Biology

2. Tissue

celis which are similar or dissimilar in shape, having a comrnon origin and usualiy perforrn
Tissue is a group of
a common tunction,
Anatomy
internal structure of plants or animals is called
Shudy of
regarded as the
tissues is known as Histology. he word wàs coined by Mayer. Bichat is
Cd of
"father of histologv"
of performing any function
multicellular organisms division of labour increases the efficiency
ln
Plant tissues fundamental tunes
to divide, plant tissues have been classified into two
Depending upon the capacity
Meristematic tissues
" Permanent tissues

Meristematic tissues responsible

tissue, which persist in the plant, throughout the life and are
It is the portion of embryonic Nageli (1858) called meristematic tissue as meristems.
cells.
for the formation of new
indefinitely.
cells are immature and are capable of dividing
The
spaces.
cells, without intercellular
They are small and thin walled outline.
of same length and breadth) and are rounded or oval in
isodiametric (almost
Thecells are generally
" They have thin elastic
cell wall, made up of cellulose.
large and prominent
plastids are in proplastid stage, do not store food. They have
" The acuoles are absent; mitochondria.
large number of
nucleus and dense cytoplasm with formed.
are mother cells from which other types of cells are
These cells

The apical bud contains

a shoot apical meristem.

In woody plants the vascular

cambium and cork cambium
Lateral bd thicken the stem and root.
Cork cambium

Vascular cambium

-Root apical meristem

Root hairs
Apical and lateral meristems Root apical meristem
Apkal meristems produce the
primary plant body; lateral meristems -Root cap
produce the secondary plant body.

27
 ALLEN
ALLEN Biology
pertorm
shape, sizeand Permanent tissues
Class IX up a permanent Theu are forrned by the division and differentiation of neristernatic tisse, Ceks oá permanent tissues have lost
wtich celis tYke
Important terms
deveiopment processin specializedcells
regain the the power of division ternporarily or permanentiy.
LAteetiathn is ihe this process
the
Perrnaret
a spet funxtiom permanent cells. In tissp
takes place onty in cork carnbium.
Sterentiation rmeristematic e.q.
and become On the basis7of types of ceis
hision of power Meristematic Tissue
Classification of
Sirnple Cornglex
On the basisof deposition On the tasisof hscton
Apkal mer1Sg shoot and rÍot apex. increase in length.
t is present different planes and helps in |Parenchyrma Colenchyma Sclerenctyne Xyiern Ptlern
t divides in internode.
Intercalary meristerm tissue or base of
-Based on between permanent
position Found intercalated of plant body. Tracheids Sieee tes
elongation
h heips in
Aerenchyna Fibres
Laterai meristem
the plant body. secondary growth. [Corpaio
lateral side of
Presents inincrease or girth during
Vessels ces
the thickness
cambium.
# helps to
cambium. Cork Chlorerchyna Scjereids
e.g.. Vascuiar Parenchyma Parerctszra
Protoderm (epidermai) tissue system. Fbres
It develops dermal
Fbres

Ground meristerns pith) of plant body Simple permanent tissue (Homogenous tissue)
Based on
Fupetion it develops
ground tissue (cortex and These tissues are homogenous in nature and made up of similar type of cells. The main types of simple
permanent tissues are-parenchyma, collenchyma and dsclerenchyma.
Procambium
vascular tissue " Parenchyma
It makes It is living and basic packing tissue or universal tissue or first evolved permanent tissue which
consist of
relatively unspecialised cells.
Cells are thin, elastic cell wal made up with celiulose, isodiametric. Cell of this
tissue have cytoplasrn
with srnall nucleus and large vacuole.
Tound bssue system carries Cut Intercellular spaces are present in between the cells.
photosynthesis,
The stores photosynthetic
The dermal tisue
products, nd hetps support the
plant Atypical parenchyma is meant for storage of food, provide turgidity to softer tissues.
Systen s the outer
icONering of the plart. Parenchyma cells may contain chloroplast_to take part in photosynthesis. such cells are called
chlorenchyma. The chlorenchyma of leaves is termed as mesophyl which is differentiated in(palisade
[eaf
Shoot and spongy parenchyma in dicots and only spongy parenchyma in monocots
apical In aquatic plants, the parenchyma consists of loosely arranged cells vwith large air
rreristen The vascuar tissue systerm cavities, it is known as
Conducts water and
solutes aerenchyma which provides buoyancy.1
ttraghout the plart.

