined location and some relationship
to the building being positioned.
● Accommodating access to the building
● Relation to existing site features (ex. Existing grades,
○ Access path begins with:
elements to be preserved, ground water levels, soil
- Concern for access onto the site (constrained
conditions for foundations, etc.)
usually by adjacent properties or streets).
● Relation to existing underground utilities (especially
sewer mains that use gravity flow)
● Access through two forms of traffic:
○ Pedestrian
Consideration for vertical positioning of buildings on
○ Vehicular
their sites
INITIAL ACCESS
5.2 THE BUILDING BASE
● Typically involves the use of;
● Public thoroughfares public roads)
Intimate contact between
• Disruption and reconstruction required for curbs,
● Building and its site gutters and sidewalks if they exist at the
○ Occurs at the base of the building. edges of the streets.

Important aspect of the relationship: ● For large sites/large volumes of traffic (using existing
● General site plan and entry level plan streets) may require
○ Simple for small building on a flat site • Environmental Impact Assessment Reports
○ Complex for large buildings (many entry •Traffic studies
points or sites with many levels)
Environmental Impact Assessment Report
VILLA SAVOYE • prepared and submitted by the project proponent or
- Modernist version of the French country house. environmental impact assessment consultant
- Completed in 1931 • serves as an application for an environmental
- The only to be declared a national monument during compliance certificate.
the architect's lifetime. • comprehensive study of the significant impacts of a
project on the environmental management plan
LLF House • includes an environmental management plan /
- Located in São José dos Campos, Brazil. program that the proponent will fund and implement to
- Designed by studio Obra Arquitetos protect the environment

● Building may 'sit' on a site in various ways primarily TRAFFIC STUDIES

with: 1. Capacity Analyses
2. Computer Modeling
● Vertical position. 3. Corridor Progression Studies
○ With respect to the ground plane: 4. Expert Testimony
- Underground 5. Feasibility Studies
- Suspended in mid air. 6. Master Planning and Zoning
7. Network Simulation BUILDING SERVICES
8. Roundabout Analysis ■ External services linkage
9. Site Development & Access ○ Water supply
10. Traffic Calming ○ Sewers: sanitary waste and stormwater
11. Traffic Forecasting ○ Electrical power
12. Traffic Impact Studies ○ Gas
13. Traffic Safety Evaluations ○ Telephone lines
14. Traffic Signal Warrant Analyses ○ Trash collection (regular storage/pickup)
15. Trip Generation Studies ○ Firefighting
○ Mail (UPS)
Modifications/Improvements
● Of existing streets or traffic controls ■ External services linkage
- May be necessary on or passage through the site.
require facilitation
Impact of Noise Off the site
● On neighborhoods Streets, existing utility mains, etc.
- May be critical
■ Fixed references/inflexible locations
House Bill No. 1035, 17th Congress of the Republic: ■ Identification of fixed sources
An Act Prohibiting The Use Of Videoke/Karaoke
Systems And Other Sound Amplifying Equipment That ■ Sewer Systems
Cause Unnecessary Disturbance To The Public Within ○ Access
The Residential Areas, And Providing Penalties Therefor ○ Critical concern
(...) ○ Principal consideration: Location
○ Vertical Elevation: for delivery of wastes
• The bill proposed to limit the use of such equipment - Wastes: water - borne and flow by gravity
from 8am to 10pm only. - Building‟s long distance from sewer may pose
a problem
Ordinance No. 0332-10/02730-09:
Amending Section 4 of -
- Buildong‟s elevated position from sewer =
Ord. No. 30, series of 1998, otherwise known as good drainage but maintenance intensive
"The , Revised Anti-Nuisance Ordinance of Davao City"

PWD Accessibility ■ Electric Systems

Persons with Disability ● Size, location and accessibility
- In wheelchairs, the old (geriatric), the young ○ May be underground: affects surface development
(juveniles), vision-impaired, etc. on the site and others:
• Incorporate barrier-free sites - Manhole for underground installations
- Public street lighting
Controlled Access - Traffic Signs
Highly secured facilities (ex. Prisons, military installations) - Electrical transformers and meters
• Major factor. - Water and gas shut ffs and meters
- Poles/towers for overhead transmission.
Hazelwood School
Located in Glasgow, Scotland 5.5 BUILDING / SITE SPATIAL CONTINUITY

