Grade 12

Trigonometry

Content, Exercises and Solutions

As per agreement with New Solutions

Copyright of the GMMDC© 2018

 TRIGONOMETRY

First revise all formulas, identities and rules in the Grade 11 Study Guide.

1. Compound angles and Double angles

A compound angle or double angle is formed when we add two angles or subtract
one angle from another. Look at the following sketches:’

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

ˆ is formed by adding two angles. The compound angle ( PQR

In fig. 1, PQR ˆ ) that is
formed in this way, is equal to ( x  y).

ˆ is formed by subtracting one angle from another. The compound

In fig. 2, PQS
angle ( PQSˆ ) that is formed in this way, is equal to ( x  y).

ˆ is equal to ( x  x) . The double angle ( PQR

In fig. 3, PQR ˆ ) formed in this way is equal
to 2 x.

Identities for compound angles Identities for double angles

cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B cos 2 A  cos 2 A  sin 2 A

cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B  2 cos 2 A  1
sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B  1  2sin 2 A
sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B sin 2 A  2sin A cos A

Note: sin( x  y)  sin x  sin y. The same goes for cos( x  y)  cos x  cos y.

2
Example 1

Expand cos(2a   ), using the compound angle identities.

Solution

cos(2a   )
 cos 2a cos   sin 2a sin  [Use identity for cos( A  B)]

Example 2

Simplify: sin 3A cos A  cos3 Asin A

Solution

sin 3 A cos A  cos 3 A sin A [Note: sin A cos B  cos A sin B  sin( A  B ),
now A  3 A and B  A]
 sin(3 A  A) [sin A cos B  cos A sin B  sin( A  B )
     
 sin3 A cos A  cos 3 A sin A  sin(3 A  A)]

 sin 2 A

Example 3

Calculate the value of 105 without using a calculator.

Solution

If a calculator may not be used, use the 30  , 60  and 45  angles. So write 105  as
the sum of or the difference between two special angles.

cos105  cos(60  45) [105  60  45]

 cos 60.cos 45  sin 60.sin 45 [Expand cos( A  B)]

3
Now use special angles. Use triangles or diagram.

1 1 3 1
 .  .
2 2 2 2

1 3
  [In each term, multiply numerators and multiply denominators]
2 2 2 2

1 3
 [Denominators the same, write as single fraction]
2 2

1 3 2 2
=  [Ratioinalise denominator, multiply by ]
2 2 2 2

2 3 2
 [2 2  2  4 because 2  2  2]
4

2 6
 [ 3  2  6]
4

Example 4

Calculate the value of sin165  without using a calculator.

Solution

sin165

 sin(180  15) [165 cannot be written i.t.o. 30, 45 and 60.
So first write 105 as an acute angle]
 sin15 [(180  15) is in quadrant 2, therefore sin is positive]

4
 sin(45  30) [15  45  30]

 sin 45 cos30  cos 45 sin 30 [sin(A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B]

1 3 1 1
 .  . [Use your special angles, sketches at example 3]
2 2 2 2

3 1
=  [In each term, multiply numerators and multiply denominators]
2 2 2 2

3 1
= [Denominators the same, write as single fraction]
2 2

3 1 2
=  [Rationalise denominator]
2 2 2

2 3 2
=
4

6 2

4

Example 5

3
If cos 2 x  {180  2x  360} , determine, without the use of a calculator, the value
8
of cos x.

Solution

3
cos 2 x 
8

3
 2 cos 2 x  1  [You have to determine cos x. Use identity cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1]
8

16cos2 x  8  3 [Multiply by 8]

5
16 cos 2 x  11

11
 cos 2 x 
16

11
 cos x  
4

But {180  2 x  360} {90  x  180}

So the angle is in the second quadrant where cos x is negative.

11
 cos x  
4

Example 6

7 3
If tan a  {180  a  360} and cos    {0    180}, determine the value of
24 5
sin(a   ).

Solution

tan ais positive, a  180, therefore a is in quadrant 3. Use CAST-diagram.

coa is negative,   180, therefore  is in quadrant 2. Use CAST-diagram.

Draw sketches and calculate the third side of each triangle.

y 2   5    3
2 2

 16
 r  4
y  0 in quadrant 2
r 2   24    7 
2 2

y 4
 625
 r  25

6
sin(a   )  sin a cos   cos a sin  [Expand sin(a   )]

7 3 24 4
 ( )( )  ( )( )
25 5 25 5

24 96
  [  257   53   25735 and  24
25  5   255 ]
4 244
125 125

75

125

3

5

Example 7

Determine the value of (sin165  cos165)2 without the use of a calculator.

Solution

(sin165  cos165) 2

 (sin165  cos165)(sin165  cos165)

 sin 2 165  2sin165 cos165  cos 2 165 [Multiply brackets with one another]

 1  sin 330 [sin 2165  cos 2 165  1 and

2sin165 cos165  sin 2(165)]
 1  sin(360  30) [Change to an acute angle]

 1  sin 30 [sin is negative in the fourth quadrant]

1
 1 [Use special angles]
2

1

2

7
Example 8

2 5 A
If sin A  and Aˆ  90, determine without using a calculator, the value of sin .
6 2

Solution

2 5
sin A  sin is positive in first and second quadrant but Aˆ  90.
6

Draw a sketch with  in the second quadrant and determine x.

 x 2  (2 5) 2  62
 x 2  36  20 [(2 5) 2  20]
 x 2  16
 x  4

x is negative in second quadrant  x  4

First determine cos A.