Stem Dermal
Ground
Vascular
-Vacuole
-Intercellular
spaces

Riot Seediing Dermal

Root Nucleus.
ersteT: Ground
Vascular
(B
Transverse section Longitudinal section
Parenchyma

29
28
 ALLEN
ALLEN
lak Trachekds are ekongated, tubudar. dead cells with rartre: bhrt
Biology
Class IX thickening of the cel
strture and possess uneven enis. They possess hard higntied waßs ard wde hne STe
" Colenchyma vay in
are in,chngated or unthickened areas cailed pits are present fo mKAemert
Ceis of thás tissN from one cell to another. Tracheids are chief wvater
wal
and pectin
conducting elements in pon flowering plants.
celuiose
a up with
The thkening is 6.Vessels are much elongated tbular channels with wide
between the cells. plants. Jumen, A vessel iscomposite strcture made up of rurnber of
sae present provides flexibility to
No tercesaaar to the organs. It vessel elements. These are joined together and aiow qukck
mechanical strength and elasticity
boxh movement of water or sap. End walis of xylem vessels are
+ prides photosynthetic in function.
chioroplast and are highly perforated hence they form a channel which allows
Some e% pssess margin and leaf stalk
of dicot leaves
epidermis in dicot stem, leaf
continuoustise-of water. They are present n
the flowering plants.
is present beow
monocot and roots of dicot. lc) Xylem parenchyma celis are associated with xylem, they stores Bood and hetp in ata coration of
Txai atsent in
sap

Cumen (d Xylem fibers are sclerenchymatous fibers which provide

mechanical support to the xless
" Phkoem

They are the main food conducting elements. It is also caled bast or
leptome
atuoe Phloem consists of four types of cells
tcdeus
B (a) Sieve tubes (b) Companion cells (c) Phioem parenchyma
Longtudnal section Phiem fber
Transverse section
A Longitudinal section Sclerenchyma
Collenchyma
-Sieve piate with pores
Sieve tube elernent
walls.
" Sderenchyma thickening of lignin on the cell
due to the Phloem parenchyna
sclerenchyma becomes dead cels
On maturity, cels of on the walls.
called pits often present stone cells).
Several unthickened areas cells-sclerenchyma fibers and sclereids (grit or Plasmodesmata
Cornparion cel
Sderenchyma has two types of pointed tapering ends. They are the
elongated, narrow, spindle shaped and have
Fibers are much hemp, coir, etc. nuts like
source of natural fitbers like jute, hard covering of seeds and Sieve tube element
short, highly thick walled. Commonly present in give them grittiness. Phloem
Sdereid cels are sapota etc. and
fruits like quava,pear and is the chief
wanuts and coconut, puip of to give mechanical strength to the plant. It Sieve tubes áfe elongated tubular channels. Each sieve tube is
made up of several cels caled sieve
types of sclerenchyma is tube members, joined end to end. The end walls have
Main function of all many large
sieve tube is always associated pores known as sieve plates. Each
mechanical tissue of mature plant organs. tissue) with-acompanion- cell.- Sieve elernents take part nthe transport of
Complex permanent tissues
(Heterogenous
unit. The common complex organic food. It is usually found in pteridophytes and
than one type ofcells, working together as a gymnosperms.
They are made up of more or vascular tissue. A mature sieve tube has a peripheral
phloem, also known as conductive cytoplasm without nucleus. Soit is iving cel without nucleus.
permanent tissues are xylem and
Companion cells are thin walled elongated celis, which lie on the sides of sieve
" Xylem and minerals) in the plant and
also provides
associated with sieve tube by plasmodesmata so with the death of one, tubes. They are closeBy
for conduction of sap (water
h is complex tissue meant companion cells control the metabolic activities of sieve tube.
the other cell dies. Nuclei of
mechanical support.
root and stem of vascular plants. In non-flowering plants
Xylem is called wood and forms the butk of companion cells are absent, they have abuminous cetls.
Xylem consists of four type of cells
(c) Xylem parenchyma (d) Xylem fibers Phloem parençhchyma are ordinary cells which store food and assist in the conduction of food in lateral
(a) Tracheids (b) Vessels direction.
in the transport of sap. They are hence calle
Out of these only tracheids and vessels takes part Phioem fibersare also called bast fibers which are
Tracheary elements. used for making ropes, twines, threads and cotrse sclerenchymatous, provide mechanical strength
textles.
30 31
 32

