BDwbU

cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` I ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm

4
cªvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Lye KgB Rvbv hvq| HwZnvwmKMY g‡b K‡ib wLª÷c~e© †`o nvRvi eQi
Av‡M evsjvi cÖvPxb mf¨Zv M‡o I‡VwQj ARq b`xi Zx‡i| cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjv ej‡Z mgMÖ †`k‡K †evSv‡bv n‡Zv
bv| Gi wewfbœ Ask GKvwaK bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj Ges GB Ask¸‡jvi †fŠ‡MvwjK Aew¯’wZ eûjvs‡k wba©vwiZ n‡qwQj
f‚-cÖK…wZ Z_v b`xi †mªvZavivi gva¨‡g| cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjv wewfbœ Rbc‡` wef³ wQj Ges GB Rbc`evmxivB ¯^-¯^
Rbc‡`i bv‡gB cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| cvj Avgj †_‡K avivevwnKfv‡e evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Rvbv
hvq| Z‡e ¸ß‡`i †K›`ªxq kvmbe¨e¯’vi Aax‡b evsjvI wQj GKwU cÖ‡`k| ¸ß kvm‡bi ci GB †`‡k Aw¯’wZkxj
cwiw¯’wZi Rb¥ nq| G Ae¯’v P‡j cÖvq GKk eQi| †Mvcvj bv‡g GK †bZv G AivRK Ae¯’vi Aemvb NUvb Ges
cvj es‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib| Gici cÖvq Pvik eQi ci evsjvq cvj kvm‡bi Aemvb nq Ges evi kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS
cÖwZwôZ nq †mb kvmb|

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-4.1 t cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` cvV-4.2 t cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm
cvV-4.3 t cvj esk cvV-4.4 t †mb esk

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

cvV-4.1 cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb Rbc`¸‡jvi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb Rbc`¸‡jvi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
Rbc`, cyЪ, ivp, †MŠo, e½, mgZU, nwi‡Kj
gyL¨ kã (Key Words)
cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjv wewfbœ Rbc‡` wef³ wQj Ges GB Rbc`evmxivB ¯^-¯^ Rbc‡`i bv‡gB cwiwPwZ jvf
K‡i| Z‡e †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡ek GKw`‡K †hgb cÖvK…wZK cwieZ©‡bi (b`xi fvOv-Mov) mv‡_ mv‡_
cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q wVK GKBfv‡e ivR‰bwZK ¶gZv we¯Ívi ev n«v‡mi gva¨‡g Rbc`¸‡jvi AvqZbI cwiewZ©Z
n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m Gme c„_K c„_K Ask¸‡jv GKK_vq ʻRbc`Õ bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| Rb ev
Rb‡Mvôxi Ae¯’vb †evSv‡Z e¨eüZ nq GB kãwU| A_©vr GB Rbc`¸‡jvi AwaKvs‡ki bvgKiY n‡qwQj cÖvPxb
Rb‡Mvôxi bvgvbymv‡i| cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i AvbygvwbK lô I mßg kZ‡K cÖvPxb evsjv cyÐ,ª †MŠo, ivp,
m~þ, Zvgªwjwc, mgZU, e½ BZ¨vw` Rbc‡` wef³| GB Rbc`¸‡jv ¯^Zš¿ I c„_K, gv‡S gv‡S we‡iva wgj‡b
G‡Ki mv‡_ A‡b¨i †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welqwU j¶ Kiv hvq| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨‡KB †h ¯^Zš¿ †m welqwU cÖvq wbwðZ|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cyЪ ev e‡i›`ªx
cyЪ wQj c~e©v‡ji Rbc`mg~‡ni g‡a¨ Lye m¤¢eZ cÖvPxbZg| wLª÷c~e© wØZxq kZ‡Ki (AvbygvwbK) gnv¯’vb eªvþx
wjwc‡Z DwjøwLZ cy`bMj (cyЪ bMi) Ges e¸ov †h Awfbœ Zv GKvwaK Drm †_‡K cÖgvY Kiv hvq| cÖvPxb GB
Rbc‡`i mxgvbv wPwýZ K‡i W. bxnviiÄb ivq wj‡L‡Qb, ÒcyЪea©‡bi †K›`ª ev ü`q¯’v‡bi GKwU bZzb bvg
cvB‡ZwQ `kg kZK nB‡Z; G bvg e‡i›`ª A_ev e‡i›`ªx|Ó A_©vr GB cÖvPxb Rbc`wU BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ ch©v‡q `y‡Uv
wfbœ bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡iwQj| KwZcq wjwc cÖgv‡Y G K_v ejv hvq †h, e‡i›`ª cyЪea©‡biB Askwe‡kl|
ga¨hy‡Mi gymwjg HwZnvwmKiv e‡iw›`ª‡K ej‡Zb eix›`ª| Aek¨ e‡i›`ª ej‡Z cÖvPxb e‡iw›`ªK g‡Zv wekvj GjvKv‡K
eySv‡Zv bv|
ivp, Zvgªwjwß
wewfbœ HwZnvwmK Drm †_‡K ejv hvq †h, ivp ej‡Z cwðg evsjvi `w¶YvÂj‡KB eySv‡bv n‡Zv| GwU M½v b`xi
`wÿY I cwðg fv‡M mxgve× wQj| Rbc`wU `ywU As‡k wef³ wQj| GKwU wQj `w¶Y ivp Ges Ab¨wU wQj DËi
ivp| GB DËi I `w¶Y ivpB wQj h_vµ‡g eRªf‚wg I m~þf‚wg| iv‡pi cÖavb bMi ev ivRavbx wQj †KvwUel©| ivp
ev m~þ‡`‡ki AšÍM©Z Zvgªwj‡ßi K_v U‡jwgi f‚‡Mv‡j DwjøwLZ wQj | A‡bK HwZnvwmK †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi
c~e©cÖvšÍ Aew¯’Z AvaywbK ZgjyK‡K cÖvPxb Zvgªwjß e‡j wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| ïay evsjv bq GwU cÖvPxb fvi‡ZiI
c~e©v‡ji †kªô e›`i|
†MŠo
aviYv Kiv nq †h, ¸o Drcv`‡bi †K›`ª e‡j †MŠo bMi I †`‡ki bv‡gi D™¢e nq| Avi nqZ GB †MŠobMi‡K
wN‡iB c‡i †MŠo Rbc` M‡o D‡VwQj| Ô†MŠoÕ bvgwU mycÖvPxb n‡jI Gi Aew¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv Kiv
Kómva¨| evsjvi cÖvPxb Rbc`¸‡jv †h hy‡M hy‡M mxgvbv m¤úªmviY K‡i‡Q Zvi eo D`vniY n‡jv †MŠo| GB
Rbc‡`i L¨vwZ GZB e„w× †c‡qwQj †h, mgMÖ evsjv‡KB mg‡q mg‡q †MŠo‡`k we‡ePbv Kiv n‡Zv|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 29