4
cos A   [ cos A  rx  4
6 ]
6

A
You must determine sin . But: A  A2  A2  2( A2 ). Therefore, write A as 2( A ) and then
2 2
A A
use the double angle identity cos 2( )  1  2sin 2 because you must determine the
2 2
A
value of sin .
2

8
 A 4
 cos 2( )   [Write A as 2( A2 )]
2 6

A 4
1  2sin 2  [ cos 2 A  1  2sin 2 A]
2 6

A 4
2sin 2   1
2 6

A 10
2sin 2 
2 6

A 5 A 5
 sin 2   sin 
2 6 2 6

A 5 Aˆ A
 sin  [90<Aˆ  180, 45   90, therefore sin is positive]
2 6 2 2

A 5 6 6
 sin   [Rationalise the denominator, multiply by ]
2 6 6 6

A 30
 sin 
2 6

Remember:  can also be written as 2 and then the double

angle identity can be applied.

9
2. Trigonometric identities

An identity is a statement which is true for all values of the variable. You are already
familiar with the following identities, known as the fundamental identities:

sin x
sin 2 x  cos2 x  1 and tan x 
cos x

We are going to use these two identities as well as the identities for compound
angles and double angles to prove other trigonometric identities.

Hints for proving trigonometric identities

1. Start with the side of the identity that appears to be more complicated.
2. Rewrite tan in terms of sin and cos.
3. Trigonometric functions of compound and double angles should be
expressed in terms of the single angle.
4. In some cases you have to apply the identities for compound and double
angles in reverse order, e.g. 2sin A cos A  sin 2 A.
5. When adding or subtracting fractions, find an LCD and retain the LCD.
6. You will often have to factorise. Be on the lookout for any common
factors, the difference between two squares and trinomials.
When 1  2sin A cos A appears, it is sometimes necessary to replace 1 by
sin 2 A  cos2 A and then factorise the trinomial.

Example 9

sin 2 x.sin 2 x
Prove that  sin x
cos x(1  cos 2 x)

Solution

sin 2 x.sin 2 x
LHS 
cos x(1  cos 2 x)

10
 2sin x cos x.sin 2 x
 [sin2 x  2sin x cos x. On RHS only sin x, therefore
cos x.[1  (1  2sin 2 x)
replace cos 2 x by 1  2sin 2 x]
2sin x cos x.sin 2 x
 [Simplify bracket in denominator]
cos x(1  1  2sin 2 x)

2 sin x cos x . sin 2 x

 [Denominator and nominator only one term, therefore you may cancel]
cos x ( 2 sin 2 x )

 sin x = RHS

Example 10

Prove that sin(45  x).sin(45  x)  12 cos 2 x

Solution
LHS  sin(45  x).sin(45  x)

 [sin 45 cos x  cos 45 sin x][sin 45 cos x  cos 45 sin x]

1 1 1 1
( cos x  sin x)( cos x  sin x) [Use special angles]
2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1
( cos x) 2  sin x cos x  sin x cos x  ( cos x) 2
2 2 2 2

1 1
 cos 2 x  sin 2 x [( 12 ) 2  12 ]
2 2

1
 (cos 2 x  sin 2 x) [Take out common factor ( 12 )]
2

1
 cos 2 x [ cos 2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x]
2

 RHS

11
Example 11
11.1 Prove that: cos( x  y)  cos( x  y)  2sin x.sin y

11.2 Hence, or otherwise, calculate the numerical value of 2sin195.sin 45 ,

without the use of a calculator.

Solution
11.1 cos( x  y)  cos( x  y)
 [cos x cos y  sin x sin y ]  [cos xs cos y  sin x sin y ] [Apply identities for
cos(A  B) and cos( A  B)]
 cos x cos y  sin x sin y  cos x cos y  sin x sin y [Multiply by  1 in front
of bracket]
 2sin x sin y [Add like terms]

= RHS

11.2 In 11.1 you have proven that cos( x  y)  cos( x  y)  2sin x sin y.
You have to calculate the value of 2sin195 sin 45.
Note: x is replaced by 195  and y by 45  .
Now first write RHS:
2sin x sin y  cos( x  y )  cos( x  y ) [Proven in 11.1]

 2sin195 sin 45  cos(195  45)  cos(195  45)

 cos150  cos 240 [195  45  150 and

195  45  240]
 cos(180  30)  cos(180  60) [150  180  30 and
240  180  60]
  cos 30  ( cos 60) [Use CAST-diagram]

3 1
  [Use special angles, remember:     ]
2 2

 3 1
 [Denominators the same, write as single fraction]
2

12
Example 12

Prove that cos3x  4cos3 x  3cos x

Solution

LHS  cos 3x

 cos(2 x  x) [Write 3x as the sum of 2 angles: 3x  2 x  x]

 cos 2 x cos x  sin 2 x sin x [Use identity for cos( A  B )