" "

Cosarmercial D Cok alar Es

wooder
pddesetc. CorkConmercial
Cor Lerticeis, andiKmad Crs
is
proiaes secOndary or
is is tnade Phelen
s cals
used bght ae the
the up oterss o
inimportance
ard
insiatiin
cork pores to ccs
the o atty
cotex
dead
makirg highsyobtained is present from re
ce. wateros
n
brn
compsessle of iecork
Cr
of Cork extreme
on Cork nner sapet
variety
a from the cambm
is tisSE
the cod dead side.
which stem
of ter
sutace arbecaUSe
d Dresen: b
sport heioGen.
doessurface hot. Monocot
and
goods
not of
ohe
in thácker SsiayGad
cork. deposition Á gerd
-Secondary
(phekderm)cortex(phetkgen)
cambium
Cork Cork
(pheaern) such catch cf Cork
or at
Compiernentary
celBrokern
s Lertice! cork alaow
as fire cabium mature each ceis
epidermis cricket cak of
easity. excharge end are
(QUercus sberin. woody
balls, produces iamtbeinarrow Cosed
of stems
table uber). gases. in
cork and shaped) the
tennis, ceTter
on
roots.
the
shuttleco
outer Itis

Epitheial
tissue tissuela) tissues
Epithelial Animal
The
Ploem
systes
tissue
Vascular Ground
system Dermal
systemtissue ytems
Tissue
animal Sstem
Tissue bis

tissues tissue s
Squamous th
the
have XyjemjColerctyma
Scderencna ParenctsTa Periderm Epderms TseTissae
vese
been
Cuboidal Connective
tissue b) systems,
celthick)
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tissuetissue
bordered tsSUertoreids
Ciiated Simple Sstern
Brush (Sderenctma
IFbers
cels
Coumnar parenctsma
Phioemcels
|Comparáon
cels elements
Sieve
tbeparenchynacekselermerts
Fbers Kyjem VesseiTracheis Parendtna
CoienctsEna
Scdererctyma
ces parerchyme
Cork ces Tichore
cs Cork
cambn Corkce% gardfas Epadermai
ces ces
Guard tlssues,
Typ jC
into
faur (Scderenchyma the
Glandular and
CliatedborderedBrush major otters
or ster
ceñs ces c
stratified Epithelai to
Pseudo tissue
tissue types
Muscar ) types th
ceks)
imore depending of t
Storageeiemerts, support Storage
May Support Cordcion pooesS
Sespport,
sPPrtand Spport.
supportand Treres
Tneras fexib
strengt seczesn
Stcrage,
Rarage
Meristeratc Varatie
krcis iowerng s
Transiiona
Stratified han
Support,
strength
elemerts be Maisattaxhes
|Compaund contro Fnchoae
onece on
Squamous oadig strengt
Cuboidal the uncioing o pints
hc waser.
Keratirised
keratinised funcúon new r
sugar of
Non NtHests. Tisue
ces
o
tissue they
Nervs sieve
see
perform
be
Biology