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

c~e© fviZxq †`kmg~‡ni mvgwMÖK bvg wn‡m‡e GgbwK DËi fvi‡Zi Avh©ve‡Z©i bvg wn‡m‡eI KL‡bv KL‡bv †MŠ‡oi
e¨envi †`Lv hvq| †mbeskxq ivRviv Ô†MŠ‡ok¦iÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡i †MŠie‡eva Ki‡Zb| e¨vcK A‡_© Ô†MŠoÕ ej‡Z
A‡bK mgq evsjv fvlvfvlx mgMÖ AÂj‡K eySvZ| Avw` †MŠ‡oi ivRbxwZK ¶gZvi m¤úªmvi‡Yi d‡j Gi mxgvbv
e„w× †c‡Zv|
Avw`Kv‡j †MŠo ej‡Z eZ©gv‡bi gywk©`vev` †Rjv I gvj`v †Rjvi `w¶Yvsk‡K eySvZ| wnD‡qb mvO kkv¼‡K
KY©myeY© †`‡ki mgªvU e‡j‡Qb Ges nl©PwiZ MÖ‡š’ kkv¼‡K Ô†MŠovwacwZÕ e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K
cÖZxqgvb nq †h, KY©myeY© †`k I †MŠo‡`k Awfbœ| †MŠ‡oi ivRavbx kni wQj KY©myeY©| ga¨hy‡Mi L¨vwZgvb
gymwjg cwÐZ Avj †eiywbi weeiY Abyhvqx c~e©fvi‡Zi wewfbœ †`‡ki A_©vr eZ©gvb evsjv, Dwol¨v, Avmv‡gi Avw`
ga¨hyMxq wjwci cÖK…Z iƒc n‡jv GB Ò†MŠoxq wjwcÓ| gymwjg hy‡M AÂjwU KL‡bv Ô†MŠoÕ Avevi KL‡bv jÿYveZx
bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj|
e½
e½ GKwU cÖvPxb Rbc`| HZ‡iq AviY¨K MÖ‡š’ GKwU DcRvwZi bvg wn‡m‡e e‡½i cÖ_g D‡jøL cvIqv hvq|
gnvfviZ, ivgvqY I nwies‡kI i‡q‡Q e½ cÖm½| gnvfvi‡Zi Avw` Ab¨vb¨ Rbc‡`i mv‡_ D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q e‡½i
bvg| gnvKwe Kvjx`v‡mi iNyesk Kv‡e¨ Av‡Q e‡½i Ae¯’vb I mxgvbv m¤úwK©Z wKQy Z_¨| wZwb fvMxi_x I cÙvi
†mªvZ ga¨eZx© GjvKvq †h wÎfzRvK…wZ e-Øxc m„wó n‡q‡Q Zv‡KB e½‡`i AÂj e‡j‡Qb| Avi G AÂjB m¤¢eZ
U‡jwgi ÔM½wiWvBÕ| cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc‡Z e‡½i `ywU A‡ji bvg cvIqv hvq| GKwU weµgcyi e½ Ab¨wU bve¨ e½|
eZ©gv‡b bve¨ e‡j †Kv‡bv RvqMv †bB| Abygvb Kiv hvq XvKv-dwi`cyi-ewikvj GjvKv bve¨ e‡½i AšÍf©y³ wQj|
evsjvq gymjgvb kvmbvg‡ji cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Ôe½Õ e‡j evsjvi `w¶Y I `w¶Yc~e© Ask‡KB eySv‡bv n‡Zv| myZivs
e‡½i GB †fŠ‡MvwjK cwiwPwZ wn›`y I †eŠ× hyM †cwi‡q gymwjg hy‡Mi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q‡Zv e‡UB, m¤¢eZ Ôev½vjvnÕ
bv‡gi weKvk ch©šÍB wQj|
ga¨hy‡Mi weL¨vZ gyNj HwZnvwmK Aveyj dRj iwPZ AvBb-B-AvKeix MÖ‡š’ cvIqv hvq †h, e½‡`‡ki DËiKvjxb
bvg e½vj| KviY G †`‡ki cÖvPxb ivRvMY mviv‡`‡k PIov ÔAvjÕ wbg©vY Ki‡Zb| †mR‡b¨ Ôe½Õ I ÔAvjÕ kã `ywUi
†hv‡M Ôe½vjÕ bv‡gi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| G †_‡K aviYv Kiv nq †h cvwb †_‡K km¨‡¶Z i¶vi Rb¨ eo eo ÔAvj' euvav
n‡Zv Ges Zvi d‡j G AÂjwU Ôe½vjÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq|
mgZU, cwƇKiv
`w¶Y c~e© evsjvi Rbc` mgZU bvgwU eY©bvg~jK Ges Gi A_© Z‡Ui mgvšÍivj| PZz_© kZ‡Ki mgªvU mgy`ª¸‡ßi
Gjvnvev` wjwc‡Z Zuvi iv‡R¨i c~e© mxgvq mgZ‡Ui D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| Kvwj`v‡mi iNyesk Kv‡e¨i gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq †h,
mgZU e‡½i c~‡e© Aew¯’Z wQj| mßg kZ‡K mgZ‡U G‡mwQ‡jb wnD‡qb mvO| wZwb †eŠ× ms¯‹…wZi we`¨gvb
Ae¯’vi †h eY©bv †i‡L †M‡Qb Zv †_‡K †evSv hvq †h, Kzwgjøvi jvjgvB AÂjB mgZU| g~jZ †gNbv-c~e©eZx
AÂjB mgZU e‡j cwiwPZ wQj Ges G A‡ji †K›`ª wQj Kzwgjøvi wbKUeZx© ÔjvjgvBÕ GjvKv| G‡Kev‡i
mwVKfv‡e mgZ‡Ui mxgv wba©viY bv Kiv †M‡jI wÎcyiv (Kzwgjøv) I †bvqvLvjx AÂjB wQj m¤¢eZ cÖvPxb mgZU|
nwi‡Kj
nwi‡Kj Rbc‡`i K_v cÖ_g Rvbv hvq cÖ_g kZ‡Ki PÆMÖv‡g cÖvß wjwc‡Z| P›`ªeskxq wjwc‡ZI nwi‡Kj iv‡R¨i
K_v Av‡Q| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MÖš’vMv‡i msiw¶Z `ywU cÖvPxb MÖ‡š’i cvÐzwjwc‡Z nwi‡Kvj (nwi‡Kj) I eZ©gvb
wm‡jU wefvM Awfbœ Dwj- wLZ n‡q‡Q| A‡b‡K aviYv K‡ib †h nwi‡Kj Rbc` wQj bv, GwU e‡½i mv‡_ hy³ wQj|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxb Rbc`¸‡jvi msw¶ß Av‡jvPbv †k‡l G K_v ejv hvq †h, Rbc`¸‡jvi wbw`©ó mxgv‡iLv wbY©q
Kiv ev hy‡M hy‡M Zv‡`i mxgvi we¯Ívi I ms‡KvP‡bi mwVK Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv `yiƒn KvR| ZviciI cÖvß bvbv Z‡_¨i
gva¨‡g Avgiv Rbc`¸‡jvi †fŠ‡MvwjK KvVv‡gv m¤ú~Y© mwVK bv n‡jI AvswkK mwVKfv‡e Zz‡j ai‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ|
ivR‰bwZK, †fŠ‡MvwjK bvbv †cÖ¶vc‡U Gme Rbc`¸‡jvq memg‡qB P‡jwQj fvOv-Movi †Ljv| fwel¨‡Z nqZ
AviI bvbv Z‡_¨i Avwe®‹vi Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Rbc`¸‡jvi c~Y©v½ iƒc Zz‡j ai‡e|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 30