 (2 cos 2 x  1) cos x  (2sin x cos x) sin x [ sin 2 x  2sin x cos x. On RHS only
cos x appears. Use identity cos 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1]
 2 cos3 x  cos x  2sin 2 x cos x [Remove brackets]

 2 cos3 x  cos x  2(1  cos 2 x) cos x [You only want cos x, write sin 2 x as (1  cos 2 x)]

 2 cos3 x  cos x  2 cos 2 cos3 x [Multiply third term by  2, as well as cos x]

 4 cos3 x  3cos x = RHS

3. Solving trigonometric equations

Example 13

Solve for x if tan x  sin 2x, x [180;180]

Solution

First determine the general solution. Then find the values of x within the interval
[180;180]

13
tan x  sin 2 x

sin x sin x
  2sin x cos x [ tan x  and sin2 x  2sin x cos x]
cos x cos x

 sin x  2sin x cos 2 x [Multiply by LCM: cos x]

 sin x  2sin x cos 2 x  0 [Move all the terms to the left-hand side]

 sin x(1  2 cos 2 x)  0 [Take out common factor: sin x]

 sin x  0 or 1  2 cos 2 x=0

sin x  0  of reference = 0

 x  0  k .360 or x  180  0  k .360 [ sin x is positive in 1st and 2nd quadrants]

 x  0  k .360 or x  180  k .360

 x  0;180; 180 [For k  1, x  180].................................. A

or 1  2 cos 2 x  0
 2 cos 2 x  1
1
 cos 2 x 
2
1
 cos 2 x    of reference = 45
2
cos x   12 , therefore the angle can be in all four quadrants.
 x  45  k .360 or x  180  45  k .360 or
 x  45  x  135  k.360
 x  135

x  180  45  k .360 or x  360  45  k .360

 x  225  k .360  x  315  k .360
 x  135 [k  1]  x  45 [k  1]

 x  135; 45; 45;135.................................................................. B

 x  180; 135; 45;0; 45;135;180...........All the solutions at A and B

14
Example 14

Solve for x if x [0;180] and 3sin 2 x  2cos 2 x  2, rounded off to one decimal digit.

Solution

3sin 2 x  2 cos 2 x  1
 3(2sin x cos x)  2(2 cos 2 x  1)  2 [Use identities for sin 2 x and cos 2 x]
 6sin x cos x  4 cos 2 x  2  2  0
 6sin x cos x  4 cos 2 x  0
 2 cos x(3sin x  2 cos x)  0 [Take out common factor]
 2 cos x  0 or 3sinx+2cosx=0

 2 cos x  0  cos x  0  of reference = 90
 x  90 [ cos is positive in quadrant 1 and 4, but x  180 x  360  90]
 x  90
or 3sin x  2cos x  0
 3sin x  2 cos x
2 3sin x
 tan x   [Divide by 3cos x :  tan x]
3 3cos x
 of reference = 33,7

 x  180  33.7 [tan is negative in quadrants 2 and 4]

 x  146,3 [x  180, therefore x  360  33, 7]

 x  90 or x  146,3

4. Problem in two and three dimensions

To solve triangles we again use the following rules:

sin A sin B sin C

The sine-rule:  
a b c

The cosine-rule: a2  b2  c2  2bc cos A

1
The area of a triangle = a sin C
2

15
Example 15

In the diagram, SP is a vertical

tower and the points R and Q are
in the same horizontal plane as S ,
the foot of the tower.
ˆ  90  x,
ˆ  x, RSQ
SPR
ˆ  2 x and RP  2 units.
SQR

15.1 Write SR in terms of a trigonometric ratio of x.

15.2 Prove that RQ  1 unit
15.3 Prove that: SQ  2cos 2 x 1 for x [0;30].

Solution

15.1 In right-angled PRS [You may also use the sine rule]

RS
 sin x [sin x  ry  opposite side
hypotenuse ]
2

 RS  2sin x [Multiply by 2]

15.2 Apply sine-rule in RSQ

RQ RS

sin(90  x) sin 2 x

RQ 2sin x
  [ sin(90  x)  cos x and RS  2sin x]
cos x sin 2 x

2 sin x cos x
 RQ  [Multiply by cos x, replace sin 2 x by 2 sin x cos x and cancel]
2 sin x cos x

 RQ  1 unit

16
 ˆ , the angle opposite SQ , in terms of x in RSQ.
15.3 First write SRQ

ˆ  180  (90  x)  2 x
SRQ [s of RSQ  180]
 180  90  x  2 x
 90  3x

Apply sine rule in RSQ

SQ RQ
 
sin(90  3x) sin(90  x)

SQ 1
  [ sin(90  3 x)  cos 3 x and RQ  1 from 15.2]
cos 3x cos x
cos 3x
 SQ  [Multiply by cos 3x]
cos x

cos(2 x  x)
 SQ  [3 x  2 x  x]
cos x

cos 2 x.cos x  sin 2 x.sin x

 SQ  [c os(2 x  x)  cos 2 x cos x  sin 2 x sin x]
cos x

(2 cos 2 x  1) cos x  2sin x.cos x.sin x

 SQ  [Use identities for cos 2 x and
cos x
sin 2 x]
cos x [2 cos 2 x  1  2sin 2 x]
 SQ  [Take out cos x as common factor.
cos x
Cancel cos x]
 SQ  2 cos x  2sin x  1
2 2

 SQ  2(cos 2 x  sin 2 x)  1 [Take out 2 as common factor in first two terms]

 SQ  2 cos 2 x  1 [ cos 2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x]

17
Example 16

In the diagram, C and D represents two

boats in the same horizontal plane as B,
the base of a lighthouse AB which is h
meters high. The distance of each boat
from the lighthouse is the same. The angles
of elevation, from C and D to A , are both
ˆ  y.
x. CBD

2h2 (1  cos y)
16.1 Prove that CD2 
tan 2 x

16.2 Hence calculate the distance CD,

rounded off to two decimal digits,
is h  60m, x  30,3 and y  108, 6.