33
 34

OSmotic Compound
stress.of on
membrane.
basenent The
"
epitheliumIkeratinstratifiedSquamous
this ia kc ia) eplthelum
Smple "
coumnar is
Stratified compound difiererntepithelium
their but When goblet t (a!
process classified Pseudostrattfled : When
When Modificaton eg.
NucleSii mpke Oubailalincrease Their spem ts
is
squamous
free appears it cilia cells microvili
Certain
fo und Modificatons Eoitaenhgdg.ekum dcts matnKs heigSlht npke tvessel mph s tilSiesnpe made
in
fon not stratified or epithelium surface, level. microvilli cels ar e fr e e an d
is epithelum
on flo or,
tformed
he
called cuboidal
the
epithelium
Mucus two
ar e
present also
are cohunnar
ofelongated, epineckthelium surfacesurface
in the funtions
s Or
ui d thb okda! Squamoss p
of
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thancornification may
basis
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however layered are are th is
Simple nephron.
kpar t of may of called
aiso
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Function single
present. epithelium
present epthelium:It This
of it have Uppermost of
shape consist It function made
: secreting
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on present
may may area. have simple eptheium: epltheium
gamet e is is
layer
buccal called is waterproof
is
th
up shorts goblet
e because
erd e.g., on on
columnar have bear e.g.
cuboidal as comnonly gasexs cels of
found or of
This is ofSmal free free
contains hair fomiundcrovil i germ in al
cavity, keratinization
non-keratinised cels many
of
these
ofmore of epithelium variable like fomation, This :tis which
in
skin, protein present
ma y cells cells some colurmnar end end
epithelium consists in so
epithelium: fexchange,
o und
have layers epithelia than intestine. of ofmusCUs position. ciliproxi
a mal they epithelium rest
secretionepithelium fltratiofonrmed
oesophagus, are also cells
hair, columnarcolumnar of on
in on
columnar one without cells. are ducts
which called
the
in of
layer
occurs are and elongated their of the
epithelium horn, the protection
against is are It called in tbasement
hin,
cheeks, superficial
makeskeratin cells, cilia.
shorter made e.g.,
epithelium.
cells is convol
free uted gonads and consiofsts
hooves, or
cells.
of
this
in
Fallopian
called mai nly cels brush-bordered cuboidal d absorption.
gl
dands and flat.
squamous
cuboidalor
however e.g. than up and
as
mat endsand
nephron. tubule I of diffusion disc ,
vagina and them or epithelium. of ini for whi ch (ovari e s kid na and
cubical
square or
non-keratinised scales, hard horn layers.
Orniy trachea the single a goblet tubular d membrane.
like
tubes, between e.g., absorption placed side
mare
etc. which th e the others helps (PCT)
in to and s e.g., polygonal
e.g .
feathers. and mechanical,
chemical,the and Gall cells.
deepest cells The layer most stomachand .e.g., testes) part alveoli
these badder n smal
water
replaces of large and and I the of
the long of of of
i cells,
stratifiedproof.Keratn cells.
epiThithes layer columnar
have the cells secretion. by transport Lepithelium. Mi as
salivary
panand almoswith
nephronsin cells of
deepest bronchi. cells lungs,
,closey
ftted
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the is their
have like divide
squa cytop madei lave epitly of blood
seo inte
co
y

plasma cellsnonliving,
Cellscomposed
Conective
Connective
tissue
(they
are-fibroblast epithelium)
(Glandular
Glands
produce
(they
cells (c) (b) : (a) thOn
Endocrine e They
maybe
tissues. The Epithelium
Squarious
Simple
producetransparent tissue ofHeterocrine Exocrine in
Transitional
three structures Gobletcell urinary
is basis
histamine, (it
components-intercelular the
forms semi tissue secretion :unicellular
of
(goblet
Muás bladder,
they presence which
they : epithellum
antibodies), white fluid lack
heparin that have secrete proximal
madeconnects, ductthrough and Modification
simpleofTmembrane
fibers both Basement Nucieus
Cytoplamgranue
-Basal
so absence useful Mutilayered :
acrophages(for and up exocrine pour ducts gland)or Pseudostratified
Epithelium part
called of -Mucus
serotonin
mucopolysaccharides. separates materials nucleus)
Roundnucleus)
Basement
Membrane
KOval Gobletcel of
matrix, their e.g. of Shortcel Longcell urethra,
collagen, ducts,
and Salivary
secretion gland.multicelular
(salivary
gland). and
which connective and endocrine are renal more
the known Coumnar
phagocytic yellow supports
are in glands pets,
stretchabe
Epithelum
Cuboidal
Simple
responsiblefibres tissue parts blood, as
are glands. Epithelium ureter.
action). all e.g. e.g.
called cellsother of thar
types
three - Membrane Shortcel Longcel granue-Basai Clia
to Pancreas.Thyroid
gland. The Basement
the
elastin and types
show glands tratitied
fibers.
of
responses), and
inflammatory tissues
Absorptvecet
Intercellular are epitheum.
reticular fomed Ctogies
Basenest -NuciesGobietce
mertrae
Mucs
in Baserer
the
fibers), of
matrixbody. epithelial Biology
h
is
found
35 mast It
is is
36