● Provide blind and deaf students with the same ● Building and its site
educational resources as their peers ○ Considered as a connected and continuous
● Designed by Alan Dunlop Architect Limited spatial entity: Design of each is not separated
● Hazelwood School cork-clad trail rail wall, which by continuously linked.
provides signifiers and tactile cues to guide students
around the school. ○ Major concerns:
- Recognition of externally viewed building as an object on
● Weaving throughout the school, the sensory wall site,
helps students master their mobility and orientation skills. - Recognition of what is seen from inside the building
- Recognition that entry/exit passages are continuous
Storstram Prison
● Designed experience
Located in Guldborgsund Municipality Denmark
○ Involves people moving.
Pedestrian or;
● Designed by C.F, Meller Architects,2017
Vehicular
● Prison galvanized steel, concrete›and bricks make up
○ Personally experienced > drawings, scale models or
the façade and ensure the facility's max-security status
photographs.
● World's most humane and re-socializing closed prisón
● Angular roof and mixed-material façade make for a
5.6 THE BUILDING MODIFIED BY THE SITE
less hostile environment
● Degree of Compatibility
● Begins with a convicted's ability to reintegrate into
○ Must be established between a building and their
society once released.
sites
● Inmates continue daily mundane tasks even while
○ Interactive relationship aspects:
incarcerated
- Functional
● Encourage mental and physical health, both indoor
- Fundamental
and outdoor sports spaces were created.
○ Ideally, a relationship of mutual respect.
● Hostile/Unusable Sites 3. Excess space on large sites
○ Old swamps 4. Little or no space on tight urban spaces
○ former dump sites
○ reclaimed areas ravaged by industrial pollution or ● Major modifications
exploitation - Finished site surface must be substantially,
- raised or lowered
● New Site - Hilly sites must be flattened out
○ May-be necessary to maximize accommodation of - Flat ones must be given sculptural form.
the building.
MODULE 04
● Functional Requirements TOPIC OUTLINE
1. DEVELOPING THE SITE FORM
- Virtually unavoidable 2. LANDSCAPING
- Major considerations: 3. SITE CONSTRUCTION
4. SPECIAL CONCERNS FOR SITE
5. CASE STUDIES
○ Building foundations
1. Developing the Site Form
- Must be developed with the true existing 1. Modification of the Site Form
conditions of the site: subsurface ground 2. Cut and Fill
3. Grading
materials, ground 4. Drainage
-Water levels, seismicity, potential instabilities.
2. Landscaping
1. General Landscaping Work
○ Vertical Positioning 2. Existing Features and Condition
3. Presentation of Existing Element
- Must be established in terms of site conditions 4. Planning the Landscape
with regard to feasible development of the 5. Plantings
6. Requirements for the Installation of Planting
finished site surfaces 7. Design for Maintenance and Growth
- Affects building entry, views from the building 8. Irrigation and Sustenance

interior, etc 3. Site Construction

1. Soil Structure
2. Pavements
○ Horizontal Positioning 3. Retaining Structures
- Must relate to the site boundary form and 4. Planters
5. Site Service Elements*
dimensions ; 6. Stairs and Ramps
- Generalcompais orientation 7. Construction as Site Sculptures
8. Underground Buildings
- Actual horizontal shape (plan profile)
4. Special Concerns for Site
1. Lighting
● General Compatibility 2. Acoustics
○ Personal attitudes 3. Communication and Signage
4. Security
- Of designer and building owners 5. Barrier-free Sites
6. General Safety Concerns

○ Legal constraints 5. Case Studies

- Local zoning 1. Peekaboo Building
2. Site Traffic Jam
- Building codes
- Negotiated property right restrictions 6.0 DEVELOPING THE SITE FORM
○ Realistic and compatible concept INTRODUCTION
development General Shaping of the Contoured Form
• A major part of site design

Hillside House 6.1 MODIFICATION OF THE SITE FORM

• Located in Millvalley, CA. U.S.A. Simple geometry of the site form
• Designed by Zack | de Vito Architects, 2016 ○ Relates to many design colicers .
○ Presents many potential technical problems:
5.7 THE SITE MODIFIED BY THE BUILDING - Achieving desired form
● Sites - Assuring stability over time (over weathering
- Modified by the presence of a building. and usage)
- Site for a building is transformed through:
Considerations:
1. Giving up portion of its space to the building 1. Relations to site function
○ Accepts the building as a new site object to be 2. Problems of achieving and preserving the desired
accommodated form