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wnD‡qb mvO Avj †eiæwb U‡jwg

e„nËi e½‡`‡ki GKwU cÖvK…wZK gvbwP‡Î Rbc`mg~n‡K Avjv`v K‡i wPwýZ

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) Ki‡eb| cvIqvi c‡q‡›U †`Lv‡eb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjv wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv f‚LÐ bq eis †ek K‡qKwU Rbc‡` wef³ wQj| G¸‡jv n‡jv cyЪ, ivp, †MŠo, e½
ev e½vj, mgZU I nwi‡Kj| GB Rbc`¸‡jv mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ wewfbœ es‡ki kvm‡b wQj| cvj Avg‡ji kvm‡bi
m~Pbv ch©šÍ G Rbc`¸‡jvi AvqZb wewfbœ mgq cwiewZ©Z n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| Kvi weei‡Yi gva¨‡g Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi †h jvjgvB AÂjB ÒmgZUÓ Rbc`?
K) cvwYbx L) Kvwj`vm M) Aveyj dRj N) wnD‡qb mvO
2| Rbc‡`i wbw`©ó mxgvbv cÖ`vb Kómva¨ †Kb?
i) cvi¯úvwiK mshy³Zv ii) †fŠ‡MvwjK weei‡Yi Ac~Y©Zv iii) ivR¨mxgv we¯Ívi ev ms‡KvP‡bi d‡j
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
3| e‡½i Ae¯’vb ej‡Z eySvqÑ
i) fvMxi_x I cÙvi ga¨eZ©x GjvKv ii) evsjvi `wÿY I `wÿY c~e©vsk iii) †gNbv c~e©eZ©x AÂj
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii
4| weL¨vZ HwZnvwmK ievU©mb GKRb gyNj kvm‡Ki mfvKwe wQ‡jb| wZwb Rvbvb †h cÖvPxbKv‡j K…lKiv Rwg‡K
eb¨vi e¨vcKZv †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ euva w`Z? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ HwZnvwm‡Ki cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i mv‡_ Avcbvi cvV¨ eB‡qi †Kvb HwZnvwm‡Ki wgj cvIqv hvq|
K) kvgm wmivR Avdxd L) wRqvDwÏb evivbx M) Aveyj dRj N) wgbnvR Dm wmivR
m„Rbkxj
kvwj©b Bs‡iwR gva¨g ¯‹z‡ji wkÿv_©x| ‘O’ †j‡fj cixÿv †k‡l gvgvi evwo Ki‡Zvqvi cv‡k e¸ovi gnv¯’vbM‡o
hvq| gvgv Zv‡K wb‡q †mLv‡b M‡o IVv cÖvPxbKv‡ji cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©b †`Lvq Ges †m mgqKvi D¾¡j kvmbvg‡ji
BwZnvm eY©bv K‡ib|
K. me©cÖ_g e‡½i D‡jøL cvIqv hvq †Kvb MÖ‡š’?
L. Rbc` ej‡Z Kx eySvq? Ñe¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. DÏxc‡K kvwj©‡bi cwi`k©bK…Z GjvKv †Kvb Rbc‡`i K_v g‡b Kwi‡q †`q? weeiY w`b|
N. D³ Rbc‡`i kvmK‡`i i‡q‡Q †MŠi‡ev¾¡j kvmbKvj Ñ gZvgZ D‡jøL Kiæb|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 31

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

cvV-4.2 cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 †gŠh© I ¸ß hy‡M evsjvi Ae¯’v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^vaxb e½ iv‡R¨i ivRv kkv¼ m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
†gŠh©, ¸ß, kkv¼, nl©ea©b, KY©myeY©, Zv¤ªkvmb

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

†gŠh© I ¸ß hy‡M evsjv
¸ß hy‡Mi Av‡M evsjvi avivevwnK BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq bv| G mg‡qi BwZnvm wel‡q wKQz Dcv`vb
cvIqv hvq| †hgb wMÖK †jLKiv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †h, ZLbKvi evsjv‡`‡k ÔM½vwiWBÕ bv‡g GK kw³kvjx ivR¨ wQj|
DËi evsjvq †gŠh© kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq m¤ªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j (269-232 wLª÷ c~e©)| GjvKvwU †gŠh©‡`i GKwU
cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ n‡qwQj| cÖvPxb cyЪbMi wQj G cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx| mgMÖ evsjv kvmbKvix cÖ_g mvgªvR¨ev`x kw³
n‡jv ¸ßiv| wewfbœ cÖgv‡Yi wfwˇZ Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, ¸ß‡`i †K›`ªxq kvmbe¨e¯’vi Aax‡b evsjvI wQj GKwU cÖ‡`k|
kkv¼ : evsjvi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb ivRv
evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m kkv¼ wQ‡jb cÖ_g mve©‡fŠg ivRv| wZwb evsjvi evB‡iI ivR¨ Rq K‡i GK wekvj mvgªvR¨
¯’vcb Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| kkv¼ DËi fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡ZI f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| W. bxnviićbi g‡Z
kkv¼ Ò¯^Zš¿ ¯^vaxb bicwZiƒ‡c mywe¯Í…Z iv‡R¨i AwaKvix nBqvwQ‡jb|Ó
kkv‡¼i cÖv_wgK Rxeb I DÌvb: kkv‡¼i esk ev evj¨Rxeb m¤ú‡K© mwVK wKQy Rvbv hvq bv| A‡bK
HwZnvwmK g‡b K‡ib, kkv¼ cÖ_g Rxe‡b ¯^vaxb ivRv wQ‡jb bv, ¸ß eskxq gnv‡mb bvgK GK ivRvi mvgšÍ
wQ‡jb| kkv¼ KLb Ges wKfv‡e †MŠo‡`‡k mve©‡fŠg iv‡R¨i cÖwZôv K‡ib ZvI mwVKfv‡e ejv hvq bv| Z‡e lô
kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K †MŠ‡oi cieZ©x ¸ßeskxq ivRvMY `ye©j n‡q c‡ob| G Ae¯’vi my‡hvM wb‡q kkv¼ mßg
kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z AvbygvwbK 606 mv‡j †MŠ‡o GK ¯^vaxb ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| ¯^vaxb †MŠoivR¨ evsjvi DËi, DËi-
cwðgvsk I gM‡a we¯Í…Z wQj| KY©myeY© wQj kkv‡¼i ivRavbx| eZ©gvb gywk©`vev` †Rjvi enigcy‡ii 10
wK‡jvwgUvi `w¶Y-cwð‡g Aew¯’Z iv½vgvwU bvgK ¯’vbwUB cÖvPxb KY©myeY© |
ivR¨ Rq Ges c~l¨f‚wZ iv‡R¨i mv‡_ Ø›Ø: kkv¼ †MŠ‡oi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY Kivi ci wbR iv‡R¨i mxgv e„w×i
Rb¨ †Póv K‡ib| wZwb cÖ_‡g `w¶Y-cwðgv‡j `Ðfzw³ (†gw`bxcyi), DrKj (DËi Dwol¨v) I K‡½v` (`w¶Y
Dwol¨v) wbR ivR¨fz³ K‡ib| kkv‡¼i ivR¨ `w¶‡Y Dwol¨vi wPév n«` ch©šÍ wQj| kkv¼ cwð‡g Zuvi ˆmb¨evwnbx
wb‡q AMÖmi n‡j cÖ_‡g gMa I c‡i evivbmx ivR¨ Zuvi Kv‡Q civRq ¯^xKvi K‡i| d‡j Dfq AÂjB kkv‡¼i
ivR¨fz³ nq|
kkv¼ DËi fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡ZI RwoZ wQ‡jb| Zuvi j¶¨ wQj K‡bŠ‡Ri †gŠLixivRv‡`i AvµgY †_‡K wbR
ivR¨‡K i¶v Kiv| DËi fvi‡Z kkv‡¼i cÖavb cÖwZØ›Øx wQ‡jb nl©ea©b| ZvB nl©ea©‡bi mfvKwe evYf‡Æi iwPZ
nl©PwiZ I Zvi mgmvgwqK wnD‡qb mv‡Oi eY©bvq kkv‡¼i DËi fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi weeiY i‡q‡Q|
kkv‡¼i mv‡_ ivR¨ea©‡bi hy× nq| hy‡× ivR¨ea©b wbnZ nb | Gici ivR¨ea©‡bi fvB nl©ea©b ivR¨ea©‡bi g„Zz¨i
msev` †c‡q kkv‡¼i Dci fxlY µz× nb Ges GK wekvj evwnbxmn kkv‡¼i weiæ‡× hy×hvÎv K‡ib| Z‡e kkv‡¼i
weiæ‡× nl©ea©b †h we‡kl mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb Zv kkv‡¼i MÄvg Zvgªkvmb †_‡KB cÖgvwYZ nq| kkv¼
nl©ea©b I fv¯‹ieg©vi nvZ †_‡K wbR ivR¨ i¶v Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb|
kkv‡¼i K…wZZ¡: kkv¼ mbvZb wn›`y a‡g© wek¦vmx wQ‡jb| G Kvi‡YB nl©ea©‡bi mfvKwe evYfÆ kkv¼‡K
†eŠ×we‡Ølx I †eŠ× a‡g©i wbMÖnKvixiƒ‡c wPwýZ K‡ib| kkv¼ m¤ú‡K© G AwfgZ m¤ú~Y© mZ¨ e‡j g‡b nq bv|
KviY wnD‡qb mvO-Gi weeiYx †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, ivRavbx KY©mye‡Y© Ges kkv‡¼i iv‡R¨i Ab¨Î †eŠ×a‡g©i h‡_ó
gh©v`v wQj|
kkv¼ evsjvi Ab¨Zg †kªô ivRv| wZwb wbR cÖwZfv e‡j ¯^vaxb †MŠo ivR¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g nb| wZwb †MŠo
ivR¨‡K fvi‡Zi wenvi I Dwol¨v ch©šÍ we¯ÍZ … K‡ib| †KŠkj I mvgwiK `¶Zvi e‡j wZwb Zuvi cÖavb kÎæ

