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The Routledge Advanced Persian Course

The Routledge Advanced Persian Course: Farsi Shirin Ast 3 aims to help students of higher-level
proficiency continue elevating their proficiency level to achieve near-native level.
Key features include:

jj Authentic texts on a variety of topics related to Iran's history, geography, arts, literature, culture,
religions, society, and people.
jj Each lesson includes a prominent poet and their most representative poem familiarizing students
with the Persian literary canon, while indirectly learning the higher order registers used in the
language of poetry.
jj Lessons end with a Persian proverb and the story behind it, so that students will not only master
the language but also the culture of the language and reach a near-native level of linguistic
and cultural proficiency. The proverbs and some of the classical poetry are written in the
calligraphy form to make students get used to reading handwritten texts resembling calligraphy.

jj Audio files are provided so that learners who are studying on their own can have access to
correct pronunciations.

This textbook continues the series from The Routledge Intermediate Course in Persian and is ideal for Advanced
or B2-C1 level students of Persian.

Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi is Senior Lecturer of Persian Language and Linguistics at McGill University.
She holds a Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Ottawa (2012) as well as a Ph.D. in applied
linguistics from Tehran Azad University (2004).
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The Routledge Advanced Persian Course

Farsi Shirin Ast 3

Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi

Sweet Farsi, the third book

New shabani oregano

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First published 2020

by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an information business

© 2020 Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi

The right of Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by them
in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record has been requested for this book

ISBN: 978-0-367-36746-6 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-36747-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-35114-3 (ebk)

Typeset in Sabon
by Apex CoVantage, LLC

Visit the eResources: [Link]/9780367367473

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Contents

Acknowledgments ix
Introduction xi

1 The first lesson

of the text: football

5 Poet: Nima Yoshij

7 The second

lesson of the text: Darius the Great

12 Poet: Forough Farrokhzad

15 The third

lesson of the text: Marriage in Ili societies

19 Poet: Fereydon Moshiri

23 The fourth

lesson of the text: Marlik Hill

27 Poet: Sohrab Sepehri

31 The fifth

lesson text: Tehran

34 Poet: Simin Behbahani

37 The sixth

lesson of the text: the legend of Shirin and Farhad

41 Poet: Nader Naderpour

45 The seventh

lesson of the text: Ways and way making

49 Poet: Ahmed Shamlou

53 The eighth

lesson of the text: Railways

57 Poet: Shahriar
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huffTaser vi

59 The ninth

lesson of the text: Famines in Iran

63 Poet: Rudaki

65 The tenth

lesson of the text: Iran's natural heritage

69 Poet: Ferdowsi

73 Lesson 11
Text: Market
77 Poet: Khayyam

79 The twelfth lesson

of the text: Palm turning

84 Poet: Attar

85 Text lesson
13 : Encyclopedic writing in contemporary Iran
89 Poet: Nizami Ganjavi

91 The fourteenth
lesson of the text: Seafaring in ancient Iran
95 Poet: Saadi

97 Lesson 15
text: Persian Gulf and modern Islamic life
101 Poet: Molvi

103 Lesson 16 Text:

History of Iranian cinema
109 Poet: Hafez

111 Lesson 17
text: Zoroastrians of Iran
116 Poet: Obaid Zakani

119 Lesson 18
text: Ferdowsi's Shahnameh
124 Poet: Sanai
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vii huffTaser

127 Lesson 19
text: Iranian clothing
134 Poet: Jami

137 The 20th

lesson of the text: symbolism in Persepolis
143 Poet: Hatef Esfahani

145 Lesson 21 Text:

Nowruz
152 Poet: Amir Khosro Dehlavi

155 Lesson twenty-two

text: Ancient history of Iran
161 Poet: Iraj Mirza

163 The twenty-third

lesson of the text: Chronology and history of Iranian celebrations

168 Poet: Faiz Kashani

171 and poetic crafts Arrays

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Acknowledgments Acknowledgments Acknowledgments

First, I would like to thank my students at McGill University who have given me the reason to publish this textbook.
In addition, their feedback in earlier versions of this work was extremely valuable in the making of the final work. I
would like to express my gratitude to the Institute of Islamic Studies of McGill University for the generous support
in the production of this book.
I am especially thankful to the previous Steward of the department, Martin Grant, and the current director of the
department, Michelle Hartman. I am also most grateful to Sajjad Nikfahm Khu-bravan, my brilliant Teaching and
Research Assistant at the Institute of Islamic Studies at McGill University, with whom I consulted to choose the
poetry sections and the proverbs, and without whose help this volume would never have been published. I am also
thankful to Pegah Shahbaz for recording this volume and for her comments on the manuscript. I would like to thank
as well the wonderful support of Andrea Hartill, Claire Margerison, and their colleagues at Routledge throughout
the different stages of the publication of this work, from its proposal stage to its final production. I would also like to
thank Dominic Parviz Brookshaw, my coauthor of the first two volumes, for starting this series with me and for the
cover image he provided me.

Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Younes Karamati at the University of Tehran who helped me get official
permission to use materials from the series Az Irÿn che midÿnam? 'What do I know from Iran?' from which most of
the texts were extracted, as well as the Managing Director of the Cultural Research Bureau, Mr. Mohamad Hassan
Khoshnevis, who kindly issued the permission letter.

Last but not least, I would like to thank my husband, Marc, for his love, encouragement, and support. I am most
grateful to my son, Arian, for bringing meaning and boundless joy into my life. Thank you Arian for taking Persian
to make your mom happy and proud.
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Introduction Introduction Introduction

This textbook is the continuation of The Routledge Introductory Persian Course (2010, new edition 2019), by
Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi and Dominic Parviz Brookshaw, and The Routledge Intermediate Persian Course (2012),
by Dominic Parviz Brookshaw and Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi.
Considering that many universities around the world have adopted and are using these books, I have designed
a book for the next level - for upper intermediate and advanced students of Persian. As mentioned in the
introduction of the first two books, this series is based on a spiral curriculum; that is, the same texts that were
covered in the lower level books are introduced here in their original form without simplification or enhancement.
Therefore, students who have used the second book in the series will find this third book to be an essential asset
in consolidating and solidifying what they have learned. Yet, at the same time, this book is independent of the first
two books. Since it includes a variety of topics on Persian language, culture, history, geography, religion, and
literature, students who have not used the first two books in the series can also benefit from this book, as it can
help them reach near-native level of cultural as well as linguistic proficiency. This textbook can also be used by
students working without the benefit of regular instruction, as it contains in footnotes throughout the text the
synonyms of the new words in Persian, which makes reading more fluent, since students do not need to turn the
page or look up the words elsewhere. Audio files of all the texts in this book are available from the publisher's
companion website, so that learners who are studying on their own can have access to correct pronunciations.

The Routledge Advanced Persian Course aims to help students of higher level proficiency continue to elevate
their proficiency to achieve near-native level. In addition to authentic texts, each lesson includes a brief biography
of a prominent poet and one of their most representative poems.
Students will thus become familiar with the Persian literary canon, while indirectly learning the higher order
registers used in the language of poetry. Each lesson ends with a Persian proverb and the story behind it, so that
students will not only master the language but also the culture of the language community. The proverbs and the
classical poetry are written in calligraphy to help students get accustomed to reading handwritten texts resembling
calligraphy.
The Routledge Advanced Persian Course includes 23 lessons. Each lesson encompasses the following:

1) An authentic text extracted from a series of books written for the youth in Iran (Az Irÿn che midÿnam? 'What do
I know from Iran?') and published by the Cultural Research Bureau in Tehran.

2) Exercises, including reading comprehension questions, cloze test, multiple-choice questions testing the new
vocabulary, and a short text to read, triggering the writing of an essay on a similar topic.

3) A modern or classical poet's short biography followed by one of their most representative,
canonical poems.
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Introduction xi

4) A Persian proverb and its meaning and use. (The proverbs are mostly drawn from Mostafa Rahmandoust's Fÿt-
e Kÿzegari, Masal-hÿ-ye Fÿrsi va Dÿstÿn-hÿ-ye ÿn 'Persian Proverbs and Their Stories'. Tehran: Madrese.
Vol. 1-2. 9th Edition. 2014. )

The topics of the lessons include football, Darius the Great, marriage in tribal societies, Marlik Hill, Tehran, Shirin
and Farhad, roads and road-building, the railroad, famines of Iran, natural heritage of Iran, the bazaar, Nakhl
Gardani, encyclopedia writing in modern Iran, seamanship in Ancient Iran, the Persian Gulf and the new life of
Islam, the history of Iranian cinema, the Zoroastrians of Iran, Ferdowsi's Book of Kings, Iranians' clothing,
symbolism in Persepolis, Norouz, Iran's ancient history , and the Iranian calendar and the history of Iran's ancient
festivals.
The poets featured here include the best-known classical and modern poets, starting with modern poets and
moving later to classical poets, organized primarily based on the level of difficulty of the poems.

The proverbs include the most common ones used today, many of which are derived from Persian poetry.

The exercises are designed so that the readers will be exposed to the most subtle intricacies of the Persian
language. In each lesson, the exercises move from the more general and deductive to the more detailed and
inductive.

Pouneh Shabani-Jadidi is Senior Lecturer of Persian language and linguistics at McGill University.
She holds a Ph.D. in linguistics from the University of Ottawa (2012) as well as a Ph.D. in applied linguistics from
Tehran Azad University (2004). She has taught Persian language and linguistics as well as Persian literature and
translation at McGill University, the University of Oxford, the University of Chicago, and Tehran Azad University
since 1997. She has published on morphology, psycholinguistics, translation, teaching Persian as a second
language, and second language acquisition. She has authored three previous proficiency-based textbooks for
Persian, namely The Routledge Introductory Persian Course (2010 & 2019 [2nd edition], with Dominic Brookshaw),
The Routledge Intermediate Persian Course (2012, with Dominic Brookshaw), and What the Persian Media Says
(Routledge, 2015) as well as Processing Compound Verbs in Persian: A Psycholinguistic Approach to Complex
Predicates (Leiden and University of Chicago Press, 2014).

She is co-editor of The Oxford Handbook of Persian Linguistics (2018, with Anousha Sedighi) and also co-
translator of The Thousand Families: Commentary on Leading Political Figures of Nineteenth Century Iran, by Ali
Shabani (Peter Lang, 2018) and Hafez in Love: A Novel, by Iraj Pezeshkzad (Syracuse University Press, 2020),
both with Patricia Higgins. Her current project is editing The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition
and Pedagogy of Persian (2020). She serves as a reviewer for International Journal of Iranian Studies, International
Journal of Applied Linguistics, Frontiers in Psychology, International Journal of Psycholinguistic Research,
Journal of Cultural Cognitive Science, and LINGUA. Currently, she is the President of the American Association
of Teachers of Persian (2018-2020).
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first lesson

Soccer

Football can be analyzed from three aspects. As a "game", as a "sport discipline" and as a "social phenomena". Each of these aspects, in turn, includes various

scientific and cultural dimensions

which have been discussed in this text as much as possible.

2
Familiarizing the younger generation with it, like this in the womb Maybe few people imagined that after entering Iran, football will become 4 as easily as

3
5 sports and recreation of the country and
in big
suchpolitics
an institution Young society to break through

7 The attention of our youth to football 6 for the young generation to play the main role. The written ones also be effective; And it is 8 in planning . Most

of the country's sports budget is spent on football. The amount of advertising that takes place is very impressive

9 come, and entertainment-sports programs that are broadcast on television, the number of Spectators who go to stadiums and foot receivers

sports clubs in the country dedicated to football is more than other sports. and football as
A
ÿ

It is of interest to boys. There is hardly a teenager or a boy from elementary school, who does a game and entertainment almost

not consider this game to be a pastime or a sport. Features in football

as 1

2 belly = inside

3 to penetrate = to enter

4 institutional = fundamental

5 big = big
ÿ

Coded = collected 6

7 role-playing = playing a role

8 impressive = remarkable

9 receiver = media = radio and television

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Loa Sard ÿ Labtov 2

10
and popularized it. It is a group game; With the minimum accessible facilities 12, its pursuit 13 is that it is such an epidemic

exists as a sport and responsibilities are separated in it; 11 ability Is; It is also purposeful 14

that all over the world are familiar with its features. has it; Characteristic

15 It has enjoyed a Although football, unlike sports like wrestling, has only been around for a few decades in Iran,

lot of international 16 success in comparison 17 with traditional sports such as wrestling or weightlifting. in the field

and such a thing seems unlikely in the near future . The modern 18 combat sports , Iranian football, have not had significant success,

What can be seen in the history of football on a global scale is a curve with ups and downs that peaked randomly. In other dimensions
20
21. It can be decades as well Its peaks are only in Asia and that too mainly
A

He considered it successful, that with Iran's championship in Tehran Asian Games (1353) and Iran's 23- year 50 and 70 relatively

qualification, in the years after a period of stagnation 22. It started with the soccer world cup (1978) in Argentina and again

70 , especially after Iran qualified for the 24th Football World Cup (1998) in France and some situations created for

Iranian footballers in Europe attracted the attention of global fans. In recent years, Iran's consecutive participation in two rounds of

2018 has created many hopes for the progress of Iranian football. And
the 2014 World Cup

But football, as a social phenomenon, has attracted the most attention25 . Maybe (with the current trend) and considering the

many factors that play a role in this field, our football will never be able to succeed at the global level.

10 Pandemic = General = Common

11 Separation = Separation

12 ability = ability

13 Follow up = follow

14 characteristic = feature = feature = characteristic

15 to get a foothold = to be fixed = to settle down

16
arena = field = stage

17
In analogy = in comparison

18
New = new

19
Unlikely = far from mind = unbelievable
A A

= Basically 20 mainly

= only = only 21 only

A

= again 22 again

23 stagnation = decline

24 way = entry

25 to attract = to attract

26
Process = Method = Behavior = Way
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3 Labtov ÿ Loa Sard

27
and gain a significant amount, but what is the social phenomenon that without predetermined long-term planning (28) in a healthy Paya

environment, and withoutvoice)

necessary training, can make a hundred thousand young people (and in most cases with one heart and one

30 to give, create self-confidence, And put together with the right behavior, give them enthusiasm 29 For a great purpose

arouse national feelings, create emotional excitement and create positive and motivating memories (even after failures)

brought ) Mohammad Nabi, Hossein. Football in Iran: What do I know about Iran? C. 52 Tehran: Office of Cultural Research. 2005

pp . 9-10

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- Why is most of the country's sports budget spent on football? Give some reasons.
2- Why is football popular in Iran?
3- Name some traditional sports.
4- Why can't Iranian football achieve sustainable success at the global level?

5- Why can the 50s and 70s be considered the golden era of Iranian football?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . have brought . . .. . . . . .. . . . . The people of Iran are not known. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . When to play football.

. And . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . in the ports of southern Iran. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Some believe that English sailors.

. brought with them and . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . They also say this . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . It has come.
. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . British workers living in Suleiman Mosque. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .
game. Iran is brought
. Shiraz . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . they know. (same Is. even group it. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Through the entry of European traders.

source, p. 14)

27 Paya = stable = everlasting = fixed

And one voice = harmonious 28 one heart

29 waal = high = high = tall

30 enthusiasm = excitement
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Loa Sard ÿ Labtov 4

B- Choose the correct option.

1- I am with the policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The new government does not agree.

C. Pandemic A- Impressive
D- Pursue B- Big

. It is characteristic of Iranians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-Hospitality is one of .

C- Traits A- Arenas B-
D. Trends Receivers

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 3- After extracting crude oil, white oil should be extracted from other materials.

C- broke through A- He stepped

D- Separated B- He was facing

. Iranian youth compete together in the university. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4 for

C- Follow up A- Stomach

D- finding a way B- Capability

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . I want 5-I love you because of the goals

C- Your guardianship A- Meduntan

D- Your institution B- Navintan

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.