Solution
ˆ  y and CD is the side
16.1 CD 2 is asked: therefore cosine rule. CDD
opposite CBDˆ . Apply cosine rule in CBD.

ˆ )
CD 2  CB 2  DB 2  2(CB)( DB)(cos CBD

 CD 2  CB 2  CB 2  2(CB)(CB)(cos y ) [CB  DB, therefore replace

ˆ  y]
DB by CB, CBD
 CD 2  2cb 2  2CB 2 (cos y )

 CD 2  2CB 2 (1  cos y ) [Take out 2CB 2 as common factor]

2h2 (1  cos y)
You must prove CD 2  . Write CB in terms of h and tan x
tan 2 x

In right-angled ABC :
h ˆ  90]
 tan x [Lighthouse  horizontal plane, therefore ABC
CB

h
 CB tan x  h  CB 
tan x

18
 h
Now replace CB by in CD2  2CB2 (1  cos y)
tan x

h 2
 CD 2  2( ) (1  cos y )
tan x

h2
 CD 2  2 (1  cos y )
tan 2 x

2h 2 (1  cos y )
 CD 2 
tan 2 x

2(60)2 (1  cos108, 6)

16.2 CD  2

tan 2 30,3

 CD 2  27810,808

 CD  166, 77m

Example 17
MNPT represents a rectangular writing
board mounted on a vertical wall in a
classroom. Q and R represent the eyes
of two learners sitting at desks facing
the writing board. Points N , Q, P and R
lie on the same horizontal plane.
NR  RP  2 RQ  x,
ˆ   and NP  y.
NRQ
y2
17.1 Prove that cos   1
2x2

17.2 If y  2,3 meters, x  1,5 meters and

ˆ  38 calculate, rounded off
NQM
to one decimal digit:
(a) The value of  .
(b) The length of NQ.
(c) ˆ .
The size of NQR
(d) The width, MN , of the writing board.

19
Solution

17.1 Rˆ1    Rˆ2  180  

In NRP, NP  y, NR  PR  x and Rˆ2  (180   ). Now apply the cosine rule.

NP 2  NR 2  PR 2  2( NR)( PR)(cos Rˆ 2 )
 y 2  x 2  x 2  2( x)( x)(cos(180   )) [Given: NP  y, NR  PR  x
and Rˆ 2  180   ]
 y 2  2 x 2  2 x 2 ( cos  ) [ cos(180   )   cos  ]
 y 2  2 x 2  2 x 2 cos 
 y 2  2 x 2 (1  cos  ) [Take out common factor]
2
y
  1  cos  [Divide by 2 x 2 ]
2 x2
y2
 2  1  cos 
2x

y2
17.2 (a) cos   1
2x2
(2,3) 2
 cos   1
2(1,5) 2
 cos   0,1755555
  79,9

17.2 (b) In NQR, NR  x, 2RQ  x, therefore RQ  2x and Rˆ1   . Two sides and
the included angle are known. Therefore: cosine rule.

NQ 2  NR 2  RQ 2  2( NR )( RQ) cos  [cosine rule in NQR]

x x
 NQ 2  x 2  ( ) 2  2( x)( ) cos 
2 2

1,5 1,5
 NQ 2  (1,5) 2  ( ) 2  2(1,5)( ) cos 79,9 [x  1,5 and   79,9]
2 2

 NQ 2  2, 4179......

 NQ  1, 6m

20
17.2 (c) Now apply the sine rule in NQR :
ˆ
sin NQR sin 

NR NQ

sin NQRˆ sin 79,9

  [NR  x  1,5, NQ  1, 6 and   79.9]
1,5 1, 6

ˆ  1,5sin 79,9 [Multiply by 1,5]

 sin NQR
1, 6

ˆ  0,922971
 sin NQR

ˆ  67, 4
 NQR [ sin 1 Ans  ]

ˆ  90.
17.2 (d) In MNQ, MNQ

MN ˆ y
 tan NQM [tan  ]
NQ x

MN ˆ  38(given) and NQ  1, 6m(from 17,2b)]

  tan 38 [NQM
1, 6

 MN  1, 6 tan 38

 MN  1,3m

21
 HINTS

1. It is important that you can simplify trigonometric expressions without

using a calculator. work through the examples in the grade 11 Study
Guide.

The CAST-diagram, the special angles and the identities

sin 2   cos2   1 and tan   cos
sin 


are not on the formula sheet, you must know them!