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 32

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

nl©ea©‡bi †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z wM‡q wbR ¶gZv I gh©v`v ivL‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| ïay evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mB bq, eis
mßg kZ‡Ki fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mI kkv¼ wQ‡jb GKRb bvgKiv ivRv|
kkv¼ GKRb mykvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb K…wlwfwËK A_©bxwZi Dbœq‡bi D‡`¨vM †bb| Zvi Avg‡j Zvgªwjß e›`i ¸iæZ¡
jvf K‡i| wZwb 637 mv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Zuvi g„Zz¨i ci †hvM¨ kvm‡Ki Afv‡e †MŠ‡o wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q|†MvUv
evsjvq †b‡g Av‡m AÜKv‡ii hyM| cÖvq GKk eQi evsjvi BwZnv‡m †h AivRKZv, †bZ…‡Z¡i k~b¨Zvi m„wó nq Zv‡K
Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ ejv n‡q _v‡K|

wkÿv_©xiv kkv¼ I nl©ea©‡bi m‡½ msNwUZ hy‡×i GKwU KvíwbK wPÎ AuvK‡e|
A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi)
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m kkv¼ wQ‡jb cÖ_g ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ivRv| wbR cÖwZfv e‡j ¯^vaxb †MŠo ivR¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z
†c‡iwQ‡jb, Zvi ivRavbx wQj KY©myeY©| ¸ß es‡ki ivRv‡`i `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M kkv¼ mßg kZ‡Ki ïiæ‡Z ivR¨
M‡o †Zv‡jb| Z‡e Zvi g„Zz¨i ci †b‡g Av‡m AÜKv‡ii hyM| †hvM¨ kvm‡Ki Afv‡e AivRKZv I wek„•Ljvi m„wó nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| kkv‡¼i ivRavbxi bvg Kx?
K) b`xqv L) KY©myeY© M) weµgcyi N) †KvwU el©
2| DËi fvi‡Z kkv‡¼i cÖavb cÖwZØÜx †K wQ‡jb?
K) ivR¨ea©b L) nl©ea©b M) fv¯‹ieg©v N) evYfÆ
3| †MŠo wK‡mi bvg? (Abyaveb)
K) cÖvPxb ivRavbxi L) cÖvPxb bMixi M) cÖvPxb mvwn‡Z¨i N) cÖvPxb Rbc‡`i
DÏxcKwU co–b 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
XvKvi B‡¤úwiqvj K‡j‡Ri QvÎiv wkÿv md‡i hvw”Qj| ev‡mi mvg‡bi e¨vbv‡i †jLv wQj ÔP‡jv hvB eû`~i
mgZU, nwi‡Kj, P›`ªØxc I e‡i›`ª|Õ
4| ev‡mi e¨vbv‡i †h ¯’vb¸‡jvi bvg †jLv wQj †m¸‡jv wK‡mi cwiPq enb K‡i?
K) wcKwbK ¯úU L) cÖvPxb mf¨Zv M) `k©bxq ¯’vb N) cÖvPxb Rbc`
5| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ mgZU ¯’vbwUi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ (D”PZi `ÿZv)
i) †bŠ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ DËg ii) †gNbv c~e©eZ©x AÂj iii) e‡½i c~‡e© Aew¯’Z
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
6| mßg kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K `Ðfyw³ †_‡K wPévn«` ch©šÍ GjvKv‡K ivR¨fz³ K‡ib †K?
K) nl©ea©b L) kkv¼ M) ivR¨ea©Y N) gnv‡mb

m„Rbkxj
Kzwgjøvi Bd‡ZLvi mv‡ne cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm Rvb‡Z wKQz eB µq K‡ib| Gi gva¨‡g wZwb Rvb‡jb cvj
ivRv‡`i Avg‡j †h Rbc`wUi †ewk bvg WvK wQj Zvi bvbv ARvbv Z_¨| GLv‡b cvj‡`i c~e©eZ©x GKRb kvmK ïay
evsjvq bq DËi fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡ZI Rwo‡q c‡owQ‡jb Ges mdjI n‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ Zvi g„Zz¨‡Z evsjvq †b‡g
Av‡m nZvkvi hyM, †`Lv †`q AivRKZv|
K. kkv¼ KZ mv‡j g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib?
L. kkv¼-‡K mykvmK ejv nq †Kb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. DÏxc‡K cvjkvmK‡`i c~e©eZ©x kvm‡Ki mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ cvV¨ eB‡qi †Kvb kvm‡Ki wgj jÿYxq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. `ÿ kvm‡Ki AeZ©gv‡b iv‡R¨ m„wó nq AivRKZv Ñ cvV¨ eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K Dˇii ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 33

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

cvV-4.3 evsjvq cvj es‡ki kvmb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 cvj ivRes‡ki cÖwZôvZv †Mvcvj m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ag©cv‡ji kvmbKv‡ji weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †`ecv‡ji kvmbvg‡ji eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvj hy‡Mi †MŠie m¤ú‡K© weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

gvrm¨b¨vq, †Mvcvj, ag©cvj, †mvgcyi wenvi, bvj›`v, †`ecvj, gnxcvj

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

f~wgKv
cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m cvj ivResk `xN©Kvj kvmb K‡i‡Q| mykvmb, RbKj¨vY, agx©q mwnòzZv, DbœZ
Rxeb‡eva BZ¨vw` evsjvq me©cÖ_g cvjivB cÖwZwôZ K‡i| cvj ivRviv evsjv I wenvi A‡j Aóg kZ‡Ki
gvSvgvwS †_‡K cÖvq Pvik eQi kvmb K‡i‡Qb| ˆbivR¨ I Pig AivRKZvi nvZ †_‡K evsjv‡K i¶v K‡i †Mvcvj
bvgK GK D”PeMx©q e¨w³ GB ivRes‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib| ag©cvj, †`ecvj, gwncvj bv‡g A‡bK cvj ivRviv evsjv
kvmb K‡i‡Qb|