2. Perform a new major function 6.2 CUT AND FILL

○ Accommodates access and exit paths for the ● Modifying the surface profile
building (users and services - Cutting:
○ Site spaces to be developed as an accessory to the removal of some of the existing surface
building (walks, "drives, - Filing:
terraces, etc.) Building up of the surface

● No such thing as an 'Undisturbed Site' ● Rearranging site surface materials into a diff surface
•Any undisturbed charadler refers to: contour.
1. Portions of the site not occupied ● Basic goal: balancing cut and fill volumes to minimize
2. Portions used for access removal or importation;
Comparison of the before (original site) and after Water Drainage - major factor
(finished, new surface).
● True end result: redefinition of the surface. ● Source
● Developing a new site surface: - Precipitation (Rain)
○ Definition of existing conditions. - Stormwater
- Precise analysis of the geometry - Run-off from
(shape) of the surface. - Excessive irrigation.
- Inventory of objects on the surface
(ex. Trees, rock outcroppings, streams, ● Considerations:
etc.) • Protection from erosion of surface materials-
- Investigation of the immediate • Protection of sit construction from water effects
subsurface materials. (pressures/washouts)
- Site and Geotechnical Survey , Site •Protection of neighboring properties from runoff water
Inspection.
•Disposition of drained water
● Using existing surface materials: - Collection
○ Preservation of materiäs and objects. - Channeling
•Top-soil - Delivery to sewers
• Specimen trees
• Interesting ground forms. ● Steps:
● Consideration of site surface geometry for flow_of
○ Early site plans may incorporate above mentioned gravity
elements for the establishment of some reference
points. ● Early investigation (principal (actors):
- Pattern of drainage (where the water goes)
● Initial cut - Amount of water flow size of rained area +
○ Remove undesirable site surface materials rate of precipitation, rate of drain from
- Produces a specially-prepared site surface. watershed
- Velocity of the flow
● Settlement (of the finished surface) - Rate of drain from watershed (angle of slope
○ Man-made soil deposits coalesce of the area and gen. surface texture + relative
- Gravity absorption
- Water - Maximum design precipitation rate based on
- Earthquake vibrations local weather history (inches per hour)
- Time-dependent deformation (natural)
● Improving the absorptive character of the site surface
● Finished Surfaces (hardscapes)
Different in character
○ Significant cutting = exposing subsurface materials Watershed
[geotechnical problems) ○ The land near rivers and streams that "sheds water."
○ Significant filling = surfaces = major construction ○ People rely on the watershed for clean drinking
Problem water.
○ This watersheds into nearby water bodies.
6.3 GRADING
Soil retention/erosion control
● Site surface definition ○ Buffer plantings with firm roofs
● Reconfours the ground surface ○ Edgings with hard materials
○ A construction process ○ Geotextiles
○ Sculpting the surface materials to a newly defined ○ Terracing (Plant/Soil)
profile ○ Riprap [Rock)
○ Typically requires cutting and/or filling ○ Retention/Detention
○ Multistage process ○ Basin

