Mechatronics

Mechanical Engineering Dept.

Universitas Diponegoro

Signal Conditioning
 Signal conditioning

In the chapter you will learn about:

• signal conditioning
• the operational amplifier
• filtering
• Wheatstone bridge
• digital signals
• multiplexers
• data acquisition
• digital signal processing
• pulse - modulation
 Signal conditioning

• Interfacing with a microprocessor.

- Signal conditioning occurs in the interface
between the transducers and the
microprocessor.
Ex: A low-level signal amplifier and a low-
pass filter are common signal conditioners
after the input transducer. The output signal
is usually conditioned by a low-pass filter
and some type of power amplifier.
 Signal conditioning

• Why?

•Other processes can occur at the same time:

- Protection
- Signal type
- Signal level
- Noise reduction/ elimination
- Signal manipulation
 Signal conditioning

• Operational amplifier
 Signal conditioning

• Operational amplifier
Op-Amp: Single, Quad types
 Signal conditioning

• Operational amplifier

where:
V+: non-inverting input
V−: inverting input
Vout: output
VS+: positive power supply
VS−: negative power supply
Signal conditioning
 Signal conditioning
• Inverting operational amplifier

V in  I 1 R 1

 V out  I 1 R 2

V out R2

V in R1
 Signal conditioning
• Problem:
1. Design an operational amplifier circuit that can
be used to produce an output that ranges from 0
to -5V when the input goes from 0 to 100 mV.

2. An inverting amplifier has an input resistance of

2k. Determine the feedback resistance needed
to give a voltage gain of 100.
 Signal conditioning
• Non-inverting operational amplifier

R1
Vx 
R1 R2

Vout R1 R2 R2
 1
Vin R1 R1
 Signal conditioning
• Voltage follower

Vout  Vin
 Signal conditioning
• Summing amplifier
I  I A  I B  IC

Vout V A VB VC
   
R2 R A RB RC

 R2 R2 R2 
Vout   V A  VB  VC 
 RA RB RC 

If R A  RB  RC

R2
Vout   (V A  VB  VC )
R1
 Signal conditioning
• Problem:
3. Design as summing amplifier circuit that can be
used to produce an output that ranges from -1 to -5 V
when the input goes from 0 to 100 mV

4. A signal conditioning system has three inputs, V1,

V2 and V3 and an output, Vout. Design the signal
conditioning system such that
Vout = - (V1 + 2V2 + 4V3)
 Signal conditioning
• Integrating amplifier

vin dv
 C out
R dt
 1 
dvout   vindt
 RC
t
1 2
vout(t2 ) vout(t1)   
RCt1
vindt
 Signal conditioning
• Differential amplifier
VX R2

V 2 R1  R 2

V 1  V X V X  V out

R1 R2

V out  1 1  V1
 V X    
R2  R 2 R1  R1

V out 
R2
V 2  V 1 
R1
 Signal conditioning
• Problem:
5. A differential amplifier is to have a voltage gain of
100. What will be the feedback resistance required if
the input resistances are both 1 k?

6. A differential amplifier has a differential voltage gain

of 2000 and a common mode gain of 0.2. What is the
common mode rejection ratio in dB?
 Signal conditioning
• Differential amplifier with a thermocouple
 Signal conditioning
• Problem:
7. A differential amplifier is used with a
thermocouple sensor in the way shown in Figure
3.8.

What values of R1 and R2 would give the

circuit which has an output of 10mV for a
temperature difference between the thermocouple
junction of 100oC with a copper constantan
thermocouple if the thermocouple is assumed
to have a constant sensitivity of 43V/oC
 Signal conditioning
• Instrumentation amplifier
V out 1  V X V X  V out

R4 R5

 R  R
V out   1  5  V Y  5 V out 1
 R4  R4

R7
VY  V out
R6  R7
2

R5
1
R4 R
V out  V out 2  5 V out 1
R R4
1 7
R6

R5  R  R
1   1  7  5
R4  R6  R4
 Signal conditioning
• Instrumentation amplifier

 R  R   R 
V 
1 
out
1 3

V
 
1 
in
 3

V
 
2 
in
1 3

V
 cm
 R1  1
R  R1

 R  R   R 
V 
2 
out
1 2

 in2 R in1  R
V  2

V 1 2
Vcm
 R1  1  1

 R R   R R  R R 
V 1
out Vout

2 1  V
3 2
 1
in

1  V
2 3
 2
in


3
 
2
Vcm
 R
1 R1  R
1 R1  1
R R1

 2R 
Vout
1 V 
2 
out
1 2

Vin1Vin2
 R 1 
 Signal conditioning
• Instrumentation amplifier
 Signal conditioning
• Logarithmic amplifier

VCIn
I

  Vin K
V C  R
In In
V
 
out in

V
in at
Ae

V 
out KIn
VinKInAe 
at
KIn
AKat
 Signal conditioning
• Problem:
8. The output from the differential pressure sensor used
with an orifice plate for the measurement of flow rate
is non-linear, the output voltage being proportional to
the square of the flow rate.

Determine the form of characteristic required for the

element in the feedback loop of an operational
amplifier signal conditioner circuit in order to linearize
this output.
 Signal conditioning
• Comparator
 Signal conditioning
• Applications

Fig 3.13 Temp switch unit

 Signal conditioning
• Amplifier errors
 Signal conditioning
• Protection

Fig 3.17 Optoisolator

Fig 3.18 Protection circuit: zener+optoisolator

 Signal conditioning
• Filtering
 Filtering and Frequency Response Plot
• decibel = dB=20 log (Aout /Ain)

• 0 dB = ? Amplitude ratio
• 100 dB = ?
• -100 dB = ?
 Signal conditioning
• Wheatstone bridge
V s R1
V AB 
R1  R 2

V s R3
V AD 
R3  R 4

 R1 R3 
V o  V AB  V AD  V s   
 R1  R 2 R 3  R 4 
 R1   R1 R3 
V o   V o  V s   
 R1   R1  R 2 R 3  R 4 
 R1   R1 
V o   V o   V o  V s  
R1

 R1   R1  R 2 R1  R 2 
  R1 
 V o  V s  
 R1  R 2 
 Signal conditioning
• Temperature compensation
 Signal conditioning
• Temperature compensation
Problems with signals: Ground loop
Problems with signals: EMI
 Signal conditioning
• Digital signals
 Signal conditioning
• Sampling theorem
 Signal conditioning
• Digital to analogue conversion
 Signal conditioning
• Digital to analogue converters
 Signal conditioning
• Digital to analogue conversion
 Signal conditioning
• Digital to analogue conversion
 Signal conditioning
• Analogue-to-digital converters
 Signal conditioning
• Analogue-to-digital converters
 Signal conditioning
• Analogue-to-digital converters
 Signal conditioning
• Analogue-to-digital converters
 Signal conditioning
• Analogue-to-digital converters
 Signal conditioning
• Analogue-to-digital converters
 Signal conditioning
• Analogue-to-digital converters
 Signal conditioning
• Sample and hold amplifiers
 Signal conditioning
• Multiplexers
 Signal conditioning
• Multiplexers
 Signal conditioning
• Data acquisition
 Signal conditioning
• Data acquisition
 Signal conditioning
• Data acquisition