Today, psychology is linked with sports science. The meaning of physical education is not only the education of

body the body, but also the strengthening of the soul and spirit. Sports in the modern world is not only a physical

activity for health and soul, but also has larger economic, industrial, social and political dimensions. Therefore,

sports competitions and competitions have received extremely high sensitivity. The Olympic Games are no
ÿ

the Asian Games are not only held to show a sense of longer considered a celebration or a global gathering,
A

affection and friendship, and the World Cup Games are only
It is not a pastime for people and countries. All these economic,

political and social factors and benefits resulting from sports, especially football, have caused them to look at it

from the point of view of industry, business and even politics. This has affected various officials in all social levels
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5 Labtov ÿ Loa Sard

It is to focus more and more diverse investments on sports, especially football, in order to earn more "profits". (same source, p.

23)

B- Write articles about football in your country that include an introduction,

three paragraphs of the main text and a conclusion.

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each sentence

syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal,

descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Nima Yoshij

Ali Esfandiari (1897-1960) is a contemporary Iranian poet known as Nima Yoshij. He has been called the founder of New Persian

poetry. Breaking the structures of traditional Persian poetry caused his poems to receive much attention and become the origin of the

new Persian poetry movement. Mazandaran was born in the north of Iran, he uses many local elements in his poems.

Moonlight shines

Moonlight shines

Shittab shines

There is no one who breaks sleep in the eyes of anyone

How sad is this sleep?

Sleep breaks in my eyes

Magic Worried about me, the

teacher asks me in the morning

As Mubarak, I will bring to him this people who have lost their lives, but the news

In the liver lichen khari

This will break my journey

Nazkaraya of the body of Goli

I killed him

And I gave him water

I'm sorry, it breaks

I touch my hands

to open a door
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Loa Sard ÿ Labtov 6

I look in vain,

whoever comes to the

door, the broken door and the wall

breaks on me, the

moonlight shines,

the night light is left on

the foot of the smallpox from a

long way, at the end of the

village, a man alone with

his backpack on his shoulder, he says to

himself: the sadness of

this sleep, how many dreams in the eyes The semester brea

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in

one page. B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read

it correctly. Then try to memorize a few

bits of it. C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used?

How many examples? Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your

proverb

YamAbred Kuzhuma is thirsty

Explanation: This is a stanza from the following verse:

YamYar Red Khanumargad Jahanmiregad Abred Kuzhuma is thirsty

Yam

A jar is a clay container that was used to keep liquids cool in the past.

Application: This proverb is used for someone who does not look carefully around to find what he
is looking for and searches for it in the distance, while it is possible to find what he wanted easier
than these and somewhere around him.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it. B-

What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

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second lesson

Darius the Great

3 Do not doubt Cyrus Darius

2 high-ranking
himself 1 is one of the greatest kings in the history of Iran, after Salaf

6 4
And And the command of Bemandan He was able to do it with determination and ingenuity
5 He actually rebuilt the Iranian empire
A

8
throughout And don't be brave and courageous, the riots that happened after his death 7. What is it?In the light
9 Cambodia, approx

The Achaemenid rule had covered the territory11 and destroyed it12. He described his 13 conquests in the stone carvings and said somewhere:

No king
"Since I became king, I have fought nineteen wars. By the grace of Ahura Mazda, I crushed their army and took it.

1
Undoubtedly = no doubt

Ancestors
2 predecessors = fathers and 3 high-

ranking = high-ranking
4
Genius = intelligence

5
Bimanand = Behimta
6
To build = to build
7
Ray = light
8
Kiast = shrewdness = vigilance = expertise

9 death = death = death

10 realms = domain of dominion

11
To learn = to fill
12
Suppress = Suppress
13
description = description = explanation

14 Fazl = forgiveness = kindness = blessing

15
Ahura Mazda = God in Zoroastrian religion
16
Crush = defeat
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Cold mode ÿ Garzb Chevrad 8

And because he knows that future generations may consider his speech exaggerated18, he emphasizes that:

"The previous kings, as long as they were kings, did not do as much as I did with the power of Ahura Mazda. I did all that in just one

year."

Through the 19 stone carvings left by him, we see the face of a victorious king who has a firm faith 21 in religious thought 20 and counts

the glory 22 of legitimizing his actions from the 23 source of Bichon . His words are perhaps more than to win the trust of the people from

whom Darius rose, Mobin 25

Honesty is a powerful man who forgets the false pride of man and knows the core of his authority and grace. His respect for the andaction

law was such that the Egyptians knew him in the grace of their history as their last legislator. And God knows your right way

His behavior with the defeated nations was such that in their hearts it is remembered that he influenced Dariush's classical sources and

they respected him very much29. P

The customs of the Egyptian subjects were highly respected (Brian, 2002, p. 476). They portray a pharaoh who emphasized the customs

and every ruler who defeated a nation30 to win the hearts of the subjects31, reduce taxes32 and try to settle his territory. During his time,

the extent of the kingdoms of Iran, in the north, from west to east, the Danube River, the Caucasus Mountains, the Mazandaran Sea and

Sir Darya, in the west, the western lands of the Balkan Peninsula to the points on the coast of the Adriatic Sea, the Aegean Islands,

day India), in the south, Benghazi and the Libyan desert, in the east. Wadi Indus and Punjab (including both parts of Pakistan and present-

the Persian Sea (Oman), the Persian Gulf and Abyssinia were adjacent to Egypt.

17 speech = words

18
Exaggerated = exaggerated

19
Through = through

Thought = thinking 20

21
Firm = firm = strong

22
Magnificence = greatness

23
From = on behalf of

24
Bichon = Bimanand = Peerless

25
Mobin = Expressing

26 false = false

27
Kanon = center

28
Authority = power

29
To be respectful = to respect

30 to assign = to determine

Subordinates = the oppressed 31

32
Reduce = reduce = decrease
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9 Garzab Shevirad ÿ cold mode

Chapter 34 Such a vast empire is inevitable35 to create a strong center in such a way that it can And Darius had found out33 that to solve

provide correct plans and programs for both country and military affairs and create an organization that is capable of implementing the orders and

measures adopted36. Therefore, he created an organization 37 that was able to carry things forward with sufficiency 39 and capability. In his court

system, he benefited from all the developments40 that development41

He had achieved the administrative organization in the East and with a group of secretaries and mostofians42 and experts43 he observed all government

reports and correspondence and made the necessary decisions to move things forward. Dariush's special feature of studying a country44 was that he

dealt with them according to the life records of each people and nation46 and he knew the limits of the needs of the residents of each region and the

correctly understood how he could conquer the hearts of the supporters of the government47 . His behavior was followers of each belief, and he

a new phenomenon in the history of the ancient world, which was based on the 48 principles of justice. Dariush was able to leave his own rules with a

law-abiding and insightful mind49, which are the foundation50 And

And in review To build the largest, strongest and most powerful empire in the world and maintain it with efficiency and sufficiency, to cultivate men of

wisdom who will perform their responsibilities and duties in the best way according to the powers that were given to them. His life has probably had the

era to reveal how great nations are greatest impact on the development of people after him. He was a privileged example for the Iranian society of his

33
To understand = to understand

Season = Administration And

34 solution

35 inevitable = inevitable

36 adopted = taken
37
Organization = organization

38 to create = to create
39
Adequacy = merit = merit

40
Progress = advances

41
Development = expansion

42
Mostofi = accountant = responsible for financial affairs

43 tested = expert = experienced = used = experienced

43 features = characteristics = character

45
Distinguished = prominent

46
To deal with = to behave

47
To conquer = to conquer = to tame

48
Based on = based on

49
Basir = Seer = Knower

50 foundation = base
51
Osweh = pattern
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Cold mode ÿ Garzb Chevrad 10

They have reached their distinctive5253 personality and identity in the world. Shabani, Reza. Dariush Bozor: What do I

know about Iran? C. 40 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2003, pp. 113-114

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- How do you describe Dariush's character?

2- To what extent did Darius owe his victories to God?
3- How far did Iran's borders expand during Dariush's time?
4-What was Dariush's special feature?
5- How did Dariush have an impact on Iranian society?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . . family . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dariush Shah is the closest person. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regardless of this.

and power . . The basis of creative talent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cambodia or . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the kingdom
, in this matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . He has achieved a very important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . then command
. Is. All of . . . . . . . . . . . . . position. that he is the greatest king of all . . . . . . . . . . . . . a doubt . . .
. They agree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spoken onhistory.
this. . . . . . This king has . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The
........ .. ..... . . . He had a wonderful intelligence that was able to understand and . . . . . . . . . . . . . sources
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And at the same time from strong desire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . that he Correct issues to

him. . . . It seemed to implement the will of change and transformation with an incredible speed. (same source, p. 85)

B- Choose the correct option.

. All heavenly religions are one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-1

C- Died A- Aswa B-
D- Self Foundation

Identity = existence = essence = being 52

Obvious = Visible = Obvious 53

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11 Garzab Shevirad ÿ cold mode

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- Your reason for learning Persian language. .

C. Conquer A- Tell B-
D- Explain Find out

. . . . They lose themselves by blindly following the West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-Many of our youth

C- Territory A- Exaggeration

d- identity B- Speech

. The salaries went on strike. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- School teachers for

C- Increase A- Genius
D- Sufficiency B- Grace

. Are. ............... 5-Students who want to become professors.

assigned A- Proven
C-

D- Obvious B- Tested-
6- Some nerve drugs cause appetite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . be.

C- Powerful A- Fazel
D- False B- Tested

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your

own vocabulary and words
And Behave in your traditional manners And
habits And the people of Iran, of course, were free to agree to religious beliefs and nations

The king's religion was not imposed on them. The ethics and ways of behavior of different nations were protected and

even many countries that joined Iran were allowed to maintain the local ruling families and the clerical hierarchy of their

society. What King Dariush demanded from them was that the people consider themselves as the king, respect and protect
As the laws and rules of Iran. The meaning of laws is to implement civil or judicial laws and the center, and the traditions

of the
not central government and past were nations and
customs It is not them, because this type of law favors the common

people and neither the governors, none of them interfered in these cases, but the purpose was to comply with government

covenants and regulations that would maintain public security, prevent harm to the forces stationed in each region, the work of

chapar The settlements of the subordinate countries brought special opinions and declared taxes to the treasury. Dariush was

slow in building and facilitating the comfort of his subjects and not harming the treasury's income. (same source, p. 107)
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Cold mode ÿ Garzb Chevrad 12

B- Write articles about the foreign policy of one of your country's leaders,
including an introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclu

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze

each sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object

and verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial phrases and . . . analyze

Poetry: Forough Farrokhzad

Forough Farrokhzad (1934-1967) is a famous contemporary Iranian poet. His poems, written in the form of new poetry,
influenced the cultural and literary society of Iran from various aspects. In addition, Forough also had activities in cinema
and theater.

rebirth

My whole existence is a verse of darkness

to repeat you in themselves

It will lead to the dawn of eternal blossoms and plants

I made you sigh in this verse, oh

I in this verse you

And I planted fire Water to trees

and life maybe

It is a long street that a woman with a basket passes through every day
Life maybe
It is a rope with which a man hangs himself from a branch
Life is maybe a child coming back from school

Life may be lighting a cigarette, in the distance between two hugs

Or the confused look of a passer-by

who takes off his hat

And he says "good morning" to another passerby with a senseless smile.

Life is perhaps that blocked moment

that my look destroys itself in your eyes

Is And in this sense

and with the reception of darkness, I will mixThat I perceive it as the

moon in a room that is as lonely as it is

my heart

That is enough of a love

He looks at simple excuses for his happiness

To the beautiful decay of flowers in a vase

To the saplings that you planted in the garden of our house

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13 Garzab Shevirad ÿ cold mode

And to the song of

the canaries that sing as much as a

.
window. . This is
my share, this is
my
share, this is my share, it is a sky that takes away from
me the hanging of its curtains, my share is going
down an abandoned staircase and reaching
something in decay and homelessness, my share
is a sad walk in the garden of memories and in
sorrow A soulful

voice that tells me: "I love your han

I plant my hands in the

garden, I will turn green, I know, I
know, I know, and the swallows will
lay eggs in the
hollows of my fingers. were,
still with the same
tangled hair and narrow necks and limp
legs, they think of the
innocent smiles of a girl who was
carried away by the wind one night. There are nooks
that my heart has stolen from my childhood
neighborhoods.
And to a volume

A volume of conscious
image that comes back from the
party of a mirror
and it is like this
that someone

dies and someone stays, no fisherman will catch a pearl in a lowly atmosphere that falls into a pit.
I
I know a sad little fairy
whose home is in the ocean and
whose heart is in a wooden box
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Cold mode ÿ Garzb Chevrad 14

Plays quietly, quietly

sad little fairy

who dies at night from a kiss

And dawn will be born from a kiss.

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to memorize a few bits of it.

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are similes,

metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb

Quateret
did not see
Yovariazd
Yaorma d

Explanation:
A

In the past, walls were built around the houses to protect the area of the house from strangers. Houses belonging to rich andA usually

wealthy people had higher walls. do usually

Application:

This parable is used about someone who wronged someone because of his weakness.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google

third lesson

Marriage in Ili societies

1 Social, economic and political relations play a role. Marriage, in Ili societies, marriage plays an important role in cohesion

It brings families and lineages closer to each other and creates a social unity among them. Sometimes 2 clans and clans in order to bring two competing

and the enemy to 3 clans or clans closer together Marriages at the level of heads

4 A political
5 was done. Among the common people of Illyria, marriage is a more natural aspect of each other and union
establishment
8 7
and having children (to 9 Was. reproduction had 6 One of the motives of marriage is to suppress sexual instincts and economic

increasing the ability to work

bring
with
male
special
children) for 10 production 11 and increase 12 population and development 13 generation 14 as well as

Efficient 15 manpower 16 and providing support 17 to the family have been one of the most important reasons for marriage.

1 coherence = order and continuity

2
Boss = Saran

3 competing clans = two clans that compete with each other

4 establishment = creation

5 political unity = unity and political unity

6 economic = financial

7
Sexual instinct (sexual instincts) = lust

8 reproduction = reproduction = birth

A

9
especially = especially = especially

10
direction = due to = for the sake of = for

11 production = to create

12 increase = increase = increase

13
Development = expansion

14 generations = lineage

15
Manpower = worker

16 efficient = expert

17 Madrasani = help
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Yelia Amauj red Javadza Cold mouse ÿ 16

and common social and cultural criteria 19 in a society in these societies, marriage is subject to groups of original owners

and in accordance with 20 the social system of their authority 21 . Marriages mostly take place within the spouse22 and outside

the intimate network23 and within the family and clan24. Marriage with cousins and cousins, marriage with cousins and cousins

are among the preferred marriages25. For example, marriage with a cousin among the Kurdish state of Kurdistan, the Qashqai

clan and Arab tribes, and with a cousin among the Bahmani clan in Kohgiluyeh is preferred over other types of marriages. In

some states and tribes, such as the Arab tribes, according to the tradition of the tribes, it is common to give the daughter a

They were getting the consent of his 27 cousins. husband

Marriages between the clans of clan heads sometimes took place out of marriage28 and with members of the clans of other clan

heads. In those places where the value 29 and social dignity 30 of people were determined and determined based on social stratification

31, marriages were mostly performed within 33 spouses and within the social stratum. For example, the nobles and the Qashqai clan,
A

They make who considered themselves to be from the superior social stratum of the Ili society, often

marriage bonds with families within their stratum and sometimes with families of the same age34 in other strata . The sheikhs of Khuzestan

Arab tribes who belonged to the same social stratum36 also gave and took daughters among themselves.