● Steps: Stormwater Management: Environmentally Sound

○ Preliminary grading Approaches (pic)
- Base for initial construction,
- Strips off undesirable materials or those being Stormwater
preserved for later use. • precipitation that does not soak into the ground or
- Precedes excavation for foundations evaporale, but flows along the surface of the ground as
runoff.
○ Construction
- Excavated materials as genèral surface Stormwater Treatment from the Road in Japan (pic)
fill/backfill.
Combination of Permeable
○ Finished Grade Box and Void
- Combination of structures and gröund Storage
surfaces.
7.0 LANDSCAPING ● Heavy compaction of soil
INTRODUCTION - Around base of trees
Site development - Destroys portions of the trees' roots
○ Às a total landscape ● Natural growth characteristics of plants must be -
○ Other concerns apart from physical problems of the recognized
site - Anticipated as well for maintenance concerns.
● Compatibility with new plantings
Landscape design work - Demand for more nutrients
○ Design responsibility - Roots spread out the choke others‟ growth
○ May vary from project ta project depending on site - Different water requirements
conditions and project's size and scope ● Sun / shading requirements
- Thriving in some specific relation to the sun
7.1 GENERAL LANDSCAPE WORK
Cutting or lowering the soil level near a tree severely.
Landscape damages tree roots, leading to a decline in health and
• Total experience that relates to all the elements and even to death. (pic)
relationships
• General development of the site surface, with 2 to 4 inches of mulch placed on a geotextile sheet
plantings, walks and various structures protects soils from compaction caused by construction
- Piping installations for irrigation or fountains equipment and material storage.
- Electrical wiring for lighting
• Installation of all landscaping elements must be Attractive retaining walls can be used to limit the size of
coordinated with other construction work on site: fill and cut slopes, increasing the size of a tree's :
• Coordinated with efforts of other design professionals protection zone.
(timing)
Crib walls can be used to limit the length of
7.2 EXISTING FEATURES AND CONDITIONS manufactured slopes providing more room for trees
● Potential Use or Preservation and: development.
○ Of existing materials and features on site
- Must be made with din early assessment Properly preserved trees will provide benefits for a
○ Critical if they relate to: lifetime.
- Site design issues
- Building placement. 7.4 PLANNING THE LANDSCAPE
- Orientation on site ● Site Landscape
○ Entire formed site surface
● Principal concerns: ○ Soils
○ Constructed objects
1. Ground Form ○ Plantings
- Preservation to the initial undisturbed condition.
- Restoration at site edges conditions. ● Landscape design and planning
- Construction activity may disrupt site surface ○ Selection and arranging of elements on the site
conditions (traffic and heavy equipment use). ○ Participatory expèrience
○ Weather effects, day-to-night cycles and seasons of
2. Existing Site Material the year must be visualized
- Inventory of available construction materials (free of ○ Opportunity to extend structural/spatial building
cost/practical). aspects out and into the site
- Disposal/removal if unused
- Creation of finished grade surface, protection of 7.5 PLANTINGS
plants ● Appearance
● Cost and availability
Earthquake ● Climate compatibility Forms
Fault Lines (pic) ● Culture aspects
Temporary excavations on the order of 50 to 75 feet ● Usage and cultivation needs
below grade. ● Growth rate
● Toxicity
3. Special Site Features ● Fruiting / Droppings
- Surface vegetation
- Plants ● Forms
- Bedrock form ○ Ground Covers
- Drainage channels - Low-growing
- Active streams - Blankets soil surfaces
- Ex. Grasses (pedestrian traffic/activity area)
Fjadrárgijúfur, Iceland (pic) - Ex. Ground Ivy and Shrubs (slope stabilization
and erosion control)
7.3 PRESERVATION OF EXISTING ELEMENTS
● Could be the act of mere isolation during ○ Single, Large Plants
conservation - Large or small trees
● Buildings and Pavements - Various forms of shrubs
- Will prevent water penetration - Singular site elements
○ Controlled Plant Groupings ● Regrading or new drainage patterns
○ May alter surface and subsurface, drainage pattern
7.6 REQUIREMENTS FOR INSTALLATION PLANTINGS on the site
○ May channel water away from existing growth
● Other considerations: ○ May erode existing surface soils
○ Size and Nutrients
○ Details of sig construction ● Extensive new pavements
○ Natural soil materials available on site ○ May block or divert water and air from roots
○ Climate conditions at the site
○ Water, air, sunlight availability at the site ● Major height change
○ Orientation of planting ○ May expose or excessively bury the roots

● Must be coordinated with site construction to prevent: ● Below-grade construction

○ Plant root growth restriction (pavement lifting. wall ○ Must be protected from water intrusion (buried
tilting, underground pipes or basement penetration) electrical wiring and building basement)
○ Sunlight blockage
○ Diversion or drainage of needed precipitation ● Drainage
○ Covered root systems ○ Of both natural precipitation and irrigation
○ Choke-off of air supply. - Is always a critical concern