gvrm¨b¨vq I †Mvcv‡ji DÌvb

kkv‡¼i ci mßg kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS †_‡K Aóg kZK ch©šÍ evsjvq weivR KiwQj GK AÜKvi hyM| evsjvi
BwZnv‡m GB mgqwU Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ¡ bv‡g L¨vZ| gvrb¨vq GKwU ms¯‹…Z kã hvi A_© nj AivRK cwiw¯’wZ| AivRKZv
Ges ivóªnxbZvi Aemvb NwU‡q evsjvq cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj cvj es‡ki kvmb| kZ eQ‡ii nvbvnvwbi Aemvb N‡U
hLb †Mvcvj ivRv n‡jb|
gv‡Qi ivR‡Z¡ †QvU, `ye©j gvQ memgq eo gvQ¸‡jvi MÖv‡m cwiYZ nq| kkv‡¼i g„Zz¨i ci evsjv †hb cwiYZ
n‡qwQj gv‡Qi iv‡R¨| kvm‡Ki Afv‡e mej AZ¨vPvi K‡i `ye©‡ji Ici| gvby‡li mv‡_ gvby‡li m¤ú‡K© gvqv,
ggZv, †mŠnv‡`©¨i †h ¯’vb Zv `Lj K‡i †bq wnsmv I †Øl| jvgv Zvivbv_ wj‡L‡Qb, mgMÖ †`‡ki †Kv‡bv ivRv wQj
bv| GK Pig AivRK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evsjvi BwZnv‡m A‡bKUv a~g‡KZzi g‡Zv †Mvcv‡ji Avwef©ve nq| Lvwjgcyi
Zvgªkvm‡bi ejv n‡q‡Q †h, gvrm¨b¨vq `~i Kivi AwfcÖv‡q cÖK…wZMY †Mvcvj‡K ivRv wbe©vPb K‡iwQ‡jb| ÔcÖK…wZÕ
k‡ãi A_© ÔRbMYÕ ev cÖavb ÔKg©PvixÕ | m¤¢eZ cÖavb Kg©PvixMY mg‡eZ n‡q †Mvcvj‡K ivRv wbe©vPb K‡ib|
AivRK ciw¯’wZ‡Z †Mvcv‡ji DÌvb cÖm‡½ Zvivbv_ GK iƒcK_vi AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb| e½ iv‡R¨ Dchy³ kvm‡Ki
Afv‡e RbM‡Yi `yt‡Li mxgv wQj bv| G Kvi‡Y †mLvbKvi †bZ…¯’vbxq e¨w³iv wgwjZ n‡q AvBbvbyM kvmb
cÖwZôvK‡í GKRb ivRv wbe©vwPZ K‡ib| Z‡e wbe©vwPZ ivRv †m iv‡ZB wbnZ nb GK KzrwmZ, kw³kvjx bvM igYxi
nv‡Z| Gici †mLv‡b hZ ivRv wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb cÖ‡Z¨K‡K GB iv¶zmxi nv‡Z g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡Z n‡Zv| †h‡nZz GKRb
ivRv Qvov RbmvaviY Zv‡`i ivR¨ Pvjv‡Z cviwQj bv, ZvB cÖwZ mKv‡j Zviv GKRb ivRv wbe©vPb KiZ| Gfv‡e
cÖwZw`b ivRv wbe©vPb I wbnZ nevi NUbv N‡UwQj| AZtci PyÐv‡`exi Avkx©ev` †c‡q GK e¨w³ Dcw¯’Z nb Ggb
GK evwo‡Z †h evwoi †jvKRb `ytwL wQj| KviY †mw`b ivRv nevi `vwqZ¡ c‡owQj H evwoi GK †Q‡ji Ici|
AwZw_ mewKQy K_v ï‡b wb‡R ivRv nevi K_v e‡jb| G‡Z †mB cwievi LyeB Lywk nq| wZwb †hw`b ivRv wbe©vwPZ

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 34

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

nb †mw`b ga¨iv‡Z †mB iv¶zmx Dcw¯’Z n‡j AwZw_i nv‡Z †mB iv¶zmxi g„Zz¨ N‡U| ciw`b mKv‡j †jv‡Kiv Zv‡K
RxweZe¯’vq †`‡L LyeB AevK nb| Zvi G †hvM¨Zvi R‡b¨ RbMY Zv‡K ¯’vqx ivRviƒ‡c wbe©vwPZ K‡i Ges †Mvcvj
bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i|

ag©cvj I DËi fvi‡Z wÎ-kw³ msNl©

ag©cvj n‡”Qb cvj es‡ki †kªô ivRv| wZwb cÖvq 40 eQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib| `xN© kvmbvg‡j ag©cvj cvj ivR¨‡K
GKwU mvgªv‡R¨ DbœxZ K‡ib| ag©cvj hLb wmsnvmb Av‡ivnY K‡ib Zvi wKQy AvM †_‡KB Avh©veZ© Z_v DËi
fvi‡Z ivR‰bwZK Ø›Ø I Aw¯’iZv weivRgvb wQj| Avh©ve‡Z©i †K›`ª¯’j K‡bŠR-G †Kv‡bv ivRkw³ wQj bv| GB
ivR‰bwZK k~b¨Zv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Aóg kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K cvk¦©eZ©x kw³e‡M©i g‡a¨ Zygyj jovB ïiæ nq| ZrKvjxb
fvi‡Zi wZbwU cÖavb ivRkw³ h_v ivR¯’v‡bi cÖZxnvi ivResk, evsjvi cvj Ges `vw¶Yv‡Z¨i ivóªK‚U GK wÎc¶xq
msN‡l© Rwo‡q c‡o| ag©cvj †ekwKQz hy‡× Rwo‡q c‡ob| Z‡e †Zgb cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| hv‡nvK,
evsjvi BwZnv‡m ag©cvjB cÖ_g ivRv whwb me©cÖ_g DËi fviZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z ¯^íKv‡ji Rb¨ n‡jI wKQy mvdj¨
AR©b K‡ib| ag©cv‡ji mg‡q evsjv bZzb kw³ I DÏxcbvi cÖZxK n‡qwQj|

gnv¯’vbMo, e¸ov †mvgcyi gnvwenvi, cvnvocyi kvjeb wenvi, Kzwgjøv

ag©cvj †eŠ× wQ‡jb Ges wZwb A‡bK wenv‡ii cÖwZôvZv| wZwb ivRkvnx wefv‡Mi eZ©gvb bIMuv †Rjvi cvnvocy‡i
†mvgcyi gnvwenvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| e‡i›`ª A‡ji †K›`ª¯’‡j cÖwZwôZ GB †eŠ× ag© wk¶v cÖwZôvbwU mgMÖ fviZe‡l©i
g‡a¨ me©e„nr †eŠ× wenvi| GB R‡b¨ GwU gnvwenvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| ag©cvj †eŠ× ag©vbyivMx n‡jI wZwb Ab¨ ag©
m¤ú‡K© D`vi g‡bvfve †cvlY Ki‡Zb| wZwb wn›`y †`eZvi Rb¨ gw›`i wbg©vY Kivi Rb¨ f‚wg`vb Ki‡Zb| ag©cv‡ji
cÖavbgš¿x MM© wQ‡jb GKRb eªvþY|

†`ecvj I bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq

†`ecvj cvjes‡ki Ab¨Zg ivRv wQ‡jb| wZwb AvbygvwbK 821 mv‡j evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb ïay
wcZv ag©cv‡ji mvgªvR¨ i¶vB K‡ibwb, eis mxgvbv e„w×I K‡ib| GKwU Zvgªkvmb †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, Zuvi
ˆmb¨evwnbx weܨ ce©Z I K‡¤^v‡R wePiY K‡iwQj Ges wZwb Dˇi wngvjq †_‡K `w¶‡Y iv‡gk¦i †mZyeÜ ch©šÍ
Ges c~‡e© I cwð‡g mgy`ª‡ewóZ f‚fvM kvmb K‡ib|
†`ecvj ¸‡R©i ivRv‡K civwRZ K‡ib, Dwol¨vI Rq K‡ib| Rvbv hvq †h, †`ecvj `ªvweo ivRvi `c© P~Y© K‡ib|
†KD †KD `ªvweo ivR¨ ej‡Z ivóªK‚U ivR¨‡K a‡i †bb Ges †`ecv‡ji mv‡_ ivóªK‚U iv‡Ri msN‡l©i K_v g‡b
K‡ib| Avie †`kxq ewYK I ch©UK myjvqgv‡bi g‡Z, ZLb evsjv AwaK kw³kvjx wQj| †`ecvj mygvÎv, Rvfv
I †evwY©I iv‡R¨i ivRv‡`i mv‡_ K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡ib| gvjq DcØx‡ci ˆkjeskxq ivRv evjcy·`e
†`ecv‡ji L¨vwZi K_v Rvb‡Z †c‡i Zuvi wbKU `~Z cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| evjcy·`e B‡Zvg‡a¨B bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vj‡q