Connecthve
tissue"
Closs IX
,eyeadipocytes.
toAdip0se (b) (a)
Dense (2) (1) tissue Loose Arar
the fibres Tendons
to Forous/Dense nomal oins tAreolar
he
Ligaments Elastin
original
considerable
eriphery. bones.
regular
Colagen epithelium
different
having shape. or Tendon
ball Eachtissue lengthyellow white loose Regular
Dense
etc. They - tissues,
It of
Connective
Tisue
fat : - These
little connective mechanical regular consist
The stores Itcell These These have when fibres fibres- connective
many
ous contains
bone) bone to
(joining
Ligament matrix are -connective
foms Ligament
Ligaments - bone
Shoulder are great Macrophage of hollow
are cords relaxed. can It The
Fibroblast
the fibres
Colagen matrix, the
Bone thatcords strength Conective
reserve modifiedTendonsand
fat strength tissue of dominance
stretch packingisceraltissue tissueAdipose
globules, connect of
dense fibroblasts, Connective
fat food yellow occur of tissue Areolar :This Tissue

ent
form but upto white betweenorgans,
and due ligaments -Muscle -Tendon
(joining
one
bone fibrous
(white
in one ofThis : Tissue tissue Bone
of Tendon muscle)
bone -Shoulder
to
fibrous the mast skin
areolar
to boneflexibility
limited.fibres)
is two
and (white tissue connective
tissue Skeletal
cells, them essentially
heat whichact is
Mastcel and
as connective
to forms a consists Cartilage
tissue.
loss shock tissue the connective half plasma and walls
rom the inelastic) helps
another. times mainly of
connective
bsorbingnucleus
containing tissue cels arteries
to
the their collagen of Blood
tissue and keep connectiveFluid
dy. and containing fibres. (Vascular
Tissue)
length and in
cushions the large that macrophages. the function. tissue
cytoplasm attach
fibres The organs veins.
spherical
then fibres Lymph
elastin tilsThe
around skeletal
contributes
snap in
It
are areolar occurs
place
are and of
fat back 2 benea
thedisplat collade a
celis
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to totype
he