18 Owner = Criterion = Scale

19 common = common

20 in accordance with = in sync with = in line with = in accordance with

21 Mastoli = Master = Dominant

22
Endogamy = marriage with family

23
Muharram = close relative and family member with whom marriage is forbidden

24
To take place = to happen = to happen

25 Preferential marriages = marriages that are preferred to other types of marriages

A

= often 26 often

27 consent = permission

28
Ex-marriage = marriage with other than family members

29 value = price = value

social dignity 30 social status = rank and 31

stratification = classification

32
To be determined = to be determined = to be found out

33 method = method = method

34 Hamsang = parallel = level

35
Marital bond = marriage

36 To belong = to be dependent
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17 ÿ Cold mouse Yelia Amauj red Javadza

and . . . who were considered from the lowest strata of Marriage between musicians 37, plumbers 38, salmanis

the society, it was an intra-group and other groups and strata did not give them wives and did not take wives from them.

Blokbashi, Ali. Ili community in Iran: What do I know about Iran? C.31 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2003, pp. 61-63.

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- What is the role of marriage in Ili societies?

2- What are the issues of marriage in Ili societies?
3- What is the difference between marriage in different strata?

4- What is the purpose of marriage at the level of clan heads?

5-What is the purpose of marriage for ordinary people?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. special occasions . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . Among the nomads that . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . One of the common forms of

commits murder. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ,. And .in. The daughter of someone who . . .. . . . . .. . . . . marriage. There was a sister's

. . He did not have a daughter, a daughter from his family. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . marriage. If the killer of the

. Marriages . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . It was the family members of the victim. this . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . sister. Brothers are one.

with middle-aged men. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Elders of a tribe and tribe. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . or two It was

. . "Enough Blood" . . .. . . . . .. . . . . realized according to a special ritual.
. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . A different

tribe. The famous "season". . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . (same source, p. 64)or "blood clot" and

B- Choose the correct option.

. became. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 1- Iranian army against Greek army.

C- Mastoli A- Coherent

D- common b- Cohesive

play musical instruments 37 Musicians = those who

38 Plumber = locksmith = one who makes locks
Machine Translated by Google

Yelia Amauj red Javadza Cold mouse ÿ 18

. Internal and external order. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . - 2 duties of the army of each country.

A- Unity
C- Dignity

D- Establishment B- Generation

. Tabriz and Shiraz carpets. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 3- Iranian carpets are very high quality.

C- Proportionate to A-
D- Efficient Direction

B- Especially 4- To get married, you must first. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Get your parents.

C. Satisfaction A- Link
D. The owner B-
. not to this world. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Stratum-5 A free man is a person who has no

C- Affiliation A- Standard
D- Instincts B- Maddi

. It was domestic and international. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . After an earthquake, this area needs -6

C- Social status A- Political unity

D. Assisting B- Stratification

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.
husband and could not marry any man she liked or liked. Parents A woman was not free to choose her

sometimes, and in their absence, grandfathers, uncles, and older brothers of the family and men of the relative group

were the ones who made decisions about the girl's marriage and choosing a husband for her, and the father's interference

was not allowed. The girl never had a choice about her future husband. The marriage of a dissatisfied girl and Kamal's
A

choice of a wife did not comment on his criteria and was strictly subject to the opinion and wishes of her parents. Such

a cultural way of the Ili-tribes society as well as the rural societies of Iran corresponded and the demands and needs and

cultural and social standards common in the society and the physical, natural and psycho-emotional of the woman were

ignored in front of the owner of the social and economic interests of the family.

In these societies, it was even impossible to create sexual relations outside of customary covenants and Shari'a laws,
A

courtship and courtship. One who social regulations and

Conversation between young girls and boys before marriage is forbidden and almost

If he did not observe the customary covenants in the society, he would be punished in different ways. Sometimes it happened that a boy and a girl
Machine Translated by Google

19 ÿ Cold mouse Yelia Amauj red Javadza

They would see each other on the way to the spring, or while cutting grass, and would exchange short words with each other. Such behaviors should be hidden from

the public. The stories of infatuation, love, and the dreams and aspirations of Ili youth, whose expression was considered "taboo" or forbidden in daily life, have been

clearly described and expressed in Ili's stories, songs, and ballads. (same source, pp. 65-67)

B- Write an article about the customs and manner of choosing a wife and marriage in your country, which includes an introduction, three paragraphs of

the main text and a conclusion.

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each sentence syntactically and

grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial phrases and . . .

analyze

Poetry: Fereydoun Moshiri

Fereydon Moshiri (1926-2000) is a contemporary Iranian poet who also worked as a journalist.

Moshiri Shear Nu Misroud was greatly influenced by classical Persian poetry. The originality of Moshiri's words by many

It has been praised by writers and experts.

the alley

Without you, I passed that alley in the open night moonlight

I looked for you with all my eyes

The joy of meeting you overflowed from the cup of my being

I fell in love like crazy

In the hiding place of my soul

The flower of your memory shined

The garden of a hundred memories laughed

The scent of a hundred memories filled

I remembered that one night we passed that alley together

We opened the door and found ourselves in that solitude

We sat on the edge of that stream for an hour

You have all the secrets of the world in your black eyes

I'm all lost watching your look

and quiet night Clear sky, smiling

luck and calm time

Moon cluster collapsed in water

The branches reach for the moonlight

Rock And Flowers of the night and the desert

and everyone gave their hearts to the song of Shabahang

Machine Translated by Google

Yelia Amaoj red Javadza Mous Sard ÿ 20

I remember you told me to beware of this

love. Look at this water for a
few moments. The water is
a mirror of love. Today, your look is a
worried look. Tomorrow, your
heart is with others, so that you forget,
travel for a while from
this
city. I told you.
Beware of
love? I do not know the journey before
you? I will never be able to,
on the first day when
my heart was full of
longing for you like a dove, I sat on
your roof, you threw a stone at me, I
didn't move, I
didn't break. I don't know the
journey before you, I can't,
I can't, I can't, I can't, I can't, I can't,
I can't, I can't, I can't, I
can't, I can't, I can't,
I can't, I can't, I can't, I can't. Nights
and nights, you didn't
catch
me,
you didn't even tell me about your offended
lover, I passed that alley without you,
but how did I pass that alley?

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one

page. B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to
memorize a

few bits of it. C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are

used? How many examples? Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in
Machine Translated by Google

21 ÿ Cold mouse Yelia Amauj red Javadza

proverb

kills
We don't take our tongues out of holes

Explanation:

been common in some parts of the world in the past and today. To hunt the snake and Snake hunting has
get it out of its mouth, the snake catchers did special things that not everyone did.

Application:

With soft and kind hands, you can solve the most difficult problems and tame them.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google

The fourth lesson

Marlik Hill

2 1
and had an advanced and brilliant culture. Although Marlik region has been a prosperous land for thousands of years

3
Date 6 5 of the predecessors 4 They have not allowed it from the remains of ancient works and unauthorized excavations Abundant humidity

9
8 uncovered works 7 life in this area is estimated correctly, old age
and archaeological evidence in the hills And

The greatness of its brilliant civilization in the distant times, that is, in And Antiquities, especially the Marlik Hill, represent 11 dating

back to about three thousand years ago.

and other ancient hills in Goharrood valley 14 Archeology at Marlik Hill, Castle Cocoon from Studies

It has been concluded that the tribes living in Marlik region have lived in this region for about two centuries 15.

1 Abad = fertile

2 although = though
3
Abundant = a lot

4 unauthorized = illegal
5
Remainder = left over

6 Ancestors = our ancestors, those who lived before us

7 history = background = record

8
To estimate = to estimate = to guess
9
Exposed = discovered
10
Evidence = works and documents
11
Indicator = indicator

12 greatness = greatness
13
Brilliant = outstanding

14 studies = research
15
To live = to live
Machine Translated by Google

Cold grass ÿ Marlik Hill 24

16 Statements 17 Explorers 18 Marlik, the people living in Marlik were one of the 19 Indo-European tribes. Therefore

who have gradually formed a powerful government in this area and the area of Marlik Hill is also the cemetery of Saltin20

and the chiefs and their families.

Archaeologists believe that gold is one of the 22 metals that have been used by humans since ancient times.

It is located and it is stated in the sources that during the Medes period, the gold mines around 23 Hamadan were also exploited.

because the cup

26
The talent of the people living in this region in making golden cups 24 However, 25 it has been enjoyed.

Marlik makes one wonder how they were able to survive in those difficult conditions of primitive life.

Let them remember such beautiful and artistic works with those inscriptions 28. The more important thing is to use the gold

Science and how they know, where did they get it, how did they extract it and how to a specific alloy

They have managed to engrave such a beautiful cup so that the gold used does not disintegrate over time.

and keep its brightness31 as well32 .

16 according to = according to

17 statements = sayings = words

18 explorers = searchers
19
tribe = tribe
20
Graveyard = cemetery

21 Sultan (Saltin) = King (Kings)

22
including = component

23 around = around

24 to exploit = to extract
The following 25
However = in spite of = gold
26

27
To make one wonder = to surprise
28
To remember = to leave
29
To achieve = to reach = to achieve
30
Decomposition = to divide something into parts

31
Shining = shiny

32 to preserve = to keep
Machine Translated by Google

25 Marlik Hill ÿ Marach Sard

34 which is an obstacle 35 Despite the presence of forested hills and valleys with dense vegetation and impassable mountains

They made 36 unique works of art and masterpieces that even people It was to communicate with other societies, to create

It makes the new era 37 wonder 38 . ) Ibrahimi Loya, Adel. Marlik Hill: What do I know about Iran? C. 62

Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2005, pp. 103-104.

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- Why can't the history of Marlik region be estimated correctly?

2- What information do we have about the residents of Marlik?
3- What is the most important point in making the golden cup years ago by the residents of Marlik district?
4- What truth have archaeologists discovered from the discovered metal works?

5- What is the role on the golden cup?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. Development and progress of national and Iranian activities . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Marlik drilling is very effective.
A

. A vastly overlooked surface . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . That until then approx . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

. Smooth activities. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . and the way to do this.

Success . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Excavation caused. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . You can find similar programs

. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . In the excavations of ancient areas. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Approved and

supported country
. .. this excavation . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . country in the years after that. . . .. . . . . .. . . . Government officials. .

33
In spite of = in spite of = in spite of

34 Saab al-bur = hardly passable

35
Obstacle = barrier

36 creation = creation
37
evening = time

38 surprise = surprise
Machine Translated by Google

Cold grass ÿ Marlik Hill 26

and fix them. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . solve the problem . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . The source of power and strength. The

. authorized (same source, p. 53) . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . field of progress and development of archeology in Iran.

B- Choose the correct option.

1-Having guns in many countries. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . is.

C- Difficult to cross A- Shining B-

D- Exposed Unauthorized

And the face of the Islamic Republic, a thousand people were killed in those conflicts. . Voice report . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . -2

C- Therefore A- Including
D- Although B- Despite

. . .. . . . . Your culture is great. . .. . . . . 3. Your Excellency's polite behavior. .

C. Obstacle A- Remainder

D. Creator B- Reagent

. . and analyze . .. . . . . 4- This text. . . . . .. .

C- Decomposition A- Abad

D- Golden B- Estimation

Yours is a pure lie and has no basis. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 5-

C- The predecessors
A- Studies

D- Cemetery B. Statements

And dear family for your sincere support. . From you . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 6- Thank you.

C- Plenty A- Creator
D- Golden B- Radiant

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.

Different views have been proposed about the way of dividing the eras and civilizations before the history of Iran. Some

Scientists have cited regional and geographical divisions, and some have cited the influence and expansion of each period. It is obvious
Machine Translated by Google

27 Marlik Hill ÿ Marach Sard

that the regional divisions, according to the geographical situation, can be more compatible with the quality and life situation

of the past tribes.

The first scientist who tried with great effort and seriousness to draw a remarkable figure for the prehistoric civilizations of

Iran is Professor Donald McCown. With detailed investigation and comprehensive study, he prepared a suitable table for all

the excavation reports related to the prehistoric periods that were conducted in different parts of Iran until around 1935 .

Professor McCown published the results of his research in a book called Comparison of the Ancient Classes of Ancient Iran.
In the beginning of his other book titled

Marlik Excavations, Dr.

"The selection of Rahmatabad Rudbar area and the northern slopes and heights of the Alborz mountain range in this

area for investigation included two main reasons: First, that no scientific excavations have been conducted in this area

of our country, and from this point of view, research that can shed light on the past history of this land It had not been

And
done. Second, illegal excavations in order to obtain valuable ancient artifacts were very common in this area. For a

long time, the artifacts discovered in these unauthorized excavations were smuggled out of the country. (same source,

pp. 21-23)

B- Write articles about ancient artefacts and the problem of smuggling these artefacts,
which should include an introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclus

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze

each sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and

verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Sohrab Sepehri

Sohrab Sepehri (1928-1980) is a contemporary Iranian poet and painter. Sohrab's poems, which are written in the form of
nimai poetry, i.e. new poetry, are full of emotional and natural themes.

I am from

Kashan, my time is not bad, I

have a piece of bread, I have a little intelligence, I

have a mother's taste, better than a

leaf, friends better than

running water, and God who is nearby.

Machine Translated by Google

Cold grass ÿ Marlik Hill 28

To these evenings, at the foot of that tall pine tree

On water awareness on plant law

i am Muslim

My Qibla is a red flower

My place of prayer is a spring

Mehram Noor

My carpet plain

I perform ablution with the banging of the windows

The moon flows in my prayer

Flow spectrum

The stone is visible behind my prayer

All the particles of my prayers have crystallized

I pray when
that the wind has said its call to prayer on the top of the cedar wreath

I pray after Takbir al-Haram al-Aalaf

The height of
the wave

My Kaaba is on the water's edge

My Kaaba is under the Aqakis

My Kaaba is like a breeze

He goes from garden to garden, from city to city

. . . . . . . . .

It is not our job to identify the secret of the rose

Maybe this is our job

To float in the charm of roses

Let's camp behind knowledge

. . . . . . . . .

Maybe this is our job

Between the lotus flower and the century

Let's run after the song of truth

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to memorize a few

bits of it.
Machine Translated by Google

29 Marlik Hill ÿ Marach Sard

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many

examples? Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb

it buy it, it's not likeM

a
They don't

Explanation: This parable is a stanza from a Saadi verse that says:

Yai Nebrand Mashabanko Sadia Ramdenkwanmanm yerderhazg Ramdehana isthak en

Application: and his behavior throughout his life. A person who has not done any good deeds is not a human being and his value does not

depend on his actions, unlike a dead person; Even if he is alive and young.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it. B- What

is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google

fifth lesson

Tehran

It is very difficult about 3 cognition

2 historical and social, and the recognition of its geographical environment, and research 1 Tehran in terms of

4 development
culture and its 5 comprehensiveness. Therefore, in the study of its economy, because speed Policy and

7 research areas including the factors6 Iran and the World (Urban Studies), Tehran is one of the most impressive Special areas

8
of the expansion of the city in terms of geography and ecology (ecological) as well as aspects related to the political comes

9
foci of intra-border power 10 and the dominions Humanity and demographics (demographics) with care

11 will be examined abroad, it will be clear that in the world wide 12, Tehran is more prominent than all big cities (metropolises)
problem and
in terms of 13 having a special 14 position . In the past, Tehran was a smallissues Regional and historical

and unfamiliar village and after not so significant changes, in a few

1 recognition = knowing

2 in terms of = in terms of

3 research = research

Due to = due to 4

5
Development = growth = expansion

6 special = special

7 impressive = remarkable

To be counted = to be counted = to be considered 8

9 care = attention

10
intra-border = internal

Overseas = foreign 11

12
Width = range

In terms of = because of 13

14 problems = problems

Transformations = changes 15
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Your complaint
Mojnep is cold 32

16 centuries
It came in the form of a village of progress and in the Safavid era (Shah Tahmasb) it got a city
name and developed in a new direction so that it became the "capital" of Iran due to specific

geographical and political reasons . Finally, after the First World War, it became a vast and gated city,
and after the Second World War, it developed so much that perhaps no city in the world has grown at
such a speed, and it is still not clear how long and to what extent. How long will this "development"
last? Tehran: What do I know about Iran? Vol. 45 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2012, p. 7

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- What happened to Tehran after World War I and II?