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 35

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

GKwU gV wbgv©Y K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Gi ¯’vqx e¨q cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cuvPwU MÖvg cÖv_©bv K‡ib| †`ecvj Zuvi Aby‡iva
i¶v K‡ib|
†`ecvj †eŠ× a‡g©i GKRb cÖavb c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| wZwb gM‡ai †eŠ× gV¸‡jvi ms¯‹vi mvab K‡ib| wZwb
bvj›`vqI K‡qKwU gV Ges ey×Mqvq GKwU eo gw›`i wbg©vY K‡ib| B›`ª¸ß bvgK R‰bK †eŠ× kv¯¿we`‡K wZwb
bvj›`vi Aa¨¶ wbhy³ K‡ib| †`ecv‡ji c„ô‡cvlKZvq bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq †eŠ× ag© I ms¯‹…wZi cÖvY‡K›`ªiƒ‡c
cÖwZôv jvf K‡i Ges G wek¦we`¨vjq‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zuvi kvmbvg‡j DËi fvi‡Z jyßcÖvq †eŠ× ag© cybivq mÄxweZ
n‡q D‡V| †eŠ× ag©vbyivMx n‡jI †`ecvj Ab¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ kª×vkxj wQ‡jb| Zuvi gš¿x †K`viwgkª wQ‡jb GKRb
D”Pe‡Y©i wn›`y| †`ecvjB wQ‡jb h_v_©fv‡e cvj es‡ki †kªô ivRv Ges Zuvi mg‡qB cvj mvgªvR¨ ¶gZv I †MŠi‡ei
kxl©-¯’v‡b DcbxZ nq|
cvj mvgªv‡R¨i AebwZ (861-895 wLª.)
†`ecv‡ji g„Zz¨i ci evsjvi wmsnvm‡b †K AwawôZ n‡qwQ‡jb †mB cwiPq wb‡q gZ‡f` Av‡Q| Z_¨-cÖgv‡Yi
Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y mwVK aviYv jvf KwVb | m¤cÖwZ cwðge‡½i gvj`n †Rjvq Avwe®‹…Z Zvgªkvmb †_‡K Rvbv hvq
†h, †`ecv‡ji cyÎ wQ‡jb gnvivRvwaivR g‡n›`ªcvj| wZwb cÖvq 10 eQi ivRZ¡ K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j cÖgvY i‡q‡Q|
Zvici kvmb K‡ib bvivqY cvj, ivR¨cvj, wØZxq †Mvcvj| Zv‡`i mgq iv‡R¨i mxgvbv msKzwPZ n‡q c‡o|
gnxcvj (995-1043 wLª÷vã) cybiæ×vi, AebwZ I cvj es‡ki cZb
cvj mvgªv‡R¨i BwZnv‡m `ytmg‡q weMÖncv‡ji ci Zuvi cyÎ gnxcvj 995 wLª÷v‡ã ¶gZvq Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb
K‡¤^vR Ges P›`ªes‡ki nvZ †_‡K ÔAbvwaK…Z wejyßÕ wcZ…ivR¨ †hgb wenvi, DËi evsjv cybiæ×vi K‡ib| wZwb
evivbmx I mvibv_ ch©šÍ kw³ e„w× K‡ib| Z‡e †mB mgq `vw¶Yv‡Z¨i †PvjivR iv‡R›`ª †Pv‡ji Avµg‡Y evsjvi
¯^vaxbZv cÖvq wecbœ n‡Z e‡m| wZwb wcZ…ivR¨ cybiy×v‡i h‡_ó exi‡Z¡i cwiPq †`b| wZwb ivR¨ m¤cÖmviY I
RbwnZKi KvR Ges †eŠ× Zx_©¯’v‡b KxwZ© ¯’vcbmn bvbv Kv‡Ri Rb¨ weL¨vZ n‡q Av‡Qb| Zuvi bv‡g Ôgnxcvj MxZÕ
cÖPwjZ wQj|
gnxcv‡ji g„Zz¨i ci cvj iv‡R¨ Avevi AkvwšÍ m„wó nq| ZLb evB‡ii kw³ µgvMZ AvµgY KiZ| d‡j ïay evsjv
bq wenv‡iI cvj ivRkw³ `ye©j n‡q c‡o| †`‡ki †fZ‡iI ¶gZv wb‡q Ø›Ø-msNvZ †e‡o hvq| ivgcvj‡KB cvj
es‡ki Ô†kl gyKzUÕ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| hw`I Zvi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi `yB cyÎ Z…Zxq †Mvcvj I g`bcvj wKQz mgq
evsjvi kvmb ¶gZvq AwawôZ wQ‡jb| Zviv wQ‡jb `ye©j I A‡hvM¨| d‡j evi kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K †mb es‡ki
DÌv‡bi d‡j cvj ivR‡Z¡i Aemvb N‡U|
cvj hy‡Mi †MŠie
cvj hy‡M evsjvi ivRbxwZ †hgb ˆbivR¨ †_‡K gy³ n‡q Pig DrKl©Zv AR©b K‡iwQj †Zgwb A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡b
aŸwbZ n‡qwQj beZi ¯ú›`b| Ab¨w`‡K evsjvi ag©, mgvR Ges ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †h mgb¦‡qi HwZn¨ ˆZwi n‡qwQj Zv
wQj GK kvk¦Z AR©b| G mgq evsjvi RbRxe‡b wn›`y-†eŠ×‡`i g‡a¨ wefvRb, wnsmv-†Øl Lye GKUv wQj bv| G
hy‡M `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqvi mv‡_ evsjvi ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨i c_ Db¥y³ nq, evsjvi ms¯‹…wZ Qwo‡q c‡o H me A‡j|
wkíKjvi †¶‡Î weKwkZ nq GK wbR¯^ I Abb¨ ixwZ| mvwnZ¨ I Áv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLvq D‡j- L‡hvM¨ AMÖMwZ nq|
cvjivB cÖvPxb evsjvi cÖ_g †`kR ivRkw³ Ges ZvivB n‡”Q AvaywbK evOvwj RvwZ MV‡bi cÖvPxbZg mËv|

wkÿv_©xMY bIMuv †Rjvq Aew¯’Z †mvgcyi gnvwenv‡ii GKwU mswÿß cwiwPwZ

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) GKwU eo AvU© †ccv‡i Qwemn Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| A_ev Kw¤úDUv‡i cvIqvi
/wkÿv_©xi KvR c‡q‡›Ui gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xMY cvjesk I †mvgcyi gnvwenv‡ii Dci GKwU
cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡eb|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 36

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡ÿc
kkv‡¼i g„Zz¨i ci evsjvq †h gvrm¨b¨vq ev gv‡Qi ivRZ¡ PjwQj †Mvcvj †mB kZ eQ‡ii AivRKZvi Aemvb
NwU‡q ivRv nb Ges cvj es‡ki kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| cvj ivRv ag©cvj DËi fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡Z Ask †bb|
cvjhy‡M †eŠ× ag© I ms¯‹…wZi cÖvY‡K›`ªiƒ‡c bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| cÖvPxb evsjvi cÖ_g †`kR
ivRkw³ Ges AvaywbK evOvwj RvwZ MV‡bi cÖvPxbZg cvj esk gnxcv‡ji mgq †_‡K `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K| ivgcvj‡K
cvj es‡ki †kl gyKzU ejv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †Kvb ivResk cÖvq Pvik eQi evsjv kvmb K‡i?
K) ¸ß L) †gŠh©
M) cvj N) †mb
2| ag©cvj †Kv_vq †eŠ× wenvi wbg©vY K‡ib?
K) cvnvocy‡i L) gnv¯’vbM‡o
M) K‡bŠ‡R N) ivRkvnx‡Z
3| †Kvb kvmK‡K cvj‡`i gyKzUgwb ejv nq?
K) †`ecvj L) gnxcvj
M) ivgcvj N) g`bcvj

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
DÏxcKwU co–b Ges mswkøó cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b
Igcyi A‡ji ivRv †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x n‡jI wZwb Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i Abymvix‡`iI c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| wZwb GKwU wn›`y
gw›`‡ii Rb¨ f~wg `vb K‡ib| Zvi gš¿xI wQ‡jb Ab¨ a‡g©i Abymvix| Ggb bvbv ¸‡Yi AwaKvix wZwb Avgv‡`i
Kv‡Q AvRI ¯§iYxq|
K. cvj es‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K?
L. gvrm¨b¨vq ej‡Z Kx eySvq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M. DÏxc‡Ki ivRvi ag©xq Kg©Kv‡Ði mv‡_ Avcbvi cwVZ †Kvb cvj kvm‡Ki Kv‡Ri wgj i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. D³ kvmKB wQ‡jb Òcvj es‡ki me©‡kÖô kvmKÓ Avcwb Kx GKgZ? hyw³ w`b|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 37