ALLEN
humanThe a)
consists body, Skeletal
tissues
The
femur longitudinal
and narrow
around
present Bone-Bone skeletal
contains
protein
protects
mainly
bone of Haversian
contain inside called tissues
skeleton calcium
ossein.
is e
th
the
lamellae the solid, vital fom
lacuna phosphate,
bone rigidorgans the
waywithin
of
trapped exposingits (b) The
(d) A
The bone marrow and (fluid matrix endoskeleton and
oplasmic and
bone
Cytoplasmic
extensions osteocytes cavities, calciumstrong
Osteon is filled helps Adipose
tissue
structure
internal cut which occurs
lacurnaematrix
open, spaces) carbonate,
the connective in of
tensions
Nucleus produces form locomotion. the
in
but rigidis Haversianlayers
which vertebrates.
ommunicate Protoplasmic
ProcessesS a
that and Haversian
System Haversian calcium
called
tissue. -Piasma -Nucieus storY
area Fat
the has Membrane
extend hard. canals. There
blood fine lamellae It
Osteocytes fluoride is They
through with cells. channels
system the are
one (Bonecel)
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concentricwhich hardest tw o form
another
tiny become or etc.
types rigid
osteon.caled
carals areMatrixtissue
by Haversian
bone canalnerves
eachwithin
osteon of (c) frame
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of
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Long is in
skeletal
run hard the
vessels minÍe body.
through bones
Sinterstitial -Haversan
compact
Lamelae A imand tissues: support
whichthe
and Caral Haversian concentric Matrix
Osteocytes
ike is
the
humerus,
formed Biology
of
cana! rings of bone
are
a
 Vascular
tissue "
Theseare CCas X
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Piasma
connective
fAid kanae. The caed
Erythrocytes
(RBC)
fhid is
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s Cartin ilage
chondrhey octechoandr
are The
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of
Blood
74. larger,
at
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e a
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Elements
Formed
tip
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with vasaar
fbers.The -Cartilagecell -Collagen
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nose, which matrix and
Thrombocytes
(Platelets) plasma in isHeI
lie
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in
and groups
the tissues ear, by
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EosinophilsBasophis cells
are ce of
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called of ebox or
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cal ce

ALLEN
skin yellow
pigmentbiletoAfter The (4.5 corpuscles
RBC- Blood uniform
(totalprocesscapable
WBC-They Function it
Plasma:
Components
Function mm' of
Number per Components and includes
formation
the to Functions
count CORPUSCLES colour 5.5 It PLASMA
mucous death is distribution
is of blood circular,
million of Plasma
proteins,
called
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WBC). are biliverdin
plasma of of
dioxide
carbon
Transport
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cells)
(red
Erythrocytes membrane RBC Solvent
diapedesis. nucleated million56 RBC biconcave,
RBC constitutes Water
of nutrients,
is
They movement. is iron is per heat. to
mainly(green) called transport, membrane ofpH
potentialsbalance,
Osmotic
assume is cubic
survive The with returned RBChas enucleatedin hormones, 55 buffering,bicarbonate
chloride,
potassium,
Sodium, Salts
calclum,
due erythropoiesis.
and %
Basophil Leukocytes millimeter
numbers
for Thisrounded yellowish
a another
to nutrients part magneslum, ,
roles
Destroy to
3-4 enables bilirubin. enzymes, blood.
of regulation
the mammals
days of or allergic
in 10,000
5,000 - Eosinophl
(white pigment bone of and and
WBC iregular foreign colour. blood).
in them When waste, gases, It
marTOW isresponses
immune pHFibrinogen
balance,
Osmotic
Immunoglobulins Albumin
proteins
Plasma
the responsescels, blood pale
are to Lynphocyte
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all 100 buffering,
blood. average
fromsqueeze shape. produce cells) called is the
condition for
containsred
ml
provide waste yellow

5,000 (yellow), reuse

bilirubin of
They life blood products clear clotting.
antibodies immunity,
out
and span pigment
colored
called fluikd.
to of can iswhich contains
10,000
capillaries not pigmented of etc. Hormones metabollsm
(gasesS
O, products
Respiratory vitamins)
glucose,
Waste (eg. bloodby
nutrients
Transported
of
change With
exXcreted is about prevention and
jaundice.
excreted 15 92%
per 120 g
their part
microliter into dottingBiood 400,000
250,000
Platelets
from days.
of
of
water
the shape in ishaemoglobin. blood
the degraded
bile. haemoglobin and
tissues,
of and body, The loss 8% Biology
solids
39 blood this are the pale first and
40
Basedorigirnalproperty The Muscular
tissue

muscular
Class X
on the Main tonsils,
structure,relaxed of nodes, organ
thymus it
Lymph-t
is factors week. round
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this body. made (ti (0 typessub :
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up coagulation
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process nerve and
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processes transmit in Biology
impulse
called
41 a
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43
 18. Cardiac17. 16. 14. 10.
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Cokumnar(3) (1) Pseudostratified
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