2- Why is it difficult to know Tehran?
3- What are the reasons for Tehran being an indicator?

4- How was Tehran in the past?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

and built new buildings,. This city emerged . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Although in the capital period of Tehran, there was a change.

. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . areas from the capital to . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . But on . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

Building materials and materials . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . old (in terms of architecture and aesthetics) and primitive (from
A

(remaining with various trees reminding the days of . . . . . . . . . . . . stayed Alleys, high walls and houses often

. . be temporarily ignored, most of the houses . . .. . . . . .. . . . . It was just the capital. If from small houses. The

. And . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . middle groups of the society and the nobles had a kind of harmony. the yards water

tank, summer and winter rooms, porches and moonlights, balconies, interiors, corridors and vestibules, stables and

16th century
Tower and rampart = castle 17

18 Finally = Finally

19 clear = obvious = clear = known

20 indeterminate = uncontrollable
Machine Translated by Google

33 Mojnep is coldNarhat ÿ

. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Large, traditional and more or less usual construction, public residences of the Fair gardens

people. the count . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . (same source, p. 54)

B- Choose the correct option.

1- The progress of the students of this class is very high. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . have been.

C- Special A- Revolutionary

D. Discrete B- Impressive

-2 with . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . God, I finally managed to win a championship medal.

A- century
C- care
D- Width B- Considering

. It is very big in Iran. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 3-brain drain one.

C. Development
A- Problem B-

d- recognition Transformation

. admitted to this hospital. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 4- My father in the care department.

C- Bright A- Impressive
D. Discrete B- Special

The earthquake line is seismic. . Being on . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 5- Iran.

C- In terms of A- As B- With
D- In terms of care

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.

The initial troubles of the society during the period of revolution did not create the necessary opportunity to solve the problems. The policy

the of promoting agriculture and returning to villages and cities also remained at the level of political-cultural propaganda and due to

lack of coordination in the efforts of the institutions and bodies of the country, no results were achieved. The satellite settlements and

mass constructions disproportionate to the city as a whole, not only changed the image of the government center of the Islamic Republic

of Iran; Rather, the number of city dwellers increased at an unprecedented speed. So that now the population of Tehran is not from the border
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Your complaint
Mojnep is cold 34

And experts and demographers have predicted that in five years the population of the capital will exceed 1 million tons and will exceed 13 million.

The problems caused by those conditions, the troubles of the past, the arrival of new immigrants to Tehran, the occurrence of an imposed

war, and the new system, which inherited a disorderly and irrational capital and was built further away from the urban culture of Iran, could not

eliminate the increasing problems of this metropolis. .

Anyway, current Tehran, with a population of about nine million people (eleven percent of the total population of the country), is in a situation

where in order to organize it into a city where the human, religious and national life of Iranians is formed, a deep sociological and It has reasonable

solutions and this is not only necessary, but also with deeper researches, the perspective of enlightened people will be provided in the

phenomenon of the big city, the cities of Iran will also be immune from the damage of non-cultural urbanization (same source, p. 116) .

B- Write articles about the problems of your country's capital that include an
introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclusio

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each sentence

syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal,

descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Simin Behbahani

Simin Behbahani (1927-2014) is a contemporary Iranian lyric poet. He grew up in a literate family and taught all his life. He collaborated with

Iran Radio in rounds, which resulted in long-lasting ghazals and songs that were sung by the most prominent Iranian singers. Simin was one

of the active figures in Iran's social issues.

home country

I will build you again, homeland, even though I build pillars on your

roof with the clay of my soul, even though with my bones

We will smell flowers from you again, at the request of your young generation

We will be washed again by your blood, by the flood of tears of our soul

Another bright day, black leaves the house a

poetry a My wife, ZI paint my sky blue with my

Machine Translated by Google

35 Mojnep is coldNarhat ÿ

Although my men are a hundred years old, I will stand in my grave

Ahrman's heart, because of its roar a RAMthat won

Whoever composes "Azam Ramim" again, thanks

Chu Kuh, I would give glory to the field of my exam

Although I am old, I still have the opportunity to learn if b

Wood

I start young, next to my grandchildren

Because of passion, I will make a method for it

a
Thefirst hadith "H ÿÿÿ ÿ".

Let every word of the heart become life, let me open my mouth

It is still in the fire chest, just like its flames

The warmth of his lineage a I don't think that I will give strength
a

again, even though my poetry is bleeding

I will make you alive again, although more than I can

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to memorize a few bits of it.

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are similes, metaphors and other

literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb

rat
Jaqba drunk Heb

Explanation:

In the olden days, men's and women's clothes were not as they are today. Men wore a long dress called "qaba" over their clothes. This dress had a long skirt,

the corner of which was called "trij" or "triz".

Application:

When this proverb is used about someone, they want to show that he is a sensitive and quick-tempered person and gets upset and offended by the

actions of others. The smallest letter and

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google

The sixth lesson

1
Shirin and Farhad Afsaneh Shirin and Farhad Afsaneh Shirin and Farhad Afsaneh The legend of

4 until the day comes when Khosrow Parviz 3 will take possession and count stars at night 2 Self-isolation sweet in the palace

5
He is the lion come to see him Qasr Shirin or his prison is near Kermanshahan. Shirin and nurses
8
7 is kept away from his palace, because it is in the meadows 6 Shirin Farsangha Hey Eat. But the flower

9
And it makes sheep's milk poisonous10 . Shirin will build a stone 14 for this work 11 , a You will go around the palace

lion will come out, discuss the problem with Shapur the painter 13 and ask him for a conduit.

not to be corrupted in China . Shapur from one of his companions to reach the Shirin palace easily and in a short period of time and

1 legend = story

2 Qasr = palace

3 seclusion = seclusion

Counting 4 stars = waiting

5
Nurse = maid
6 herd = herd

7 farsang = a distance scale of nearly six kilometers

8 meadow = meadow
9
Growing up = growing up = becoming green

10 poisonous = poisonous

11
In pi = to follow
12 solution = solution
13
To share = to bring up
14 conduit = pipe

15 corrupt = broken

16 Yar = Friend = Comrade

Machine Translated by Google

Mashesh Sard ÿ The legend of Shirin and Farhad 38

He lived in the same house with him and was named Farhad, where he and Shapour studied under a teacher,

Shapour studied painting1718 and Farhad studied architecture and engineering.

Farhad is present in Qasr Shirin 19. Shirin talks to him from behind the curtain. Hearing Shirin Hosh's voice,

Farhad goes away20 and outside the palace, he asks his companions21 what Shirin, Khosroparviz's lover, was

saying to him. Farhad builds a stone channel in one month and carves 22 stone ponds next to the palace . In the far

distance, milk is milked from the herds and in a short time23 it pours into a stone pond. Farhad is invited to the palace
24
and Shirin throws her earrings at Farhad's feet. It is in this meeting that the fire of love flares up in Farhad's salary

being and makes him crazy25 and Farhad goes to the plains and becomes a mountaineer. 26 they give news.

Autocracy 27 and love and zeal 28 in the cauldron of existence of Khosroparviz together to Khosroparviz from this story

boils. They want Farhad to the royal assembly so that they might force him29, but it will not be possible. They ask him

to make a way through the mountains between Ivan Madain and Kermanshahan. Farhad accepts Shirin at the price of 30 ,

Khosrow thinks to himself32 Farhad is not able to do this33. They inform him that Farhad waxes the stone mountains
34 like
and this is easy for Farhad35. They also inform Khosroparviz that he is happy to see

17 Nagargari = painting

18 to learn = to learn = to teach

19
To attend = to be present

20. Getting lost in someone's head = falling in love

21 Companions = Malzaman
22
Pond = small pool

23 A little time = a short time

Wages = salaries 24

25 crazy = insane

26 event = incident = happened

27 Autocracy = tyranny = arbitrariness

28
Zeal = bigotry

29
30 price = price

31 to accept = accept
32 thinking = to think
33 To be able to do something = to have the ability to do something

34 like = like = like

35 easy = easy
Machine Translated by Google

39 The legend of Shirin and Farhad ÿ Mashesh Sard

36 have given milk. Khosroparviz is looking for a solution 37 and except for the secret murder 38 of Farhad, Farhad has gone and killed him.

40 says "sweet man". He does not see any choice. They find a bad man 39 and he goes to Farhad and all at once

Farhad throws his ax and throws himself down from the mountain and dies. ) Tarutian, Behrouz. Khosrow and Shirin: What do

I know about Iran? C. 42 Tehran: Office of Cultural Research. 2008 pp. 51-52

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- Why are the sweet flocks kept far away from his palace?
2- Who was Farhad?

3- When does Farhad fall in love with Shirin?

4- How did Shapour know Farhad?
5- What does Shirin give to Farhad as a salary?
6- What order does Khosrow Parviz give to Farhad?
7- Finally, how is Farhad's love for Shirin?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

His name is Shapur said: "You are wise and engineering is the master here." . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . and in the

Farhad. We both became . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . knowledge of similarity geometry. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

. . .I gave
students and painters in China. .. . . . . .. . . . . And we were twins, master of the pen.
Professor . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

. .. Let . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . He took the ax and became a stonemason and sculptor. . . .. . . . . .. . ....

this stone be cut, if you command . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . It turns out that the duct . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . work from

36 Sagar = Jam
37
Seeking a solution = looking for a solution

38 confidential = secret = secret

39 Farjam = the end = the end

At once = suddenly 40
Machine Translated by Google

Mashesh Sard ÿ The legend of Shirin and Farhad 40

. . At . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . I will bring you With this story, the sorrow of a lion from a sweet heart. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . him He

. sweet win . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . went and chased that master Farzaneh.

. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . It was a mountain of income, it was of a high and high pile and . . . . .. . . . . .. . . Farhad Kohkan .
. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . His guards . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. nurses . . . . They . . .. . . The amount of two batteries. . .

made a worthy place for him. (same source, p. 53) . . .. . . . .. . . . . . They played and went out.

B- Choose the correct option.

. Was. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 1- I got poisoned last night because of the food I ate.

C- Crazy A- Poisonous
D- Easy B- Rotten

. It is an analogy for the heart of a mystic. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . -2 in mysticism.

C- Sagar A- Farsang
D- Appeal B- Yar

. Digestion . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 3- To diagnose gastric ulcer in the hospital, a narrow and long tube is inserted.
they do.

C- Conduit A- Alternative
D- Pond B- Adventure

4- If you have any criticism, it is better with him. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ..

C- Share it A- Count the stars

D. Attend B- Handle it

. Accelerates plants. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 5-Some people believe that music.

C- Legendary A- Price
D- A solution B- Growth

. It is good, but if it is controllable and limited. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . -6

C- Negar A- Deceit
d- zeal B- Thought
Machine Translated by Google

41 The legend of Shirin and Farhad ÿ Mashesh Sard

And . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Those few aftershocks around -7 several years ago, a terrible earthquake occurred in Rudbar and shook the city.

C- In the following A- From the authority

D- From the head B- in the intention

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own vocabulary
and words.

In the name of the one who exists, the sky found movement, the earth found peace

Nizami Ganjahai mentions what the previous speakers said and says: When Anushirvan died, his son Hormuzd ascended the throne of Iran in 579
ÿ

AD, i.e. 43 years before the emigration of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Hormuz) A

prince and his father were He was crowned in Mada'in and practiced as a judge in the world like his father. God gave him a son and the name of that

entrusted to the tutors of Khosroparviz. When he reached the age of seven, he became famous in the world for his kindness, so that the war would not be

his prince, Bozoramid, who spent in vain. Until the age of fourteen, he learned the art of oratory, wrestling, and shooting, and at the age of 14 , he asked

was a wise man of the times, to be alone, and he learned wisdom from him, and for a short time he became famous in every art and technique, and in

this beginning, he was a young man who one day He went hunting and stayed in the villages when the sun set, and he used to dress up in the assembly

night. (same source, p. 12) and sit down to drink with his friends and spend the

B- Write articles about the writer or poet you are interested in, including
an introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclusio

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each sentence syntactically

and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial

expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Nader Naderpour

He was from Kerman, studied Nader Naderpour (1929-2000) is a contemporary Iranian poet and writer

French language and literature in Paris and later translated poems from French to Persian. He appeared in the period of collision between the classical

tradition of Persian poetry and new ideas, which led to the formation of Nimai's poetry. Naderpur has been considered as a follower of the Khanlari and

Tolli schools in the new poetry.

Machine Translated by Google

Mashesh Sard ÿ The legend of Shirin and Farhad 42

blood and ashes

One night changed everything The earthquake that shook the house

The ash filled the morning with blood Because the flame burned the sleeping world

He threw it from the windows of his heart He was the one who made the colored glasses

Behind the dust, he hid his grudge The face of women and the color of flowers

Because the grave began to eat people Rock the cradle of death

Tombstone of Shahriaran Takht On Under the ancient portico of history

He failed and did not recognize the value of their work Statues of previous artists

It balanced with the ominous wind Then the songs of his conquest

The lantern killed the imagination of the poets He blocked the path of lovers

His forehead was stained with blood Cut the veins of the voice instrument

Buried in the soil of past sorrow The treasure of sweet days

From dead and living bodies The great hall of the house was empty

Fly to the future No more pigeons from the roof

and scattered
Discrete sad and I remembered the past in my mind

That earthquake did a hundred things like blood And my memories, O friend with home

and destruction I saw that everyone was terrified Suddenly I turned everywhere

To turn my back on that trouble The determination to travel came to

My eyes are the place of the sun Pishvaz, but the sadness of leaving the nest

It turned pink like the sunset horizon

Sadness came to me again Because I turned to the sojourn, I was the old

The wing chain came to my neck slave of the sky

Destiny threw me out of the house I did not leave my house to anyone else

Because I have a shadow behind me Now that the land of familiarity

I have a story in my dreams I see that I am still with him

See how it drove me crazy This old love that remains in my heart
Machine Translated by Google

43 The legend of Shirin and Farhad ÿ Mashesh Sard

It can be seen from the window in front of me Here, I am the indigo bank of

The heavenly bed is the sea the naked sun at dawn

Arzoo Green Valley Mine is here Sometimes I give hope to my heart

My sadness kept increasing Alas, this hope is futile

But what can I do that it is not my home? Here, where I am, is an eternal paradise

It is not my infinity mirror Zall Al-Jordinsh Sea

Not my baby crib The voluptuous swing of its waves

It is not from the height of Alborz The moon shines on the shore

It shined and enchanted me all the time

I see a cup in the mirror This is where I get old

I see a container full of garbage The pages of the book of my

I see a thousand-year-old book history are the days of killing

He turned this new game myself, but to whom can I tell

In a strange city and in a sad night Turn 9 to Kashane every time

In the light of unknown streets Every time my black shadow

My displacement slows down the image On the back of a lonely colored door,

A ring left in the chain I say with my old key

When will you close this door? This is not the old house

The old has no effect on the young heart A new house will need a new key

Do not fight with destiny What do you want from my cold paw?

Early to open the door, late When the death rooster crows

I can't say that I did it with my heart The earthquake that shook the house

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to memorize a few bits of it.

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are similes,

metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?
Machine Translated by Google

Mashesh Sard ÿ The legend of Shirin and Farhad 44

proverb

Show green garden path

Explanation:

In life, one should be realistic and see and accept everything as it is. Otherwise, others can deceive us.

Application:

If someone wants to make something that is not so good and pleasant look better than it is, or wants to deceive another with false

promises and show hopeful futures, we tell him this parable. Its meaning is "deceiving us with false and baseless promises".