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

cvV-4.4 evsjvq †mb es‡ki kvmb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 †mb ivRes‡ki cwiPq ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weRq †m‡bi kvmbKv‡ji weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ejøvj †m‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 j²Y †m‡bi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb |
 evsjvq †mb ivRes‡ki cZb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

weRq †mb, ejøvj †mb, †KŠwjb¨ cÖ_v, j²Y †mb

gyL¨ kã (Key Words)

f~wgKv
evsjvi cvj hy‡Mi Aemv‡bi ci evi kZ‡Ki wØZxq fv‡M †mb kvm‡bi m~Pbv nq| aviYv Kiv nq Zviv
G‡`‡k wQ‡jb ewnivMZ| †mb‡`i c~e©cyiæl‡`i Avw` evm wQj `vwÿY¨v‡Z¨i Kb©v‡U| evsjvq †mbes‡ki cÖwZôvZv
wQ‡jb †ngšÍ †mb | wZwb †kl eq‡m Kb©vU †_‡K G‡m ivp A‡j M½v b`xi Zx‡i emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| aviYv Kiv
nq †h, wZwb cvj ivRv ivg cv‡ji Aax‡b GKRb mvgšÍ ivRv wQ‡jb|
weRq †mb
evsjv‡`‡k weRq †m‡bi mgqB †mbes‡ki kvmb mycÖwZwôZ nq| †ngšÍ †m‡bi cyÎ weRq †mb 1098 mvj †_‡K
1160 mvj ch©šÍ evsjvq ivRZ¡ K‡ib| weRq †mb m¤¢eZ cvjivRv ivgcv‡ji ivRZ¡Kv‡j ivp A‡j cÖ_‡g
mvgšÍivRv wQ‡jb| weRq †mb cvjivRv ivgcvj‡K e‡i›`ª D×v‡i mvnvh¨ K‡iwQ‡jb| G mvnv‡h¨i cÖwZ`v‡b wZwb
iv‡p ¯^vaxb ¶gZv jvf K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j weRq‡mb cÖvq mgMÖ evsjv Rq K‡i †mb‡`i ¶z`ª ivR¨wU‡K GKwU eo
iv‡R¨ cwiYZ K‡ib| Gfv‡e weRq †mb Zuvi my`xN© 62 eQ‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j eû hy‡× Rqjvf K‡i cÖvq mgMÖ
evsjv‡`‡k GKK ivR¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m¶g nb|
weRq †mb GKRb cÖwZfvevb ivRv wQ‡jb| mvgvb¨ GKRb mvgšÍivR wn‡m‡e Rxeb ïiæ K‡i wZwb wbR cÖwZfv e‡j
evsjvi mve©‡fŠg ivRvi ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡iwQ‡jb Ges cÖvq mviv evsjv‡`‡k wbR AvwacZ¨ mycwZwôZ Ki‡Z m¶g
n‡qwQ‡jb| G Qvov cvjes‡ki kvmbvemv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †h Pig wek„•Ljv I AivRKZv †`Lv w`‡qwQj Zv †_‡K wZwb
evsjv Ges Gi Awaevmx‡K i¶v K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb GKRb exi‡hv×v wQ‡jb hvi mvnm wQj Acwimxg; mvgwiK
`~i`wk©Zv wQj AZzjbxq| wZwb ci‡gk¦iI I gnvivRvwaivR Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|
weRq †mb ˆke wQ‡jb Ges ˆew`K a‡g©i cÖwZI we‡kl kª×vevb wQ‡jb| wZwb eªvþYMY‡K kª×v Ki‡Zb Ges
Zv‡`i‡K AKvZ‡i `vb Ki‡Zb| Kwe DgvcwZai weRq †m‡bi PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewji f~qmx cÖksmv K‡ib|
ejøvj †mb
weRq †m‡bi g„Zz¨i ci AvbygvwbK 1160 mv‡j Zvi cyÎ ejøvj †mb wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwb ivR¨ R‡qi
†P‡q †`‡ki †fZ‡i Dbœqb, bZzb cÖ_v Pvjy I ms¯‹v‡ii Kv‡R AwaKZi g‡bv‡hvMx wQ‡jb| Z‡e wZwb †Mvwe›`cvj‡K
civwRZ K‡i gM‡ai c~e©vÂj AwaKvi K‡ib| Kw_Z Av‡Q †h, ejøvj †mb Zuvi wcZvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j wgw_jv Rq

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 38

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

K‡ib| ejøvj †mb we`¨vb I we‡`¨vrmvnx ivRv wQ‡jb| wZwb eªZmvMi, AvPvimvMi, cÖwZôvmvMi, `vbmvMi I
A™¢yZmvMi bv‡g cuvPwU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib|
†KŠwjb¨ cÖ_v I ejøvj †mb
†KŠwjb¨ cÖ_vi cÖeZ©K wn‡m‡e ejøvj †mb BwZnv‡m we‡klfv‡e cwiwPZ| mv¤úªwZK M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq †h, †KŠwjb¨
cÖ_vi mv‡_ ejøvj †m‡bi m¤ú‡K©i †Zgb †Kv‡bv hyw³hy³ wfwË †bB| evsjv‡`‡k †KŠwjb¨ cÖ_vi eûj cÖPjb †`Lv
hvq AvVv‡iv I Dwbk kZ‡K| eªvþYMY G cÖ_v cÖeZ©‡bi D‡`¨v³v wQ‡jb| Zuviv Zuv‡`i `vwe cÖwZwôZ Kivi j‡¶¨ G
cÖ_vi GKwU HwZnvwmK wfwË †`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖPvi K‡ib †h, †mb Avg‡j ejøvj †mb †KŠwjb¨ cÖ_v cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
hw` ejøvj †mb †KŠwjb¨ cÖ_v cÖeZ©b Ki‡Zb, Zvn‡j Zvi D‡jøL †m hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ I wjwcgvjvq Aek¨B _vKZ|
wKš‘ †mb hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨ I wjwcgvjvq ejøvj †m‡bi †KŠwjb¨ cÖ_vi cÖeZ©b wel‡q †Kv‡bv D‡jøL †bB|
Z‡e †mb ivRv‡`i Avg‡j mvaviYZ m¤§vbxq eªvþY‡`i‡K mgv`i Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Rwg `vb Kiv n‡Zv| Giƒc
RwgcÖvß eªvþY‡`i g‡a¨ K‡qKR‡bi K_vmn Zvgªkvmb cvIqv †M‡Q| ejøvj †mb Zuvi wcZvi b¨vq ˆke wQ‡jb|
ag©cÖPv‡i Zuvi we‡kl AvMÖn wQj| wZwb Zuvi wcZvi Ab¨vb¨ Dcvwai mv‡_ ÔAwiivR wbtk¼i' Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|
wZwb AvbygvwbK 18 eQi ivRZ¡ Kivi ci e„× eq‡m cyÎ j¶Y †m‡bi nv‡Z ivR¨fvi AcY© K‡i m¯¿xK w·eYxi
Kv‡Q M½vZx‡i evYcÖ¯’ Aej¤^b K‡i †kl Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib|
j²Y †mb
ejøvj †mb I igv‡`exi cyÎ j²Y †mb 1179 mv‡j cÖvq 60 eQi eq‡m
wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| j²Y †mb †MŠo, Kwj½, Kvgiƒc I Kvkx‡Z
weRq Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb| HwZnvwmK wgbnv‡Ri eY©bv †_‡K
Rvbv hvq †h, eLwZqvi wLjwRi AvµgYKv‡j wZwb Avwk eQ‡ii e„×
wQ‡jb| †MŠo j²Y‡m‡bi ivRZ¡Kv‡jB cy‡ivcywi †mb mvgªvR¨fz³ n‡qwQj|
gMa‡K i¶v Kivi R‡b¨ Ges evsjv‡K AvM‡j ivLvi gvb‡m j²Y †mb wK
c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb Zv Rvbv hvq bv|
Z‡e j²Y †mb wbR mvgªvR¨‡K evB‡ii kÎæ‡`i nvZ †_‡K Lye GKUv
myiw¶Z ivL‡Z cv‡ibwb| ivR‡Z¡i †k‡li w`‡K wZwb eva©‡K¨i Kvi‡Y †ek
`ye©jI n‡q c‡owQ‡jb| KviY ZLb iv‡R¨i †fZ‡i †Mvj‡hv‡Mi welqwU
aiv c‡owQj|
eLwZqvi wLj&wR
†Zi kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K, m¤¢eZ 1204 mv‡j eLwZqvi wLjwR evsjv AvµgY K‡ib| j²Y †mb ZLb b`xqvq
Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb, `ye©j j²Y †mb †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡iva bv K‡i b`xc‡_ `w¶Yc~e© evsjvq P‡j hvb| Gi d‡j DËi I
DËi cwðg evsjv eLwZqvi AwaKvi K‡ib Ges j²YveZx‡K (†MŠo) †K›`ª K‡i evsjvq gymwjg mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZôv
K‡ib| j²Y †m‡bi b`xqv Z¨v‡Mi gva¨‡gB evsjvq wn›`ykvm‡bi cZb n‡qwQj e‡j aiv n‡jI `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq
j²Y †mb AviI K‡qK eQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib|
j²Y †mb GKRb weØvb I Kwe wQ‡jb| wZwb ejøvj †m‡bi Amgvß A™¢yZmvMi mgvß K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb K‡qKwU
MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib I Zuvi iwPZ K‡qKwU †køvKI cvIqv wM‡q‡Q| Zuvi ivRmfvq Ávbx e¨w³e‡Mi mgv‡ek N‡UwQj|
fviZ cÖwm× cwÐZ njvq~a Zuvi cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb|
j²Y‡m‡bi wcZv I wcZvgn ˆkea‡g©i AbyivMx n‡jI wZwb ˆeòe a‡g© `xw¶Z n‡qwQ‡jb| c~e©m~wi‡`i Ôcig
gv‡nk¦iÕ Dcvwai cwie‡Z© wZwb Ôcig‰eòeÕ Dcvwa MÖÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi ivRmfvq fviZ weL¨vZ ˆeòe Kwe Rq‡`‡ei
Ae¯’vb wQj| Z‡e eªvþY¨ ag© Ges †KŠjxb¨ cÖ_vi R‡b¨ Zuvi `ye©jZv wQj, †KŠjxb¨cÖ_v we¯Ív‡i wZwb wQ‡jb m‡Pó|
Zuvi G ai‡bi g‡bvfve mgv‡Ri Ab¨ ag© I m¤úª`v‡qi †jvK‡`i g‡a¨ nZvkv I †¶v‡fi mÂvi K‡i| Z‡e j²Y