2. You may multiply the numerator and the denominator of a fraction by

the same number. You know that 2sin  cos  sin 2 . If sin15 cos15 must
cos 60
be simplified without using a calculator, multiply numerator and
denominator by 2:

sin15 cos15 2sin15 cos15 sin 30 1

1
    21 
cos 60 2cos 60 2cos 60 2( 2 ) 2

3. If given cos 46 cos 24  a and sin 46 sin 24  b, add or subtract the two
equations:

Add:
cos 46 cos 24  a
 sin 46 sin 24  b
 cos 46 cos 24  sin 46 sin 24  a  b
 cos(46  24)  a  b
 cos 22  a  b

If you subtract the two equations, then cos 70  a  b

4. Remember: sin 36  sin 2(18) and in the same way cos A  cos 2( A2 )

22
 EXERCISE 8

1. Simplify the following expressions without using a calculator:

1.1 sin(55  x) cos(25  x)  cos(55  x)sin(25  x)
1.2 cos 22 cos38  sin 22 sin 38
1.3 sin110 cos 40  cos110 sin 40
1.4 sin( x  30)  cos( x  60)

2. Calculate the value of the following without using a calculator:

2.1 sin15
2.2 cos 285
2.3 sin 44 cos14  cos 44 sin14
2.4 (sin 75  cos 75)2
2.5 1  2sin15 cos15

3. If sin(  a)  k sin(  a), k  1, determine tan  in terms of k and tan a .

4. If cos 27  p, express the following in terms of p.

4.1 cos 45

4.2 1  2sin 2 27
4.3 sin 36

5. Prove the following identities:

1 cos  cos 2 1  cos 2 x
5.1 (  tan  )  5.2  tan x
2 sin  sin 2 sin 2 x

tan 2 x 2cos 2 x cos 2 A  1 cos A

5.3  5.4 
tan x cos 2 x sin 2 A sin A

cos 2  1 cos 2  (sin   cos  )2 1

5.5  5.6   2 tan 
sin 2 .tan  sin 2  1  sin 
2
cos 2 

1
6. Given: cos   where 0    90.
10

Prove that 10 sin( A   )  sin A  3cos A.

23
 ˆ 
7. In the diagram, R( p ; p  3) is a point in a Cartesian plane ROX

7.1 Express sin 2  in terms op p.

7.2 Hence, for which real values of p is
sin 2  defined?
3 2  3
7.3 If p  6, prove that cos(  30) 
6

8. Show that the equation 2sin x  cos( x  30) can also be expressed as
3
tan x  .
5

9. Solve for x , correct to one decimal digit, if:

4
9.1 3sin x  40 for x [180;180]
sin x

9.2 sin 2 x  2sin x  cos2 x  cos x  0 for x [90;180]

9.3 sin x  cos 2 x 1 for x [90; 270]

9.4 sin( x  60)  cos 12 x for x [60;300]

9.5 cos( x  60)  3cos x for x [180;180]

9.6 sin 2 x  4cos 2 x  2cos2 x for x [0;180]

10.1 If 1  tan   cos 2 and cos  0, prove that sin   0 or sin 2  1.
10.2 Hence determine the value(s) of  [90;180] for which
1  tan   cos 2 .

11. In the diagram, KMN is given with

Kˆ  2 , KM  KN  n units and

NM  k units.

Prove that k  2n.sin  .

24
12. In MPR, Pˆ  120, MP  d , PR  e and MR  f .

Without using a calculator, show that: de  f  e  d .

2 2 2

13. The diagram shows the boundaries of a

sports field QVWR. QV RW and VW  RW .
PQ is a vertical pylon for a floodlight. The
angle of elevation of P from R is y.
ˆ  x and RVW
QRV ˆ  y.

ˆ in terms of x and
13.1 Express RQV y.

PQcos( x  y )
13.2 Prove that: VR 
sin y

13.3 Calculate VR, without using a calculator,

if the height of the pylon is 25 m, x  75
and y  30. Leave the answer in surd form
if necessary.)

13.4 Calculate the area of QRV to the nearest integer.

14. A land surveyor took the following measurements from peg P of

points A and B on a hillside. Peg P is 993m above sea-level. Point A
is 1 019m above sea-level and the angle of elevation from P to A is 10 o.
Point B is 1 010m above sea-level and the angle of elevation from P to B is 8o.
P, Q and T lie in the same horizontal plane.

14.1 Write down the length of:

a) AQ
b) BT

14.2 Hence determine the length of PB

in terms of a trigonometric ratio and BT .
ˆ  71,
14.3 If it is further given that APB
calculate the distance from A to B,
to the nearest meter.

25
15. In the diagram, RT represents the height
of a vertical tower, with T the foot of
the tower. A and B represent two points
equidistant from T and which lie in the
same horizontal plane as T . the height of
the tower is h. The angle of depression
of B from R is a. RBA ˆ  .

15.1 Give the size of ˆ

ARB in terms of .

2h.cos 
15.2 Prove that AB 
sin a

15.3 Calculate the height of the tower,

rounded off to the nearest unit, if
AB  5, 4 units, a  51 and   65

16. In the diagram, B, D and E are points in

the same horizontal plane. TB is a vertical
telephone mast. The angle of elevation
of T from D is  .

ˆ  x, BED
BDe ˆ  y, DE  10m.