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google

The seventh lesson

Road and road construction Road and road construction Road and road construction

3 2 He is the one who walks in the

wrong
lot about
waythe
of way
man, so he needs a way. A child who begins to walk, a careful mother should not step. Iranian poets have spoken a

and walking. 5 It is said: why do you see a way farsang and also in proverbs 6 you ask? 8 Circulation 7 is a means 4Do not go, do not fall from a height and go astray

without a way. of human communication. The rotation of the economic wheel is not possible

As the first way 9 is impossible. Therefore, it can be said that a country without a "road" is like blood in a human body without arteries, a human without a vein

for blood flow.

In the distant years11 when the network of highways and freeways had not expanded to such an extent12, they said that the arteries of the human body are like

railways13 and capillaries are like the main and secondary roads. But with the progress of the highway network, the railway gradually lost its first credibility, so that

now some railway lines in America are unused and left to their own devices.

remaining

1 to start = to start 2 to be careful

= to be careful 3 to err

= to make a mistake

4 Birahe = detour = wrong way 5

example = proverb 6

Farsang = farsakh = scale of distance of about six kilometers 7 first =

the first 8 as = as 9

artery = vein 10 therefore = for

this reason in

distant years = in past times 12

11
spread = to develop 13 sentences to have

something = to be something
Machine Translated by Google

And har ÿ Yazasahar is cold 46

14
According to Zindayad Ahmad Hami, in economic terms, the road is a means of transferring wealth because agricultural

and industrial products are taken from the place of production to the place of consumption. In military terms, the way, in other

blood and fire. Because the road is used to move 17 soldiers, it is a means of
words,
transferring
16 transfer
troops,
of 18 ammunition and 19 military

equipment . In the term of statehood, it is a means

establish the power of government over the country. In of ensuring national unity, and it is in this way that a government can

this way, in various fields of life and community stability , the road is considered an effective and beneficial agent , so that now

in the far corners widespread the road is considered one of the foundations of the expansion of civilization and civility , for it is

and close to the community. Only having a good roadnetwork can be the factors and works of civilization in the tourism industry,

understanding of different communities in today's world which is one of the factors of cultural familiarity and better

and in fact the first foundation. 26 is a very important road

construction A group of researchers have considered the recent centuries as the origin of road construction, while road

began with civilization and existed even before that. As it can be said, the creation of the road was at the same time as the

creation of man. In order for humans to walk and to go from one place to another, they need a path.

Undoubtedly27, early humans28 followed paths30 in order to hunt and obtain food29 . Trampling weeds, breaking off extra

branches from trees, and marking long and winding paths can be done.

14 products = products 15 place

= place
16
In other words = in other words

17 Moving = Transferring and war

tools 18 Ammunition = Tools 19

Equipment = Army formation 20

Providing = Providing 21 Procedure

= method = style = order = order (in this procedure = thus) 22 Qasr = Palace 23 Beneficial

= useful

24 civility = urbanization

25 expand = expand 26 special

= special 27

undoubtedly = no doubt 28

initial = first = primary 29 food =

food walking = going

30
Machine Translated by Google

47 Cold cold ÿ Yazashahar and Har

stone, iron and It was the first human action in the field of road construction. Thus, there is a history of road construction from

time31 and at any time and age32

the Bronze Age to today. Road construction has undergone changes and transformations over

It has responded to the needs of people or the society of the same era.

Once upon a time, when man walked barefoot, he needed a narrow path, when four-legged animals
And when he addressed social life and group migrations, used to make a wider way to make it
34 %35 to create better ways. ) Ehtshami, Manouchehr. Road and road building in Iran: what about Iraninevitable

I know?. Vol. 24 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2002, pp. 9-10

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- Say a proverb for the road.

2- Why is the existence of a road necessary?

How do they compare 3 roads to body parts?

- What does 4 ways mean in the economic term?

5- What does road mean in the military term?

- 6 ways in the term state management, what does it mean?

7- What does road mean in the tourism industry?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. Time has changed. The width of the road regularly . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . These three factors with human progress and
A

It is sixty centimeters. But the width of the corridors .. the width of the usual furnace . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . in . Much .

. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 120 cm. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . ..They considered up to two people. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

. Iranian cities alleys . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . to pass . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Easy to get over.

. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . It was called Reconciliation Alley, because two people. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Narrow .

31 change = to change
Asr = time = period 32

33 days = time

34 Inevitably = Inevitably
35
Seeking = looking for = looking for
Machine Translated by Google

and furious ÿ Yazasahar is cold 48

. . The smile that . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . They faced each other and . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . They were angry with each other.

. . He would smile and reconcile. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . One would appear another. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

. ..the attacking forces with . .. . . . . .. . . . . ..had To. . . .. . . . . .. . . . Narrow alleys have another use. .
. .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . ..he could easily enter the alley and the houses as well. . They . .. . . . Horse., . . . . .. .

. The enemy cannot . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Horse to the house inside . . . .. . . . . .. . . .were

. considered short. be,

that if it was other than this, the owner of the house. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . food for the enemy's rider and fodder for his horse

. Free ways . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . should also provide The width of highways. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

It reaches seventy meters. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Especially around airports. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Today, (same

source, p. 11)

B- Choose the correct option.

. . Stop talking because time is lost and speech is wasted . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 1- You must.
cannot be withdrawn.

C- They want to A- Unavoidably

d- supply B- Careful

. It is better to rest for a long way. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2 after

C- Expanding A- To
D- Walking expand B- To move

. Is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- Reading a lot of books.

C- Special A- Beneficial
D. Error B- Routine

. Remember God's work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 4 before.

C- Place A- Artery B-
d- food Beginning

. The differences between men and women have become less clear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5- In this.

C- Misguided A- Civility
D- Asr B- Error
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49 Cold cold ÿ Yazashahar and Har

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own vocabulary and
words.

Humans have been living in this land for thousands of years. Humans in the distant past could not be carefree

Step on a path and reach your destination without fear. They passed through harsh deserts and in the mountains

The hard-to-pass, they leave the roads behind. It was difficult to cross the rivers. They had to build a bridge.

That too in a way that is resistant to floods and water inundation. Remaining bridges from the Achaemenid period

Sassani indicates that the location of the bridge and the angle of the bridge with the river have been correctly calculated. make a way

And the bridge was not an easy task at that time, but the people of that time were also struggling with problems and so called

Building a road would overcome the problems. They did not bend their eyebrows, and by building a

bridge and road, it seems to be a means of communication between two cities or two regions, while this communication should be done from various aspects.

Review. It is possible to build a road without study, but after a while it becomes clear that it is wrong to build it

and the road has not been examined as a cultural phenomenon, but as an object or a solid line in nature.

is not the only road that man and have looked at it, or only as a means of conveyance. While the way

builders have paid less attention to this point in recent years. Animals pass through it, but it is a cultural phenomenon and road

have done and in fact they have been oblivious to it. (same source, p. 95)

B- Write articles about the state of roads in your country that include an
introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclu

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each

sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then

nominal, descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Ahmed Shamlou

Ahmad Shamlou (1925-2000) is a contemporary Iranian poet and writer. He created a type of poetry in the tradition

It was the new poetry of Iran, which is known as "white poetry". In addition, he is the result of his research on culture

He published the public in a book called Kitab Kuche. Recitation of poems and stories for children with his warm voice

Today it is remembered in audio form.

Machine Translated by Google

and furious ÿ Yazasahar is cold 50

In this impasse

They smell your mouth

Don't say I love you

They smell your heart

It's a strange time, Nazanin a

and love

barricade pole next

a to the

They whip

Love should be hidden at home

ÿ

the cold A crooked connectionIn this b

a

the fire

The fuel of hymns and poems

a

They are burning

Do not risk thinking

It's a strange time, Nazanin a

The one who knocks on the door at night

It has come to turn off the light

The light should be hidden in the post of the house

They are butchers

Located on the crossings

stump and a bloody satori With a

It's a strange time, Nazanin a

And my smile is operated on the lips

And the song on the mouth

The passion should be hidden in the post of the house

Canary roast a

Fire lily and jasmine a On

It's a strange time, Nazanin a

victorious Iblis is
a

Our mourner is sitting on the table a

God should be hidden in the post of the house

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to memorize a few bits of it.

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are similes, metaphors and other

literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

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51 Cold cold ÿ Yazashahar and Har

proverb

Yash Rabgsbezia istafeh Yerdu

Explanation: In the olden days, it was common for the dervishes to hold a bunch of "washed" (a type of aromatic vegetable) in

their hands and give a stem of that vegetable to the people, saying "haq dost" and taking money from them. Little by little, this

said that the poor dervishes used to give these kinds of food to the people and in return, they took vegetable leaf became It is

money or food from them.

Usage:

This proverb is more about compliment and humility. When someone wants to give a gift to another, by saying this
proverb, he expresses the insignificance of the gift compared to the grace or value of the recipient.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it. B- What is the

closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google

The eighth lesson

rail
2 The water of the furnace should make a way for itself and it 1 When he had nothing, he had a way because he had to hunt or find the human

And
5 The need for these furnaces also increased in width, and 4 Be careful not to lose your way home. according to 3 Marking Somehow

6
a wheel was invented that became the wheel of the gods Both their slopes are low and the radius of their slopes is large; until a leap emerged

And then domesticated animals were used. Because the speed of the beasts of burden was low, humans thought of using cars

Steam fell. This was the second jump, one of the problems with wheels on the ground was the friction of the wheel with the ground. must be

Reduce this friction. They took iron around the wooden wheels, the friction decreased, little by little the wheels were replaced by wood

7 became the driving [Link] made it out of iron, the weight of the iron caused damage

8
Movement of chariots, with wooden beams About four centuries ago in the Harz coal mines in Germany for convenience

And by means of a dog, the extracted material is transported to the loading place through these rails They built a road in the form of a

rail and carried it. Queen Elizabeth called a number of workers and experts from German mines to England

9
on Quote with a dog And In England, the first means of transportation Organize the coal mines of England.

Rail started in Galle state in 1649/1059 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. After a while to avoid

10 that from outside Due to the erosion of the wood, they covered it with iron sheet and even built an edge for them.

The wheels were preventing the rails. The distance between the two rails was five feet or 1524 mm, four wheels

1 Bishr = human

2 find = to find
3
In a way = in a way = in a way
4 marking = marking
5
According to = according to

6
To emerge = to come into being

7 Atalaf = to destroy = to ruin

8 ease = ease
9 to arrange = to improve
10
To embed = to build
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Railway Cold cold 54

They moved this route with horse power. It became clear that a horse can carry four times its weight in such a way

Quoted in all And Its problem is solved. carry And He was carrying on the road. Gradually, the railway came into existence, times played a

12
in the economic and industrial development of societies. Timely delivery of raw materials to centers fundamental role

13
Transporting produced products to markets Wheels are produced and connecting Industrial and agricultural causes constant mobility

rings in manufacturing factories internal and external consumption; And the continuation of this activity, which means bringing the

consumption centers closer, leads to economic prosperity.

15 14
Economically, a special place in the middle and economy carry Among the features of safety Railways due to availability

has a quote These features have a special technical position and great importance to this huge collection And Other shipping methods

And its maintenance, in general, launch 16 provide. Initial investment for the construction of the railway and expenses

18 17
To Naqal, Jai Rafiei Railway And he does. But in big policies in the transportation sector Railways are expensive

has opened itself. In every country, the railway becomes an essential factor in the process of sustainable development until
A
19
knew In addition to the railway to Related to the level of development of the railway network Economic development can be done directly
A

And with investment It is part of big industries Moving countries, generally And
The title of one of the largest transport organizations under

20
It is managed directly or with the support of the government. supervision The government is established and

22 21
not much It was done to create a railway in Iran, which is the result Since the time of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, efforts have been made
A

It had 242 kilometers of railway and from did not have. In a big summary, Iran until the end of 1306

1306 to 1321, 1510 km of railway was built. From 1321 to the end of 1357, the country has
It was 2843 kilometers of railway. From 1358 to May 1381, 2442 km on railway lines

11 to be able = to have the ability = to be able to

12 fundamental = basic

13 permanent = constantly = without interruption

14. Possession = possession

15 thrift = benefit = interest = benefit

16 expenses = expenses

17
Expensive = expensive

18 Rafi = Waal = High

19 related = related = dependent

20 monitoring = control

21 Talash = effort = attempt

22 result = result
Machine Translated by Google

55 Cold press Railway ÿ

was added In total, the country now has 7087 kilometers of railways. Hoping for the day when Iran can
have a railway network comparable to European countries. ) Ehtshami, Manouchehr. Railways in Iran: from Iran

What do I know? C. 37 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2002, pp. 105-103

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- When did mankind think of using a steam engine?

2- Why did Queen Elizabeth call German mining experts?

3- Why did they cover the wooden wheels with iron sheet?

4-What are the special features of the railway?

5- How has the development of the railway been from the Qajar period until now?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diesel locomotives gradually replace boiler locomotives.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . as .

. To the credit of diesel locomotives, damages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . removed, the emergence of electric locomotives.

. A comparison between heat engines and electric engines has the following interesting results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imported grandfather

It comes .................
. . . . . . degrees of the weight of steam locomotives .......... The weight of electric locomotives with the same

power. Lower.
A

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Proximity to cities and especially . . . . . . . . . . Smoke from steam

locomotives. The tunnels caused many problems.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Especially in the mountains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The speed of electric locomotives.

. . locomotives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Much more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . winding and steep. It is

a heater.
. They speed up in a short time and in . . . . . . . . Another noteworthy issue is that electric motors. . . . . . .

they maintain; In the past few years, speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long distances, high speed.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 km in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . locomotives to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

it is arrived. (same source, p. 22)

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ÿ Railway Cold cold 56

B- Choose the correct option.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- He tried to solve the chaotic situation of the country

C- to appear A- To embed
D- to mark B- To organize

-2 because of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thank God for peace and tranquility.

C- Possession A- Economy

D- Ease B- Supervision

. The circumstances change their opinions. ............... And . 3-He is a very opportunistic person

C- With effort A- Through B-

D- According to In communication

. is. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- Living in very big cities.

C- Economical A- Expenses
D- Basic B- Expensive

. . . . . . They take their food to the market and . . . . . . . . . . 5- Farmers after harvest. they sell.

C- The result A- Effort B-

D- Saman Embedding

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.

known for a long time

The country which is known as Iran or Fars, or as the writers and historians call it, Iranshahr, has been

It is the cradle of an authentic civilization and a rich culture, whose area stretches from the banks of the Indus River in the east to the Euphrates River in the west and from

And
The foothills of Jihun and the Caucasus Mountains in the north have been extended to the coast of the Persian Gulf in the south,

and have produced works of great majesty and splendor from ancient times to the present.
Machine Translated by Google

57 Cold press Railway ÿ

The Iran fault, which is sometimes called the Great Iran fault, and is a large part of Iran, about

It is 1200 meters above sea level. But the height of a major part of the width of the fault exceeds this amount

and the Persian Gulf in the south that there are low and low lands And it is only in the narrow coastal plains of the Caspian Sea in the north

It is located on the coast of the seas. And

Its height is between Falt heights

Tehran, Tokyo and Tulsa in Oklahoma, USA are located in an orbit of 44/35 north latitude. area

Is
And in terms of the size of the land, it is at the feet of the vast countries of Asia, such as Iran is about 1,648,000 square kilometers, and does not

reach China. (same source, pp. 43-44)

B- Write articles about the railways in your country that include an

introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conc

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each sentence

syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal,

descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Shahriar

Seyyed Mohammad Hossein Behjat Shirazi known as Shahriar (1906-1988) is a contemporary Iranian poet who wrote in

And it grew. The most important work of Shahriar Manzome He writes poetry in Persian and Azeri. He was born in the city of Tabriz. He is

Haidar Babaye Salem (peace be upon Haider Baba). Shahriar was a follower of the classical tradition of Persian poetry.

now why

Unfaithful now that I have fallen, why? You came to my sacrifice, but why now? You

You wanted this earlier, why now? drank medicine and came after Sohrab's death

I am your guest today, why tomorrow? Our life is not your deadline for today and tomorrow

Why not pamper the young people now? Naznina, we have given youth to your cuteness

Why are you so oblivious to me? that with these short lives are worthless Whoah

O sweet lips, why the bitter answer? Farhadam's enthusiasm had lowered his head to the question

Why so much with my sleepy luck? O night of Hijran, which suddenly did not enter my eyes

I wonder why it doesn't spread to the world As the sky disturbs the gathering of the aspirants,

Khamshi was a condition of loyalty, why the commotion you did not travel in the autumn of Hajr-Gol.