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 39

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

†m‡bi `vbkxjZv I J`vh© gymjgvb HwZnvwmK wgbnvRyÏxb‡K AvKl©Y K‡iwQj| wgbnvR Zuvi `vbkxjZvi myL¨vwZ
I kvmbixwZi cÖksmv K‡i Zuv‡K wn›`y¯’v‡bi ÔLwjdv ¯’vbxqÕ e‡j eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
j²Y †m‡bi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi `yB cyÎ wek¦i~c †mb I †Kke †mb wKQzKvj c~e© evsjv kvmb K‡ib| †mb kvmbvg‡j
me©‡¶‡Î wn›`ya‡g©i cÖwZôvi †Póv mgv‡R cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i| †`Lv †`q Aw¯’iZv| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, ag© m¤ú‡K© KÆi
g‡bvfve †mb‡`i cZb Zivwb¦Z K‡i Ges GiB my‡hvM †bq gymjgv‡biv|

wkÿv_©xMY GKwU eo AvU© †ccv‡i †mb es‡ki ivRv‡`i cwiwPwZg~jK welq

A¨vKwUwfwU (wb‡R Kwi) Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb|
/wkÿv_©xi KvR

mvims‡ÿc
evsjvq cvj hy‡Mi Aemv‡bi ci evi kZ‡Ki †k‡li w`‡K †mb es‡ki kvm‡bi m~Pbv nq| †mb es‡ki kvm‡bi
cÖwZôvZv †ngšÍ †mb n‡jI weRq †m‡bi mg‡qB evsjv‡`‡k †mb es‡ki kvmb mycÖwZwôZ nq| †mb es‡ki Ab¨Zg
kvmK ejøvj †mb whwb †KŠwjb¨ cÖ_v cÖeZ©b K‡ib e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡jI mv¤úªwZK M‡elYvq A‡bKUv A¯^xKvi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †mb es‡ki me©‡kl kvmK j²Y †mb 1204 mv‡j eLwZqvi wLjwRi Avµg‡Y b`xqv Z¨vM K‡ib Ges
evsjvq †mb es‡ki kvm‡bi cZb nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1| †mb es‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K wQ‡jb?
K) weRq †mb L) †ngšÍ †mb
M) ejøvj †mb N) wek¦iƒc †mb
2| †KŠwjb¨ cÖ_vi cÖeZ©K wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ †Kvb kvmK?
K) †ngšÍ †mb L) weRq †mb
M) ejøvj †mb N) †Kke †mb
3| j²Y †mb b`xqv Z¨vM K‡ib †Kb?
K) ch©vß ˆm‡b¨i Afv‡e L) eLwZqv‡ii mvnwmKZvq
M) RbMY KZ©„K cÖZ¨vLvZ nIqvq N) eva©K¨ I `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y
4| j²Y †mb †Kgb kvmK wQ‡jb?
K) my`k©b L) myVvg‡`nx
M) mycwÐZ N) myMvqK
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co–b 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
†eŠ evRv‡ii f~Bqv evwoi †jv‡Kiv wkï‡`i †Ljvi gv‡Vi †Ljv‡K †K›`ª K‡i bvbv ai‡bi cvwievwiK mgm¨vq
cÖwZwbqZ cvi¯úwiK SMov gvivgvwi‡Z wjß wQj GgZve¯’vq evwoi eq¯‹ e¨w³iv mgm¨v mgvavbK‡í
GKRb‡K †bZv wn‡m‡e †g‡b †bq Ges GjvKvq kvwšÍ cÖwZwôZ nq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 40

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

5| DÏxc‡Ki NUbvwU cvV¨ eB‡q cÖvPxb evsjvi †Kvb kvm‡Ki g„Zz¨i ci N‡U?
K) †`e¸ß L) †Mvcvj
M) kkv¼ N) nl©ea©b
6| D³ NUbvwU cÖvPxb evsjvi †h e¨w³i kvm‡Ki wbe©vwPZ nIqvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©Ñ
K) kkv¼ L) †Mvcvj
M) ag©cvj N) gnxcvj
7| cÖvPxb evsjvi †mb kvmK‡`i †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨? (D”PZi `ÿZv)
i) AivRKZv †_‡K evsjv‡K iÿv Kiv
ii) ivR¨ we¯Ív‡i Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb ivLv
iii) we`¨v I weØv‡bi K`i Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii
M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii
8| gymwjg HwZnvwmK wgbnvR ivRv j²Y †m‡bi f~qmx cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb Gi h_v_© KviYÑ
i) Zuvi `vbkxjZv
ii) Zuvi mvnwmKZv
iii) Zuvi J`vh©
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK
†mb ivRv ivRZ¡Kvj
weRq †mb 1098-1160
ejøvj †mb 1160-1178
? 1179-1206
wek¦iƒc †mb 1203-1204
9| wPwýZ ¯’v‡b †Kvb †mb kvmK ivRZ¡ K‡ib?
K) †ngšÍ L) weRq
M) j²Y N) †Kke †mb
10| Q‡Ki †Kvb kvmK A™¢zZ mvMi I `vbmvMi bv‡g 2wU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ibÑ
K) weRq L) wek¦iƒc
M) ejøvj N) j²Y

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.1 t 1. N 2. N 3. L 4. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.2 t 1. L 2. L 3. N 4. N 5. M 6. L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.3 t 1. M 2. K 3. M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4.4 t 1. L 2. M 3. N 4. M 5. M 6. L 7. M 8. L 9. M 10. M

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 41