16.1 Express TB in terms of DB and  .

10sin y
16.2 Show that DB 
sin( x  y )

16.3 If x  y  35, calculate the area

of BDE, rounded off to one
decimal digit.

26
17. James wants to spray insecticide
on his maize lands. A surveyor
draw a sketch of the land. The
sketch of quadrilateral GHJM
represents the piece of land to
be sprayed.

ˆ  2 ,
HJ  p, GH  HJ , HJg
ˆ  GML
MJK ˆ   , LN HJK .

2 p sin 
17.1 Prove that JM 
sin 4

17.2 If p  600 meters and   24,

calculate the area of quadrilateral
GHJM , correct to 2 decimal digits.

27
 Exercise 8

1.1 sin(55  x) cos(25  x  cos(55  x)sin(25  x)

 sin[(55  x)  (25  x)]
 sin(55  x  25  x)  sin 30
 12

1.2 cos 22 cos38  sin 22 sin 38

 cos(22  38)
 cos 60
 12

1.3 sin110 cos 40  cos110 sin 40

 sin(110  40)
 sin(150)
 sin(180  30)
 sin 30
 1
2

1.4 sin( x  30)  cos( x  60)

 sin x cos 30  cos x sin 30  [cos x cos 60  sin x sin 60]
 sin x cos 30  cos x sin 30  cos x cos 60  sin x sin 60
 sin x( 23 ))  cos x( 12 )  cos x( 12 )  sin( 23 )
 2
3
sin x  12 cos x  12 cos x  2
3
sin x
  cos x

2.1 sin15
 sin(45  30)
 sin 45 cos 30  cos 45 sin 30
1 3 1 1
 ( )( )  ( )( )
2 2 2 2
3 1
 
2 2 2 2

2 3 2

4
6 2

4

28
2.2 cos 285
 cos(360  75)  cos 75
 cos(45  30)
 cos 45 cos 30  sin 45 sin 30
1 3 1 1
( )( )  ( )( )
2 2 2 2

3 1
 
2 2 2 2

3 1 2
 
2 2 2

2 3 2

4

6 2

4

2.3 sin 44 cos14  cos 44 sin14

 sin(44  14)
 sin 30
 12

2.4 (sin 75  cos75)

2

 (sin 75  cos 75)(sin 75  cos 75)

 sin 2 75  sin 75 cos 75  cos 75 sin 75  cos 2 75
 1  2sin 75 cos 75 (sin 2 75  cos 2 75  1)
 1  sin150 (2sin 75 cos 75  sin 2(75))

 1  sin(180  30)
 1  sin 30
 1  12
 3
2

29
2.5 1  2sin15 cos15
 1  sin 30 (2sin A cos A  sin 2 A)
 1 1
2

 12

3. sin(   )  k sin(   )
 sin  cos  sin   k (sin  cos   cos  sin  )
 sin  cos   cos  sin   k sin  cos   k cos  sin 
Now divide each term by cos cos
sin  cos  cos  sin  k sin  cos  k cos  sin 
  
cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos 
 tan   tan   k tan   k tan 
 tan   k tan   tan   k tan 
 tan  (1  k )  tan  (1  k )
tan  (1  k )
 tan  
(1  k )

4.1 cos54
 cos 2(27)
 2 cos 2 27  1
 2 p2 1

4.2 1  2sin 2 27

 cos 54
 2 p 2  1 (From 4.1)

4.3 sin 36

 sin(90  54)
 cos54
 2 p 2  1 (From 4.1)

30
 cos  cos 2 cos 2  1 cos 2 
5.1 1
 tan  ) 
2 (
sin  sin 2 5.5 
sin 2 .tan  sin 2 
cos  sin 
LHS  12 (  ) 2 cos 2   1  1
sin  cos  LHS 
2sin  cos  . cos
sin 
cos 2   sin 2  
 12 ( )
sin  cos  2 cos 2  cos 2 
   RHS
cos 2   sin 2  2sin 2  sin 2 

2sin  cos 
cos 2 (sin   cos  )2 1
  RHS 5.6  2  2 tan 
sin 2 1  sin 
2
cos 
1  cos 2 x
5.2  tan x (sin   cos  )(sin   cos  )
sin 2 x LHS 
1  sin 2 
1  (1  2sin 2 x)
LHS  sin 2   2sin  cos   cos 2 
2sin x cos x 
1  sin 2 
1  1  2sin 2 x
 sin 2   2sin  cos   cos 2 
2sin x cos x 
cos 2 
2 sin 2 x 1  2sin  cos 
 
2 sin x cos x cos 2 

sin x
 tan x  RHS 1 2sin  cos
 
cos x cos 
2
cos 2 
1 2sin 
tan 2 x 2cos 2 x  
5.3  cos  cos 
2

tan x cos 2 x 1
  2 tan   RHS
cos 2 
sin 2 x
LHS  cos 2 x
sin x
cos x
1

2 sin x cos x cos x
 6. cos  
cos 2 x sin x 10
2
y  ( 10)  (1) 2
2
2 cos 2 x
  RHS
cos 2 x =10  1  9
y 3
cos 2 A  1 cos A
5.4  10 sin( A   )
sin 2 A sin A
2 cos A  1  1
2  10(sin A cos   cos A sin  )
LHS 
2sin A cos A  10 sin A cos   10 cos A sin  )
2
2 cos A
 10 1 10 3
2 sin A cos A  sin A  cos A
1 10 1 10
cos A
  RHS  sin A  3cos A
sin A