You are going on this journey to doomsday for only one reason
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Railway Cold cold 58

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to memorize a few bits of it.

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are

similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb

drug
After Ramgshorab

Explanation:

This parable is related to the famous story of Rostam and Sohrab in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Rostam when parting from

After knowing that they will soon have a child, his wife Tehmina gave Tehmina an armband, which she gave to

tie his arm After some time, Tahmina gave birth to a son and tied the armband to his arm. Sohrab is getting bigger
became
And he was like his father in bravery and bravery. One day he talked to his mother about his father and realized that

who is his father Sohrab decided to go in search of his father and be with him. But Rostam and Sohrab did not know

They faced each other and fought together. First, Sohrab defeated Rostam, but in the Pahlavi style

They decided to fight again and this time Rostam defeated Sohrab and his heart with his dagger

tore It was after this that Rostam saw the armband on Sohrab's arm and realized his mistake and followed someone.
He sent the potion. But the work was over and Sohrab died.

Application:

This example is used when a person is looking for a solution to solve a problem, but he reaches the goal

And the solution is no longer useful. That work is over

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google

lesson Nine

Famines in Iran

1
3 is placed. 2 terrible Exposed to more or less famines The land of Iran, since the ancient times, many times
A A

To and exclusively Historians and experts, simple-minded, tried to prevent the occurrence of said famines Some
4 only

justice should be observed, insurance and incompatibility of nature should be 6 , but if they attribute it to the side of logic and 5 nature, anger

It is not the only factor. only as one of the causes of famine - and the analysis of numerous famines

8
for a long time, clearly and alternating 7 that have occurred in the vastness
a
of Iran take it

9 It is a fact that in addition to the natural and geographical causes , historical and social factors have also played the role and contribution of determinants in creatingtelling

and the occurrenceorofintensifying

conflicts. these famines. Among the most important 13 of these noteworthy 11 factors are frequent wars, tribal sovereignty,

and conflicts 14
and invasion

1
Many times = several times = several times
A

2
More or less = relatively

3 terrible = terrible = terrible = scary

Said = mentioned 4

5
Anger = anger

Attributing = attributing 6

7
Intermittent = one after the other

8
Clearly = clearly

9 Goya = expressive

10 causes (causes) = reason (reasons)

Noteworthy = noticeable 11

12
Intensification = strengthening

13
Ohm = the most important

14 conflict = conflict
Machine Translated by Google

Mohan Sard ÿ Naria Yah Yathaq 60

Authorities
16 political and insecurity, inefficiency 17 and bad politics 18 and cruel 19 rulers 20 and permanent between the rulers 15, instability

24
Diwani, as well as the prevalence of financial corruption among them, autocracy of rulers, mistrust and lack of solidarity .

between the masses of the people and the rulers, as well as some infrastructure inadequacies, such as the lack of a communication network, proper transport

And facilities, rudimentary equipment, and the like .

26 level of health and medical care and transmission, being low

Weakness
and As a general and general judgment, it can be said that in the creation of the investigated famines and determining the severity

And the historical and social reasons - which in each case have a special combination of causes, often a mixture of 28 natural factors - have been effective. ) Kabati,

Ahmed. Famines of Iran: What do I know about Iran? C.59 Tehran: Office of Cultural Research. 2005 p.10-9

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- What do the common people attribute the causes of famine in Iran to?

2- What were the different causes of famine in Iran?

3- What contribution has politics made in the occurrence of famine?

4- What does the analysis of famine in Iran indicate?

15
Amir = Caliph
16 instability = not stable
17
Bikfaiti = Bilyagti
18
Bad policy = bad policy
19 oppression = oppression
20
Ruler = Ruler
21 corruption = decay = decay

22 solidarity = tyranny = arbitrariness

23
Lack = lack
24 solidarity = integration = unity
25
Failure = weakness

26 Being low = being low

27 Nazair = example

28 mixture = mixture = combination

Machine Translated by Google

61 Naria Yah Yathaq ÿ Mohen Sard

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Full of Persian historical texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Books .

Often at short intervals . . . ........ . . . . . . . It is regional . . . . . . . . famines . . . . . .

........... . ,. more or less, with . . ........ . . . . . Is. The frequency of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . repetition

this . The periods of drought and drought have been symmetrical.. ...

. Fast supply of points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And . The past, of course, the possibility ... .. ..... . ......
.... ... ..... .... of carrying. . The product has not been provided to low yield areas. So, . ....... .. ......

. . A region causes scarcity and famine in it ........ .... As soon as the drought occurs. . .

d. . Comment .... ........ .. . . Different regions of the country, Isfahan region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Is. At . The
. . . . . . . . . . . . Where in some . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . famines that happened have an exceptional situation. . . .

It has faced famine. (same source, p. 106) .... ..... ..... . Periods, every two or three years. ....

B- Choose the correct option.

. It destroyed the houses by the ocean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1 storm.

C- Sahmaghin A-
D. Corrupt Intermittent B- Said

. to Ferdowsi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- These poems. . .

C- Mixture A- Ohm B-

D- Assigned Intensification

. And Rwan expressed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- Yesterday's speaker talked a lot.

C- As if A-
ÿ

D- Repeatedly Inadequate B- Clearly

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The resignation of the former president is still unknown. -4

C. A- Intensification

Causes D. Autocracy B- Corruption

- 5 nations of a country can . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Create a people's revolution.

C. Solidarity Bad policy A- B-

D. Conflict Instability
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Mohan Sard ÿ Naria Yah Yathaq 62

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.
It is as old as the history of this land. Since ancient times, the inhabitants of Falt Iran have been dealing withfamine in Iran, a history of
a

cyclical occurrence, with famine and scarcity, and every once in a while, many victims have been killed as a result.

have given.

The causes of these famines have been discussed a lot. Some researchers are simple-minded and hasty about the causes and have

gone to the closest factor in their opinion - the fury of nature - and the countless misfortunes that have gone to famine, once and for all,

as a result of nature's insurance on the people of Iran for many centuries. Q B

they know

No, it contains the whole reality: there is no doubt that regions like and in And This idea is not completely devoid of reality

comparison with the average Iranian fault - compared to parts of the world such as Western and Northern Europe, Canada, the whole

world - did not have enough moisture and rainfall and do not have enough. On this occasion, throughout history, many disasters in Iran

have originated from intermittent droughts.

Despite this, it would be far from logic and reality if the role of various social factors is very effective and decisive
ÿ

And history in the creation and evolution of famines in Iran should be ignored or underestimated.

In the meantime,more reflection on the contribution and influence of the government system in Iran and its relations with the people

is worthy of attention, and as far as we can safely say, if there was no authoritarianism, inefficiency and corruption of governments in
A

Iran, it would not have happened, or at least there would be consequences for It was milder and less expensive. From many famines in Iran

Therefore, it is not out of place that with respect to Dr. Homa Natiq, who has found a close connection in his scholarly research in the

field of corrupt history in Iran, cholera and unpopular government and cholera in Iran between "the calamity
a famine
between
and the occurrence of
a

The government system in Iran should also seek solidarity and communication.

Although we will end the speech with this summary and conclusion of the researchers of Professor Shuko Okazaki, it was originally

stated about the famine of 1288 A.H., but it is true about the majority of Iranian famines.

It is true:

"The cause of the famine in 1288 was the occurrence of two consecutive droughts. But this wing is by no means the result of

Belhousi. A large part of the responsibility for this unfortunate event can, realistically, not be directed at the higher. authorities,

owners, grain merchants, and some clerics who were involved in hoarding and abuse. Also, the central nature. He recognized the

government and the governors of the provinces and districts who plan and take effective measures for reform
Machine Translated by Google

63 Naria Yah Yathaq ÿ Mohen Sard

They did not use the situation, in this case they deserve to be blamed. In other words, the greed and incompetence of the statesmen was the

cause of hunger and suffering of the people as much as the drought and stinginess of nature.

(same source, pp. 107-108)

B- Write articles about natural beauty in your country that include an

introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a concl

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition.
After that, analyze each sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and

proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal, descriptive and
adverbial expressio

Poetry: Rudaki
ÿ

Abu Abd al-La Jafar bin Muhammad known as Rudaki (940-858) is an Iranian Persian poet. His poems

And for this reason, he is called the father of Persian poetry. Eulogy, The oldest surviving Persian poems are
. education and lyricism, which are the main themes of Rudaki's poems

The smell of the atmosphere of Molyan

Y Yadiyar Maharban will come to me

YI want to come

Voshti-
I don't want to rapZari app ahiav Rigamoyo Rd

YI will come to Khangmaraatmian

Abaj Yahunaz, cheerfulness,

YI am happy to meet Mir Zito Roidoost, Ibakhara, Shad

YI will come to Rasosuibostan Bashodri, Mir Raswastobukhara,

YI will come to the sky Bostan Mir, Mahestobukhara, Asman

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to
memorize a few bits of it.
Machine Translated by Google

Mohan Sard ÿ Naria Yah Yathaq 64

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are similes,

metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb

Yaq Yaqrahchal Khal Khal

Application:

that they want Everyone lives the way they deserve and tries to get something

Elig knows it. When someone accepts his difficult life and does not try to change it, he cannot
knows
and welfare and comfort and forced to do this; Because he doesn't see himself as worthy of all that hardship. This parable emphasizes
ÿ

that everyone lives their own way Freedom in the limit

determines and deserves to live like that.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google

10th lesson

Iran's natural heritage

1
and animals 2 plants are amazing. roughness, climatic conditions, . The nature of Iran is very diverse

They include 3 natural and biological geography, together they have formed groups that in a sense

It can be considered unique all over the world.

4 The Persian Gulf and the 6 The presence of high mountains that are always covered with snow to tropical forests overlooking
5
Lut Sea on the other side, in addition to the humid forests of Gilan and Mazandaran to the dry deserts And Oman on the one hand

7 climate, topography and geology cause the emergence of a wide range of types of ecosystems in this set of contradictions

It has become a land. The manifestations of nature in vast Iran are so diverse that it has elements from Europe, Asia and Africa in its heart. These elements,

8 Iran's characteristics,
along with animal species, plants and landscapes

has done 9 This diversitydoubling

is due tothe
thecapabilities
location ofand
Iran,characteristics
which is like aofcrossroads
the country's nature

between the biogeography of three continents. In other words, the diversity of the ecosystem in Iran is the reason why it is sometimes unique10.

and various animals and landscapes and up to 8000 species of plants - some

botanists believe that this variety can be increased to 12000 species 11- 174

Inland water fish species, 20 amphibian species, 206 reptile species, 514 bird species, 168 mammal species, 25

1 different = various = various

regional weather 2 climate =

3
In a sense = in other words

4 adjacent to = adjacent to

5 on one side = on the other hand

6 ultra dry = very dry

7 Contradiction = Incompatibility

8 landscape = landscape
9
Double = double
10
To have = to have
11
promotion = increase
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Mahd Sard ÿ Naria Yaibat Tharim 66

A thousand species of insects and specifically 358 species of day-flying butterflies include that part of the country's species

diversity that has been known so far. The available information about Iran's nature can be compared to an iceberg, only a small

part of which has been revealed. In addition, the available findings are scattered and inconsistent in most cases. Except for a

handful of works12 that have dealt with Iran's animal species13, not much research and classification has been done about the

country's nature components. Of course, there is hope that with further research, 14 plant and animal species of Iran will be added.

count

Unplanned exploitations, unmeasured development and destruction of the land with an increasing trend15 have caused the

country's nature and natural resources to lose many of their capabilities. Fortunately, the areas that have been somehow protected

16, the remaining natural resources of the have become islands of hope, to some extent with proper management

country can be preserved with their help 18.

16 national parks, 13 national natural monuments, 33 wildlife sanctuaries, 90 protected areas, 88 hunting areas, 91 forest

country's reserves that are prohibited for protection, 22 international lagoons, 9 biosphere reserves and the protection of the

nature. They hope that they can play their main role in the case of wise management and productivity. Khosravi Fard, Sam.

Natural heritage of Iran: What do I know about Iran? Vol. 63 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2011 p.5-6

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- How has the natural and biological geography of Iran made this country unique in the whole world?

2- What is the reason for the emergence of different types of ecosystems in Iran?

3- What effect has Iran's location between three continents had on the country's ecosystem diversity?

4- What has caused the country's nature and natural resources to lose many of their capabilities?

5- What has the author likened the existing findings about Iran to? Why?

12 handfuls = few
13
To pay = to check

14 number = number
15
Increasing = increasing
16
correct = true
Madd = help 17

18 to preserve = to maintain
19
Talab = catchment = pond
20
Productivity = exploitation
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67 Naria Yaibat Tharim ÿ Mahd Sard

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. National Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It gives the annual value of each lion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statistics.

It was 27 thousand dollars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ambulance in Kenya is the only source of tourist revenue.

Asiatic cheetah, of which only 60 remains in Iran. According to the . . . . . . . . . . . . . While as .

amount of the hunting fine for each species, a maximum of 220 million liras - including the ... ... . ... .... . .
figure. Bio-economic value. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and losses of the organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . That
. such figures are taken from the wrong person
. . . . . . . . . . . . . have - conditional . .
. . . . . . It is possible to visit these rare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - But if there is a field to attract tourists.
. . . . animals. . will be achieved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Permanent and huge incomes. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .in. . . . . . . . , a milk more than 216 million
to express . . . . An African country ... . . .... . .
. . . Without . . . . . . . . . . . . . liras. . . has brought From this figure.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . One year of
. . . . . . . . . income. . Taking into account the ecological values and the biological diversity of animals has been obtained. . .

. How far is the economic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rare Iranian cheetah with African lion. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . value? . . In addition, the economic values still. arise.
. . . . . . . . . . It is unlikely. . . .
. . . . . . . Note that these incomes can be related. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tourist revenues of the country. . .
. . . . . . . . It is so low . . . . . . . . . . . . . Natural and cultural heritages. . . . . . . . . . . .
. Animals of Iran presented. The result is that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Can't get any statistics. . ..... . .
and methods. Not calculated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Still the value of Iran's animals in economic
. . . . . . . . . . . . . terms. Their exploitation is still limited to traditional hunting
correctly. . . Is. Now that

. the most . . . . . . . . . . . . . methods. . Watching wildlife today is one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. ..
profitable Value the beasts correctly . . ... . .... ... Sectors of the tourism industry have become It is obvious to

. . . . . . . It will contribute to the . . ...... ... ... . . calculate and local people in the resulting benefits

protection of nature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . They will try. Why . . . . . . .... . .

. . and to . . . . . . . . . . . . The state of wildlife in the region is improving. . . . ... . ... . ... . .
. . . Overpopulation of huntable animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . As a result, local people will be able to

. . . . . . . . . . . . meet their needs. Also nature protection. . . . . . . It . . . . . . . . . . . harvest. a part . .

. . . . gives that of other natural gifts. . . . . ... . . . ... . . . Native people have this possibility. ..
. . . Use different methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plants in your area. . . ... ... . .

(same source, p. 110)

Machine Translated by Google

Mahd Sard ÿ Naria Yaibat Tharim 68

B- Choose the correct option.

. It is between colors. ............... -1 The beauty of art in creation.

C- Promotion A- Number B-

D. Climate Contradiction

. has done. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -2 paintings hanging on the wall of the beauty of this house.