7.7 DESIGN FOR MAINTENANCE AND GROWTH SOIL STRUCTURES

Continual Growth of plants
- Anticipation and management necessary ● Soil
Growth or death of plants. ○ Major "element" in site construction itself.
- Growth in size promotion and management ○ Has significant impact on foundation, pavement, aid
Feasibility of development landscape design and with the
- Limitations and construction general site development.
- Impact of existing soils, wäter supply, climate and ○ Provides support or encasement
existing elements for preservation ○ Worked as a construction material.
● Potential level of maintenance and care ○ Must be understood for its structural character and
- Anticipation and management necessary limitations.
● Usage of specific plants
- In response to general community development or ● Development of Ground Surface Form
owner's wishes ○ Consideration for maintenance or manipulation
● Visual impact ○ Form can be sculpted through the surface soils,
● Long-term condition ○ Character of underlying soils determines the limits of
- Realistic level of maintenance sculpting.
- Landscape visuals in future years to come
- Overgrowth of foliage that may overhang neighbor ● Slope Control
properties and affect their views ○ May require treatment ofsloping ground surfaces
○ Critical decisión involves maximum feasible angle of
7.8 IRRIGATION AND SUSTENANCE the finished sloped surface.
● Basic elements ○ Stability of slope's principal concerns:
○ Sustenance and provision for gröwth: 1. Soil materials' potential for erosion (ex.
- Water, air, controlled sunlight, nutrients (Excessive rainfall or irrigation)
○ Protection from #wind, handling and other sources of 2. General movement.
physical damage. (if at downhill direction)

● Water Aspects of Soil Stability

○ Must have a controlled provision (a) Maximum Feasible angle of the Finished Sloped
○ Insufficiency = stunted growth or eventual death Surface
○ Excess = rot and frowning for lack of air, leaching out
of soil nutrients, erosion of supporting soils. ● Slope Control
○ Sloped surface may be geñerated in two ways:
● Manner of irrigation varies greatly by: 1. Cutting back of existing soil.
- Region 2. Building it up with fill
- Character of site soils.
○ Slope angle limits (cut slopes)
● May need light to moderate or deep irrigation - Derived from existing soil conditions, ex:
● May be basically supplemented through precipitation - Sand = ideal for flat levels; high erosion due to being
(rain) loose
- Rock/cemented sols= cave or vertical planar face.
● Design Irrigation System
○ Soil characteristics ○ Proper slope angle
○ Drainage conditions - Ordinary surface soils of mixed character
○ Regional climate - Derived from studies of potential loss of the slope from
○ Porous soils = absorbs irrigation water before plants mechanisms of failure.
○ Dense, slow-draining soils = absorption might lead to
retention/detention then rot.
○ Slope loss ● Concrete Slabs
- Water soaking in surface soils - Working surface for sidewalks. driveways, basement
- Relative loose soil mass floors, ark floors for buildings.
- Wind erosion - Control Joints. poured paving slabs in small units to
Failures control shrinkage: cracking ideal location at
- Erosion connection points
- Sippage
○ Other paving materials:
○ Erosion - Asphalt
-Slopes may be surfaced with plantings/paving to - Unit Pavers
protect and retard erosion. - Loose Materials