31
7.1 Determine OR 9.1 3sin x 
4
40
sin x
OR 2  ( p ) 2  ( p  3) 2
 3sin 2 x  4  4sin x  0
 p  p3
 3sin 2 x  4sin x  4  0
 2 p  3  OR  2 p  3
 (3sin x  2)(sin x  2)  0
p 3  3sin x  2 or sin x  2
sin 2   ( )2
2p 3  sin x  23 No solution
p 3  of ref: 41,81

2p 3  x  41,81  k .360 or
x  180  41,81  k .360
7.2 p  3  0 and 2 p  3  0  138,19  k .360
3 x  [180;180  x  41,8 or
p3 p
2
x  139, 2
p3

9.2 2sin 2 x  2sin x  cos2 x  cos x  0

7.3 cos(  30)
 2sin x cos x  2sin x  cos 2 x  cos x  0
 cos  os30  sin  sin 30
 2sin x(cos x  1)  cos x(cos x  1)  0
 6 3 63 1
 .  .  (cos x  1)(2sin x  cos x)  0
2(6)  3 2 2(6)  3 2
 cos x  1  0 or 2sin x  cos x  0
 3 2 3 3 1  cos x  1 or 2sin x   cos x
 .  .
9 2 9 2  of ref = 0
3 2 3  x  180  0 or x  180  0
  [ 9  3]
3.2 3.2  x  180  k .360
3 2  3
 or
6 2sin x   cos x
2sin x  cos x
 
8. 2sin x  cos( x  30) 2 cos x 2 cos x
 2sin x  cos x cos 30  sin x sin 30  tan x   12  of ref = 26,56

 2sin x  cos
3 1
 sin x( )
 x  180  26,56
2 2  153, 43  k .180
 4sin x  3 cos x  sin x [  2] x  [90;180]
 4sin x  sin x  3co s x x  26, 6;153, 4;180
5 sin x 3 cos x
  [  5cos x]
5 cos x 5 cos x
3
 tan x 
5

32
9.3 sin x  cos 2 x 1 9.5 cos( x  60)  3cos x
 sin x  1  2sin x  1
2
 cos x cos 60  sin x sin 60  3cos x
 sin x  2sin 2 x  0  cos x( 12 )  sin x( 23 )  3cos x
 sin x(1  2sin x)  0  cos x  3 sin x  6 cos x [  2]
 sin x  0 or 1  2sin x  0
 3 sin x  6 cos x  cos x
 of ref  0
3 sin x 5 cos x
 x  0  k .360 or x  180  0  k .360  
3 cos x 3 cos x
 x  180  k .360
or  tan x  5
3

1  2sin x  0  of ref = 70,89 

 2sin x  1  sin x   12  x  70,89  k.180 
 of ref  30 x  [ 180;180 ]
 x  180  30  k .360 or x  360  30  k .360  x  109,1;70,9 
 x  210  k .360 or x  330  k .360
x  [90; 270] 9.6 sin 2 x  4cos 2 x  2cos2 x
 x  30;0;180; 270  2sin x cos x  4(cos 2 x  sin 2 x)  2 cos 2 x
 2sin x cos x  4 cos 2 x  4sin 2 x  2 cos 2 x
9.4 sin( x  60)  cos 12 x  4sin 2 x  2sin x cos x  6 cos 2 x  0
 sin( x  60)  sin(90  12 x)  2sin 2 x  sin x cos x  3cos 2 x  0
 x  60  90  12 x  (2sin x  3cos x)(sin x  cos x)  0
 2 x  120  180  x  2sin x  3cos x  0 [ sin x - cos x  0]
 2 x  x  180  120  k .360 2sin x 3cos x

 3 x  60  k .360 2 cos x 2 cos x
 x  20  k .120  tan x   32
or  of ref = 56,31
x  60  180  (90  x)1
2  x  180  56,31  k .180
 x  60  180  90  12 x  x  123, 69  k .180
 2 x  120  160  180  x or
 2 x  x  360  180  120 sin x cos x

 x  60  k .360 cos x cos x
x  [60;300]  tan x  1  of ref = 45
 x  20;60;140; 260  x  45  k .180
x  [0;180]
 x  45;123, 7

33
10.1 1  tan   cos 2 12.
sin 
1   1  2sin 2 
cos 
 cos   sin   cos   2sin 2  cos 
 cos   sin   cos   2sin 2  cos   0
 sin   2sin 2  cos   0
 sin  (1  2sin  cos  )  0 f 2  d 2  e2  2de cos120
 sin(1  sin 2 )  0  f 2  d 2  e 2  2de cos(180  60)
 sin   0 or sin 2  1  f 2  d 2  d 2  2de( cos 60)
 f 2  d 2  e 2  2de( 12 )
10.2 sin   0  of ref = 0  f 2 d 2  e 2  de
  0  k .360 or
 f 2  e 2  d 2  de
  180  0  k .360
  180  k .360
 sin 2   1  of ref = 90
 2  180  90  k .360 13.1
  135  k .180 or
2  360  90  k .360
 2  270  k .360
  135  k .180
  0  k .360 or
  180  k .360 or
  135  k .180