C- Twice A- A handful
d- ultra dry B- help

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to a mosque. 3. Our house

C- Musharraf A- On the one hand

d- B- Increasing
correct

. Deprivation of oil resources is a very wrong thing. ................ -4

C- Possession A- Taaleb
d- payment B- Productivity

................. 5- He went from the position of the Ministry of Interior to the position of

kept C- He was promoted Prime Minister. A- He

D. He asked for help b

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.

Knowing their benefits, on the other hand, will cause the need to protect familiarity with nature and natural resources,

on the one hand, and these God-given manifestations in different individuals and groups of society. This is the only

way to take advantage of Iran's natural heritage and pass it on to future generations. In the meantime, government

organizations and institutions will not be able to play the role that every individual of a society has in protecting and

maintaining their nature and land.

And
If today our ancestors are accused of lack of knowledge, because of which they lost the Persian lion and tiger, and with

their unwise behavior, they threw these two beautiful animals into the abyss of extinction, in case of repeating such tragedies,
Machine Translated by Google

69 Naria Yaibat Tharim ÿ Mahd Sard

The future generations will consider the present generation guilty because today a little knowledge cannot be considered as

an excuse for destructive activities.

What is left of Iran's nature today can definitely be improved in terms of quantity and quality, provided that there is widespread

participation and genuine empathy among all Iranians.

Despite the global attention to the environment, unfortunately, the activity and determination to learn among the

people of the society in order to maintain this national capital is not felt much. The mountains, which are the epitome

of pride and the source of the most important life-giving element in the world, water, are used unbridled and its water

sources are also polluted, and the deserts lack the beauty and value of natural wells and caves, and sometimes they

turn into garbage dumps, the pollution of the shores of the Caspian Sea. It pains the heart of every nature lover,

many plant and animal species are on the verge of extinction and finally, profiteers are looking to take over Iran's

national and international reserves. It is possible to get these bitter realities easily from Al-Bahali newspaper pages

and browsing other mass media. Stopping the accelerated process of destruction and pollution of nature and the

regression of the environment can only be realized by recognizing the values, capabilities and characteristics of the

living elements of nature. When such an understanding is achieved, each person will continue his evolution as a

protector of the environment, avoiding unreasonable bumps. Otherwise, in the future of the Kurds and thus the

nature of the country, there will be no trace of it. A legacy that Iran's natural heritage will deteriorate from the near

future and must be handed over to future generations. (same source,

Thepp. 111-112)
past is entrusted to today's generation

B- Write articles about the nature and natural heritage of your country that
include an introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclu

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition.
After that, analyze each sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and

proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial expres

Poetry: Ferdowsi

Abulqasem Ferdowsi (1020-940) is an Iranian Persian poet. His book Shahnameh is one of the most important

and ancient rituals The writings of ancient Persian literature are considered. This book is full of stories, legends
and for this reason it has been very important in Iranian nationalism. It is Iranian

Battle of Rostam and Sohrab

stubborn
Unfortunate search Heberserb too Don't worry

RRogvndarhdudvalkam Kestir said in the lesson

Heb
Machine Translated by Google

Yam
Or Yaibat Thar Nar cold nursery ÿ 70

brought me He
You said, "I'm going to fight a happiness, I am

tiger with a mane, and you happy, I am in the middle of

sorrow

said that the Lord of the time didn't the phase, I have a

d
want me to stay Young Lear hand, I am

awake, I knew that the oppressed, I bend down, I

lion was awake in Lord

drink a sharp glass from the

my heart, and I gave him middle of the room,

a key in the hand of the Sayyed you turn me around, and you talk to me.

time." You are the same

age as you, but

you are not playing, Heb

R Z but you are

Bloodhungry.
Heb

May you be Let

convinced me be thirsty for

of wash hey your blood.

your abduction and become

a page

of my bed See the ashes

Because someone wanted

Demandingto show the oppression test Insect killer

of Rabdesvir
MChesh Don't be cruel, don't ask people

intelligence
said to him, Jahanpish Heb

"Good luck to you, and you sign

You are oppressing me now.

don't want me to kill you."

Instead
Henmai

I rejected
Rabkhasht Awazkusaz Chu
Machine Translated by Google

71 Naria Yaibat Tharim ÿ Mahd Sard

One of the beads of my arm was same I'm not happy to go to the

place Rema
not closed when
it came to work

So work tour
B
The father of the father-in-law

athlete went to the front, Shenrovan is also a Hebrew

Nwith me, the star ofthe day, man who knows his father.

became e became e
the speaker
of the day,

the return of Rama,

also

enlightened the body, he did Both

not
N sit back, he was a Lord of my hands
Both

He said, I also throw away my house

stood up to the brave star, and he

people, and the rap of the "Sahrabkin is not good enough to kill

reputation of the smoker was not necessary, and the fatwa was like this. you now." Yankho from

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one

page. B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to
memorize a

few bits of it. C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are

used? How many examples? Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem i

proverb

Zamharpadr
Jorastad b
a

Explanation: This is a stanza from a Saadi poem:

Neshreb Kanahad Sim Loh Rhabmuktabdad

hi pas

Jorastad Buzmehrpadr apadsha rbarsulhawanushtehbazar

Machine Translated by Google

Mahd Sard ÿ Naria Yaibat Tharim 72

There is also a story related to this proverb. They say that the school teacher was very bad-tempered

He punished the excuses of school students. The children complained to their parents about the teacher.

As a result, they fired the bad-tempered teacher and replaced him with a good-natured and kind teacher. Children

They used it and since the new teacher had nothing to do with them, in the width From the good manners of the teacher,
they had
And they abandoned work and turned the school into a battlefield. parents not studied for a few days

and when they saw that the children came home every day with bloody heads and faces and no lessons or homework, they understood the problem.

where is it. They took the new teacher and brought the previous bad-tempered teacher to the classroom and used this example.

Application:
A

It is said when the children complain about their teacher or when the younger ones complain about the elders. This is as usual

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google

11th lesson

Market

1
2 economic aspects of it are raised, and mainly When the market is mentioned today, in the first place

4 Its social and urban role was much more important than today. 3 This feature, while in the past
A

5 cities were formed and the main city road was considered along the most important road and passage Because the market often

7
and buildings 6 All public and urban activities and spaces were directly or indirectly related to it and more or less

there wereLike
8 unique
the Grand
important
Mosque,
spaces
there
in were
each numerous
city, and because
religiousnews
schools
andand
information
caravanserais
often along it, and

unique and in the form The central arrangement was

of oral information, while today it is only used as a shopping and transportation center, the market is the center of news dissemination and

10 9
At attention, because of the development of cities in the contemporary era and the creation of roads and transformation. Trading

14. Desirableand other developments, 12. opportunities for adapting 13. markets to new conditions 11 ways of production and supply of

goods and new shopping and commercial centers are scattered in various places in the city. Mosad has not provided And

1
In the first place = in the beginning
A
2
mainly = generally = mostly

3
In addition to = in addition to

4 characteristics = characteristics

5
Mabar (passages) = place of passage
A
6
More or less = approximately

7 Being related = having a relationship

A

= often 8 often

Trade = business 9 gave

and

10 transformation = change

11
Method = method

12 Majal = opportunity

13. Adaptation = assimilation = adaptation

14
in the manner = in the form = in the form
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Razab cold kindergarten 74

Suitable and attractive spaces for citizens are not considered because most of them are in 15 often These new centers physically

sound 16
and are located and lack of sufficient safety due to the traffic of all kinds of motor vehicles, head and Next to the busy streets

19 18
The movement of vehicles reduces the quality of commercial space. Lack of 17 indoor spaces and air pollution caused by

20
And history can be classified into three groups. First, the markets of big cities have continued as their economy22, and Old markets

21
tourist attractions23 Like life today Tehran, Isfahan, Tabriz and
A

There have been And history has also made them important, but due to the density of some uses

24
changes in them. The second group is the markets of some medium and small cities, which are alive and used on a limited level because illegal

25
of the needs of a part of the city's people, and parts of them are abandoned or semi-abandoned. The Their economy is dependent on supply

markets of the cities of Qazvin and Semnan are of this type. Group 26 , which includes some markets in small cities due to the relocation of the city

center and third transformations.

And some of their spaces, basically along the main roads of the city and shopping centers, have been largely abandoned and are in a state of

ruin27. Markets in cities like Nayin and Zavareh are examples of such markets.

In this way, in the contemporary period of urban and physical life, most of the markets are in various forms and we could not replace them with

desirable and suitable commercial spaces. (Sultan is in danger) 28 Zadeh, Hossein. Iranian markets: what do I know about Iran? C. 11 Tehran:

Office of Cultural Research. 2002, pp. 108-109.

15 physical = physical
Came 16
Busy = full and lack =
17
not
18
resulting from = resulting from

19
Cut down = decrease
20
Old = old = ancient
21
Hayat = life
22
To continue = to continue

23 tourism
24
Illegal = incorrect

25 provide = provide
26
To include = to include
27
Destruction = destruction

28
To be in danger = to be in danger
Machine Translated by Google

75 Razab ÿ Cold kindergarten

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- How was the market in the past different from today's market?
A

Suitable and attractive spaces for citizens 2- Why are there new shopping centers that are scattered throughout the city?

Do not count?
3- How many groups are the ancient and historical markets? Give some examples.

4- Why is the urban life of markets endangered today?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

Market . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . The meaning of the place of purchase and . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . And a good supply. market word

. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . Some languages. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . And . . . . it is old . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

Iran has existed. Bazaar in Middle Persian. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . "Wazar" face and with combinations. .
work is done; . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . "Vazark" (market) and "Vazargan" (merchants). . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .
has been used. This is an Iranian word. Iran . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . And in the party as "Vajar".

had commercial exchanges. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . The lands that . . .. . . . . .. . . . . some

countries . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . Arab, Turkish, Ottoman and some other lands. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

European has been launched.

. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . stated. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Bazar is derived from a Pahlavi word Dehkhoda has

. And they are this . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . "wakar". Portuguese .taken.

. . .. . . . . .. . . . . Is. French word for market. . have

been taken from the Iranians.. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

. The title is the name of the place. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Meaning of place . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . In the Farsi language of the market.

of purchase. The fact that this word today is more about permanent markets, . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . And . And the sale is good

..
sometimes . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . It is used in . . .. . . . . .. . . . . The main and old cities of the old and .

. . The place of purchase and sale was . . .. . . . . .. . . . . sometimes with prefixes or suffixes to . And simple face
absolute. Conceptual Persian literature. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . And has wide. and
. . .. . . . . .. . . . . Is. market word It
. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . and crowded; The credibility and importance of persons, etc. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . means

going to work. (same source, pp. 11-12)

Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Razab cold kindergarten 76

B- Choose the correct option.

. Was. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 1 - All the slanders that were thrown at him

C- Unlawful A- More or
D- High traffic less B- Old

2- The best. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . What is your personality?

C- Destruction A- Passage
D. Characteristic B- Syntax

. . fear . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 3-People who have important and key jobs are always aware of their position.

have.

C- Be included A- To adapt B-
D- to be in danger
To continue

has a major . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . and you need a 4- Your way of thinking is very traditional

C- Majal and A- Trade

d- supply B- Transformation

5- In this land of natural beauty. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . It has left an impression.

C- Destruction A- Ways B-
D- Risks Passages

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.

The market has been considered the most important axis of communication and urban space in Iranian cities in the

past because the main and permanent markets in every city were usually formed along the most important road and

city axis that continued from a gate to the city center; In other words, in the first place, a main road was started, and

sometimes a production was formed next to it, and gradually a market emerged. And there was a lot of traffic, and the

commercial spaces and the gradual formation of the market were due to the fact that most Iranian cities emerged from

the development of a village and only a handful of cities were built in a planned way.
Machine Translated by Google

77 Razab ÿ Cold kindergarten

Based on the available documents, it can be assumed that the historical background of markets reaches at least several thousand years

BC. The bazaar of each city had an organic and coherent connection with other urban spaces until the beginning of the modern century, but

since the beginning of the contemporary era, following the development of cities and the creation of streets for vehicular access and determining

the patterns of settlement and urbanization, its connection with other urban spaces was gradually broken.

And the centers located along it, and on the other hand, the and spacesThe
on the
urban
oneposition
hand, the
of the
location
marketand

bazaars in urban life, caused the bazaar to be not only a space of importance of the role and social status of economic guilds, but also a space

for many social activities, including the holding of national and religious festivals. In the same way, the atmosphere of the market gets a special

appearance during religious mourning.

Especially in the Islamic era, the The role and social function of the market is not only limited to the mentioned cases, but often

bazaars were the most important trade and social organizations that, especially in big cities, sometimes stood up to despotic governments and

rulers.

The physical characteristics of the permanent and covered markets were such that a favorable and suitable atmosphere was created for

passers-by and buyers. The covered market made the space inside them cooler in summer than the open space and warmer in winter. Also,

passers-by were safe from the sun, wind, and rain, and that was the reason why people sometimes spent part of their hours in the market.

(same source, pp. 9-10)

centers of your country in the past and the presentB- Compare the commercial
and write articles on this topic that include an introduction, three paragraphs
of the main text and a conclus

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each sentence

syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal,

descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Khayyam

Abul-Fath Umar Ibn Ibrahim Khayyam Neishaburi (1131-1048) is an Iranian Persian philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, and poet.

Although Khayyam's fame in the contemporary period in Iran was mostly due to the quatrains he wrote in Persian, in the past he was

thinking about the associated with works written in Arabic. He wrote in philosophy and science. The secret of life, the pain of life,

present and the futility of the world are among the concepts that can be seen in Khayyam's quatrains.
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Razab cold kindergarten 78

potter workshop

I saw Dozharkoze, speechless and silent I went to take a shower after

Kokozeregokoze Rokhkokoze Rafosh taking a jar and got a jar

Spectator

Rabkhiz Wahb Jambadeh Kanz Omar Dast It is because of you that you are in

e Ka
He will raise you from the dust Rafda too love with me

resting place

You didn't get far or a You were not in a place of peace for

Kashaz
You didn't blow because you were green a hundred thousand years

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to
memorize a few bits of it.

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are similes, metaphors and

other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb
Hand
I'm sorry Yam I'm sorry, I'm sorry to see you

Explanation:
A

Bread made from flour is better and tastier than bread made from other grains. usually

Application:
A

We haven't tried it, but we understand it with the help of our intelligence and senses, bad and although something we personally

We recognize the good in each other. This example is used against someone who assumes that his audience is ignorant

goes.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google

12th lesson
palm tree

2
1 Shiites of Iran, in their ritual-religious shows and mourning groups during the days of mourning The Shiite world, especially

4
and to And other than that religious, they decorate boxes, figures and devices in the form of shrines, grave boxes, palm trees 3

5
They turn neighborhoods. And
The name of the coffin of religious martyrs in the passes

Carrying coffins and other coffin-like arrangements in mourning groups raises the following questions in the viewer's mind.

And does it have a meaning? 6 raises. What is the custom of palm turning in mourning groups and what is the meaning of curious and researcher

7
9 ancient and examples 10 of 8 from an event What is the custom of moving the coffin? Can this ritual be preserved? cause to arise

Did he know the initial myths and the repetition and imitation of the ritual behaviors of the people of primitive societies? These questions and questions
A

The mind of every researcher and viewer of this type of ceremony is occupied. A few of these common ones

Coffin carrying , or in general any form of casket such as palm, hajla and simulacrum for religious people 11

The cause of this type of behavior and religious rituals is a part of their religious practices in normal life and its role in

A
1
= Especially especially = especially

2 Mourning = Mourning

3
Except that = like that = similar to that

4 to decorate = to decorate

5 passage = passage

6 researcher = searcher
7
To emerge = to come into being
8
Remains = remains = works

9
event = event = occurrence = incident

10
Masadaq (examples) = sign
11
Religious = pious = religious

12 action = activity = work

13
Ibadi = for worship
Machine Translated by Google

Mahdzavad Sard ÿ Nakhel Gardani 80

16 them with saints 17 national and religious culture and with 15 hidden strings, 14
It manifests the spiritual and ideal life of people

meaning
and its symbolic meaning18 , and the background19 of simulation links People don't have accurate and clear information about the origin of these

exemplary coffins and in mourning bands, and most of them carry all kinds of religious clothes similar to coffins.