(b) Slippäge of Soil/Slip plane failure (pic) ● Framed Pavements

○ Slippage of Soil - Spanning reinforced structure
- Vertical movement of soil due to gravity. - (a) short spans (beams formed as simple trenches and
- Semi-rotational effect along a slip plane cast with the slab)
- Sliding of one soil mass over another. before a considerable fill of the slab)
- (b) large spans (cast beams first before a considerable
● Retaining Devices for Slope fill of the slab)
○ Surface Treatment
- Keeping surface is place 8.3 RETAINING STRUCTURES
- Does not affect deeper soil, conditions
- Retards erosion or massive soaking in the soil from ● Help achieve abrupt changes in ground surface
continued precipitation. elevation.
- Covering slope surface with pavement ● Curbs
(asphalt/concrete/geotextiles) - Smallest retaining structures
- Edging devices that define boundary
○ Stepped units - At edges of pavements
- Steps: individually maintained and flat - Relate to paving materials and forms
- Risers: may be planted upon - May be affected by form of - drainage
- Usually limited to elevation changes of 18 inches
○ Steel Sheetpile
- For forming one side ● Loose-laid Retaining Walls
- Can be withdrawn for reuse - Abrupt elevation changes more than 18 inches.
- May be without m§star (loose laid stones
○ Temporary Bracing - Effective and simple to construct
- Maintains soil profile - Advantage: natural porosity; allows groundwater to
- For deep cuts or excavations where soil has little seep through
cohesive character - Ideal for areas with plantings on high side that are
- For when undercutting of adjacent construction with regularly irrigated
cut faces or property is a concern
- Ex. Steel Sheet Piling ● Cantilever Retaining Walls
- Bracing wall with vertical beams/post (called soldiers) - Strongest retaining structures for achieving abrupt *
(called lagging) elevation changes.
- Building a wail downward as the excavation - Structural walls of masonry or concrete: anchored to
proceeds: Soldiers as piles large footing.
- Frequently with construction in tight urban site
situations ● Miscellaneous Retaining Structures
- Timber
- Rough Ston
8.2 PAVEMENTS - Gabion
● Concrete
- Strongest form of paving 8.4 PLANTERS
- Used for heavy traffic-bearing roads/simple walk ● Concerns
- Thin layer of gravel, - Limits of root production/basic spread of growth
- Thin layer gravel, crushed rock sand to provide a good - Restriction of ground cover plants
base and a draining layer beneath the pavement with
minimal reinforcement. ● Edging
- Controlling and maintenance (ex. Tops of curbs,
● Asphalt refining walls, edges of sidewalks and drives, faces of
- Concrete with oil-based binder building foundation walls.

● Loose Unit Pavers ● End-Spanning Planters

- Bricks, cobblestones, cast * interlocking asphalt or - Permanently installed in the ground
concrete units - Needs continuous irrigation and a piped drainage
systems
● Loose Materials - Plantings may eventually outgröw the planter
- .Fine gravel, pulverized bark, wood chips for walks or - May edge the walls
areas with light traffic - Contain root growth
● Free-standing Planters 3. Hidden from view by a cover of screen through
- Gives the designer the opportunity to integrate the planting.
building with the landscape
- Allows landscape 10 enter the building and vice versa 8.8 UNDERGROUND BUILDINGS
- Gradual transition between construction and natural
site ● Development of the site:
1. Excavation and construction
● Elements to perform utilitarian tasks on a site 2. Redevelopment of the general finished surface grads
● Channels (pic) 3. Development of the finished surface of the site
- Ground surface drainage
- may be closed piping or tunnels) ● Possible overhead conditions:
- Open channels may shaped to ground forms 1. Structure
- (c) Strongest open channel 2. Wafter Control
- Constructed channels = often part of regional flood 3. Earth covered Roofs
control or storm drainage system 4. Paved Rooks

8.5 SITE SERVICE ELEMENTS CASE STUDIES

● Tunnels
○ Sewers
- Buried piping
- Larger pipes = required for high flow capacity
○ Utilities
- Gas, water, electrical power, and telephone
lines
- Continuous maintenance and alterations
○ Pedestrian or Vehicular Traffic
- Rail lines, waste collection, delivery system
- Pedestrian access

● Utility Elements and Enclosures

- Control devices/equipment
- Electrical transformers, meters. shutoff valves, meters
for gas and water and water supply for firefighting
- Intake/exhaust elements
- Cooling towers
- Air-conditioning systems
- Entry manholes/access doors
- (for underground vaults or tunnels)

8.6 SITE CONSTRUCTION

STAIRS AND RAMPS
● Facilitation of vertical movement
● Ramps
- Generally between 5 and 15 degrees
- Limits based on code requirements especially for
those with disabilities (provision of
handrails)
- Critical = condition of slipperiness when wet.
- May be roughened to have some grit
- Tiles and unit pavers = rated for some degree of
controlled surface. traction when wet.

● Stairs
- Exterior stairs are slightly shallower in slope
- Minimum step is desiréd; low riser to less likely to
pedestrian
- A single step is dangerous without a clear signal to its
presence.

8.7 CONSTRUCTION AS A SITE SCULPTURE

● Site as a viewed object with concern for aesthetic
values.
● Appearance improvement

1. Finish enhancement or manipulation of their form

while retaining functionally
2. Incorporated into the landscape to serve
landscaping purposes (ex. Plant edging,
planters, paved surfaces, sealing)