In RWV
11. KN  KM Rˆ1  180  90  y
 Nˆ  Mˆ  90  y
180  2
 Nˆ  Vˆ2  90  y
2
(alternate angles)
 Nˆ  90  
k n
 In QRV :
sin k sin N
k n RQVˆ  180  x  (90  y )
 
sin 2 sin(90   )  180  x  90  y
n 2sin  cos   90  x  y
k 
cos  ˆ  90  ( x  y )
 RQV
 k  2n sin 

34
13.2 In QRV : PQ
13.4 QR  [From 13.2]
VR QR tan y

sin[90  ( x  y ) sin(90  y ) 25 25
 QR   1
QR cos( x  y ) tan 30
VR  .........(1) 3
cos y
25 3
In PRQ :    25 3m
1 1
PQ
 tan y
QR
 QR tan y  PQ
Area of QRV  12 QR.RV sin x
PQ  12 925 3)(25 2)sin 75
 QR 
tan y  739,38
 739m2
PQ
Now replace QR by in (1)
tan y
PQ cos( x  y )
VR 
tan y cos y
PQ cos( x  y )

sin y 14.
. cos y
cos y
PQ cos( x  y )

1019

1010
sin y

PQ cos( x  y )
13.3 VR 
sin y
25cos(75  30)
VR 
sin 30 14.1 a) AQ  1019  993
25cos 45  AQ  26m
VR 
sin 30
b) BT  1010  993
25( 1 ) 25 2
 12    BT  17m
2 2 1
50 2 50 2
 . 
2 2 2 BT
14.2  sin 8
 25 2m PB
 PB sin 8  BT
BT
 PB 
sin8

35
14.3 PB 
BT

17
 122,15m 15.2 In RAB
sin 8 sin 8 AB RB

sin(180  2  ) sin 
In AQP : AB RB
AQ  
sin10 sin 2  sin 
AP RB sin 2 
 AP sin10  AQ  AB 
sin 
AQ 26
 AP    149, 73m RB 2 sin B cos 
sin10 sin10  AB 
sin 
 AB  2 RB cos  ........(1)
AB 2  AP 2  PB 2  2( AP )( PB ) cos 71
 AB 2  (149, 73) 2  (122,15) 2  2(149, 73)
In RTB :
(122,15) cos 71
Bˆ1   (alternate angles)
 25430, 725
RT
 AB  159, 47  sin 
RB
 AB  159m
 RB sin   RT
RT
 RB 
sin 
15.1 A and B is equidistant from T . h
 RB  ( RT  h)
sin 
h
Let AB  in (1)
sin 
2h cos 
 AB=
sin 

2h cos 
15.3 AB 
sin 
 AB sin   2h cos 
AB sin 
 h
 AT  TB 2 cos 
ATR  BTR 5, 4sin 51
h 
( s, , s) 2 cos 65
 AR  BR  4,96
ˆ  RBAˆ B  h  5m
 RAB

ˆ  180    
 ARB
ˆ  180  2 
 ARB

36
16. 16.4 Area DBE
 12 ( DB)( DE ) sin x
10sin y
 12 ( )(10) sin x
sin( x  y )
10sin 35
 12 ( )(10) sin 35
sin 70
 17,5m 2

TB
16.1  tan 
DB
TB  DB tan  17.1

16.2 In DBE :
ˆ  180  x  y
DBE
 180  ( x  y )
DB 10

sin y sin[180  ( x  y )]
10sin y
 DB 
sin( x  y ) Jˆ2  180  3
Mˆ 1  0
16.3 TB  DB tan  [From 16.1] (alternate s )
10sin y
DB  [From 16.2]
sin( x  y )
 Gˆ1  180  2  (180  3 )
10sin y tan 
TB   180  2  180  3
sin( x  y )

10sin y tan 
TB  [x  y] In JMG :
sin( y  y)
JM GJ
10sin y tan  
TB  sin  sin 2
sin 2 y
GJ sin 
5  JM  ..........(1)
10 sin y tan  sin 2
TB 
2 sin y cos y
5 tan 
TB 
cos y

37
 In JHG : Area quadrilateral GHJM
P  199910, 25  209265,14
 cos 2
GJ  409175,39m2
 GJ cos 2  p
p
 GJ 
cos 2
p
Let GJ  in(1)
cos 2
p sin 
 JM 
cos 2 sin 2
(Note: 2sin 2 cos 2  sin 4 .
Therefore, multiply numerator and
demonimator by 2)

2 p sin 
 JM 
2sin 2 cos 2
2 p sin 
 JM 
sin 4

p
17.2 GJ 
cos 2
2 p sin 
JM 
sin 4

Area GHJ
 12 ( HJ )(GJ ) sin 2
p
 12 ( p )( ) sin 2
cos 2
600
 12 (600)( ) sin 48
cos 48
 199910, 25m 2

Area GJM
 12 (GH )( JM ) sin(180  3 )
p 2 p sin 
 12 ( )( ) sin 3
cos 2 sin 4
600 2(600) sin 24
 12 ( )( ) sin 72
cos 48 sin 96
 209265,14m 2

38