They consider the old official and surviving 20 of the customs of the ancestors 21 22 . For example, they say because their fathers and ancestors in mourning

Religious martyrs used to make the likenesses of martyrs and their coffins, and on the anniversary of their martyrdom with bundles

And
And they imitate and repeat the behavior of their ancestors! The justification of people mourning from such rites 23 , they also rites

Justification rituals
24 is general and based on hearsay and sayings that have been handed down from the past to the future generations.

It is the
collective consciousness The public justification of this allegorical behavior is based on 25 public logics and on a set of

and the background of the coffin and the reference of the origin of the argument It is based on ancient beliefs and oral traditions. But the same justification and simulating

26 Some facts help. to the old customs, we more or less understand

Allegorical and symbolic forms of religious behavior and the use of symbolic objects in religious rituals and ceremonies

A religion alien to ideas

a
They are special meanings that make it somewhat difficult to understand them and evaluate them with criteria outside the scope of

people's thinking27 . Therefore, the philosophy of finding 28 such exemplary forms and similes and sarcophagi

In the ritual-worship behavior of the people of each society, it should be in the religious culture of that society and in the belief system of the people

It is searched in the distant past, and in the mythological history and cultures mixed with the culture of those people.

did Blokbashi, Ali. Nakhel Gerdani: What do I know about Iran? Vol. 18 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2001, pp. 9-10

14 Manifesting = revealing
15
string = link
16
Nahani = secret
17
innocent Saint =
18
Symbolic = allegorical

19
History = history
20
Opened = left behind
21
Ancestors = ancestors = fathers
22
To think = to think

23 Rituals = Rituals = Customs

24
justification = reasoning
25
based on

26 to understand = to understand = to understand = to realize

27
difficult = hard
28
Genesis = emergence = coming into being

29 mixed with = mixed with

Machine Translated by Google

81 Nakhel Gardani ÿ Mahdzavad Sard

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- Describe the Shiite mourning ceremony

2- What questions does carrying a coffin and other mourning ceremonies raise in the mind of every viewer?

And what is the relationship between religion today and the thoughts of the past? 3. Rituals 4.

What is the popular justification for performing religious ceremonies?

5- Where can you find the philosophy of the origin of this ceremony?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . His famous commentary, . . ...... ... . . Stories of the Majid Qur'an, Bakhshi. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . Abu Bakr Surabadi. . . . .

Coffin cause . . . . . . . . .
a
. .. . . . . He would give victory to Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . He writes: "God Almighty. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . Musa and Harun peace be upon them. This . . . . . . . . . . . . which was his, Yadgar. . . .

. The enemy in advance of the army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . coffin . during war. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The people of

. . . . . . . Sourabadi's interpretation was "Moses' staff and pieces of tablets." . . . . . . . Israel. They carried In that coffin, . .

"Tasht Zarin" and "Quizi" (a cup) of Man (a special food made from the juice of Musa and Harun's turban and
on it. plant and veskinei (calm, peaceful heart); it had a head like a cat's head and a face like a people's face and two feet

. . . . . . . . . . Command . . . . . . . They said that Hazrat . . . . . . . . . . This coffin is the same coffin. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and sheep skin
Musa.
andAnd he it.
inside madeGodgoat hair it from acacia wood (Acacia), or
brought
. . . . . . . . . Bani Israel, the coffin of Prophet Moses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . boxwood with pure

gold. . . . .

. . . You advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wars "that coffin. . . .. . . . ... . . . They thought it was God. . .

. . You fell into the hearts of the disbelievers and you were defeated. . . .. . . . ... . You could hear a song from that Sakina, a fear from it. . . .

. . . . . . . . Al-Qussi Mosque. ..... ..... ... According to a story, the coffin of Sakineh was a long time ago.

. the doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Is. Nasser Khosrow writes in his travelogue: One. . . . . ... ...

Al-Qussi Mosque was called "Bab al-Skinah". "In its atrium is a mosque with many altars." they say
He placed Sakina's coffin, which "God Almighty mentioned in the Qur'an, where the angels
Recapture.
. . . . . . . . They wrote holy light and divine light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sufi elders from the meanings of Sakineh. . .
ÿ

. . . The meaning of divine light has come. . . . . . . . . . . . Ancient

. " . Iranian literature is also "Khara" or "F". ... ... ...
. . . . . Servants, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The belief of Iranians is that God has . .... .... .... ... Building .

. It made him holy, strong and invincible. . . . . . . . . . . . . delegated . . Especially their close kings.
. .. .. . . . . . .
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Mahdzavad Sard ÿ Nakhel Gardani 82

says. He the donkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suhrawardi in three treatises on the belief of ancient Iranians in ÿakhre.

..... It confirms and his body and soul. . It gives strength to man and . . . Defines light. . . . . . . . . . . . .
..... In his opinion, the owners of this light. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It illuminates. .........
....
Building . . Others excel. (The same source, pp. 88-89)

B- Choose the correct option.

have made traffic in busy streets and . . . . . . . . . . 1- Recently in Tehran, some bridges below. . . . . . .
It has made high traffic easier.
C- Field A- Event B-
D- Action
Passage

. There is nothing wrong with your work. It is better to apologize. ............... 2- You have nothing.

C- Justification A- Masadaghi
D- Saint B- Ebadi

. . Omnipotence . . . . . . . . 3- From the tiniest particles to the largest organisms, they all represent everything. . . . . . .

God is on earth.

C- Manifestation
A- Discipline
D. Finding B- Action

4- Contents of this
article. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rumors are false.

C- Especially A- Except
D- An idea of that B- Based on

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5- He can make very beautiful bouquets because he graduated in the

field of flowers.
C- Arai
A- Idea B-
d- mixing
Finding

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.
A

History mixes with legend and historical events as examples In the culture of the people of traditional societies, usually
A

And with mythical logic It is a transhistorical vision It comes from ancient and mythological narratives. The vision of the general public
Machine Translated by Google

83 Nakhel Gardani ÿ Mahdzavad Sard

He looks at history and constructs and evaluates historical events, characters and heroes. Mircha Eliade says:

"People have a desire to find a justification beyond history for historical events, hence, in turning history into

The ancient examples turn the historical figure into an exemplary hero and the historical event into a mythological narrative

He put the senate on a "issue". they do". Henry Carbone "Faith and moral principles of Mazdez" of Iranians who follow the Mazdez religion

The belief of a faithful Muslim beyond history and derived from a "transcendent case". He knows the superior of history,

and all faith and love.

"Historical", that is, "Treaty A

In the traditional culture of Iran, many historical-religious events are mixed with mythological narratives

And the historical heroes have taken on a mythological character and appearance and have become close to eternal examples or examples. To

For example, we can refer to the descriptions of characters and heroes by the authors of historical-religious stories

Their religion, characteristics and images, and their bravery, courage and strength in the obituaries, mourning chamehs, and rozas.

Martyrdom and Tazienameh and books such as Heydarnameh, Khavarannameh, known as Khavarnameh, Amir Hamzanameh and

And real life . have brought In these religious texts, the transhistorical logic of the people prevails over the historical logic . .

of historical characters and events and the way religious heroes testify in an aura of hidden myth and legend.

has been

Carrying allegorical coffins of martyrs, memories Iran's Shiites, in the mourning ceremony of religious martyrs, show the

sufferings of heroes and religious and spiritual figures of religious culture and the secret of their death and rebirth.

They rebuild. In these religious dramas, the people of the holy events of the past and the rituals of the ancestors

And reviving prominent religious memories, as if they happened in the present time, in their daily life

they do.

past is the realization of According to Mircha Eliadeh, showing and repeating a sacred event that happened in the

The reappearance of that event is in the present time. In a topic entitled "periodic repetition, eternal presence", he

In proof of the above opinion, he gives an example and writes: showing the sufferings and worlds of Christ, that is, showing his death and resurrection

In the liturgy of the Holy Week, those events are not only remembered, but these events are again in front of the audience

Believers turn to the religion of Christ. So every true Christian should feel contemporary with these events

Holiness, by displaying events, reality and presence again Manifestation

a
time It is transhistorical. So,

Finds. (The same source, pp. 88-87)

B- Write articles about one of the religious ceremonies of your own religion that
include an introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclus

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each

sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And

then nominal, descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Machine Translated by Google

Mahdzavad Sard ÿ Nakhel Gardani 84

Poetry:

Atar Farid al-Din Mohammad Atar Neishaburi (1146-1221) is an Iranian Persian-speaking mystic and poet.
Atar is a prominent figure in the history of Sufism and mysticism in Iran, and his poems are full of mystical themes.

the fire of your love

Fashan is happier,love is better with Your love is better than life.

love, love is better with a hidden lover,

Zanek is happier with thousands

of lives, Regham Reddtoz is happier,

Redman is happier, Zank

e
Redd Rab Menerzi and Redma

sokhnard is better, love is better, Yasuzi RamaI can't do it

Yavareh Jaran is Ruird d No one wants to see you like a

drought and
happier, Rajmard is happier, a drought

Hem
Survey
Lajmard is happier, Ratar is happier. and Ch

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one

page. B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to
memorize a

few bits of it. C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are

used? How many examples? Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in y

proverb

Newly hacked person, it will get old and annoying

Usage: This proverb is used when replacing something that is old with something new
causes less attention to that old thing. One example of this is when someone makes a new
friend and spends less time with old friends. In this case, old friends mention this parable
when confronting a perso

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it. B-

What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google

13th lesson
Encyclopaedia in contemporary Iran

2 get to know the western civilization. 1 The Iranian government sought Since the end of the 19th century, following the transformation that took place in Europe,

The desire of the Iranian government to get acquainted with the culture and civilization of the West had results, including
4 Bharupa students, Varud Sanat 3 Dispatch

Printing to Iran, establishment of Dar al-Funun school in the capital and other new schools in several big cities of Iran, recruitment

Foreign teachers to teach in these schools and translate western texts into Farsi. These factors in the political situation,

Iran's cultural and social influence was great. One of the most obvious
5 effects, which are related to the topic of this article,

7
There were important works in various fields, such as encyclopedias. 6 to compose Paying attention to the translation of western texts and his efforts at the same time

Before the Iranians started writing scientific journals or cultural journals in today's sense, some foreigners

They created works about Iranian and Eastern civilization and culture; As in 1697 in Paris, a book titled

8 French and By Bartholomew Erbelo de Molenville (1625-1695), Orientalist General dictionary Or East, bibliography

Librarian of the National Library of Paris, published in French. This book includes all topics related to people

and transformations
habits
East, including history, customs and traditions, religions and sects, governments, laws, politics, morals and available to the author.

9
Mafs 11 several and contains 10 medium multi-page It is governments. The contents of the book are based on documentary sources

articles, such as a A page, such as Timur, Harun al-Rashid, Pharaoh, Turk, Fereydon, Misr, and articles

1
Happening = Happening = Happening
2
To decide = to decide
3
including = ÿÿ ÿÿ= for example
4
Dispatch = send
5
Obvious = obvious
6
Talash = effort

7 authorship = writing
8
Orientalist = Orientalist = Orientalist

9 author = author = author

10
contains = contains
11
Joint = long
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Encyclopedia writing in contemporary Iran cold kindergarten 86

Hafez, Taboot, Makkah, Behelet, and 12 one-page short articles , such as Shahjahan, Fariborzshah, Ebrahim and Shahrokh.

Is. When this work was written, the East was not fully known and this book, which is an encyclopedic work, was published until the 18th century.

It was
considered an important source13 in the field of oriental studies and was reprinted many times14. Researchers, from information

which travelers 15 and historians provided 16 , the information of this book was completed 17 and corrected 18 in later editions .

A copy of this encyclopedia published in six volumes between 1781-1783 in the library of the Majlis Shura.

, Persian encyclopedia numerous pages from other volumes; And

19 ) Arblo, 1781, vol. 1 Islamic introduction is found

, 1374 vol., 2/2 p., 3259 under "Herblo". In the 19th and early 20th century, several other valuable works

Written by Friedrich Spiegel (1820-1905), in German. Ancient Iranian culture It was published by Orientalists; including

that which was published in three volumes between 1871 and 1878, in subjects such as geography, races and tribes, mythology,

EffectIranian name list Iran's history, religions, government, laws, art, science and literature from the beginning to the Sassanid kingdom;

Ferdinand Yosti (1837-1907), a German linguist and orientalist, contains 20 explanations of the names of those who are in history and

, AndEncyclopaedia of IranIran's civilization had a place, mentioning 21 sources, and most of them refer to the names of ancient Iran (1354
Aslam

introduction, pp. 9-10); and a work by Baron Josef von Hammer Porgesthal (1774-1856), an orientalist and historian
22 quick Austrian, with the title
, translated from seven Arabic and Persian works Encyclopaedia of Oriental Sciences look
a

and in it a list of Arabic, Persian and Turkish encyclopedias is given.) Moqdasi, and the Turkish Mahnaz that was

published in 1804. Iranian encyclopedias: what do I know about Iran? C.55 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2005, pp. 67-68.

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- What decision did the Iranian government take after the transformation that happened in the 12th to 19th century? how is this

Did you implement the decision?

12
brief = short
13 source = source
14
Reprinted = reprinted
15
Tourist
16
To supply = to present
17 completion = to complete
18
Correct = to fix
19
To be found = to be found

20 contains = includes = contains

21 Zikr = to say = to mention

22 summary = brief = brief = short

Machine Translated by Google

87 ÿ Mahdzis Sard Encyclopaedia in contemporary Iran

2- What factors played a role in the political, cultural and social situation of Iran between the 12th and 19th centuries?
3- Who are the pioneers of writing about Iranian and Eastern civilization and culture?
4- What does the bibliography of the East contain?
5- What valuable works of orientalists were published in the 19th and 20th centuries?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . . . . . can this . . . . . . Assalam and after . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . By examining the works of several

. . . . . . . First, that . . . . . . . . . . . .... He divided three language courses: .. . . . . . . . . scholars. the works . . . . . .

; his servant And religion . Pahlavi languages were written, such as middle . . . . . . . . . . . .... . These works. . . . .......
.. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . of the second century, due to the influence of culture and . . . The second period. . . . . . . . . . . . .

science statistics . were written in Arabic, such . . . . . . . . . Arabic, Iranian scientists and authors of works. . . . . . .

as Fifth, due to the support of Iranian kings, . . . . . . . . . . . .... ; The third period, from the Society sciences And

..... . . They wrote in Persian or translated into Persian. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . beginning. Scientists and authors of their works.

...
Works, registration ............ . What they all have in common.I am worldly And Excellent encyclopedia . ..... . . . . .

. The purpose of its transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A regular collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Knowledge of time.

others have been . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . Comprehensive science, history, ..... ...... . . . The last century of authorship. . ...... ...... . However, since ancient times. .

Today's form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philosophical, religious and literary is the subject of authors' efforts, what is achieved.

. . . . . . . . . It seems; But what is ..... ..... . . . . . . . These works are difficult. . .... ..... Encyclopedia. .

. . done
certain. . . . That the efforts of scientists and authors to collect knowledge in a coherent collection can be .. ....

. He knew on the way to compile today's multi-volume encyclopedias. (same source, p. 66) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the first

B- Choose the correct option.

. It is a wonder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 event that for you

C- Happened A- Offered B-
D- Intended Found

. There are many amounts of iron. . . . . . . . . . beans . . . . . . . - 2 lentils, peas, beans and cabbage

C- Mention A- source
D- Authorship B- contains
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Encyclopedia writing in contemporary Iran cold kindergarten 88

. Blind owl and mannequin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- I like all Sadeq Hedayat's works.

C- Including A- Briefly B- Including

d- in the intention

. This book is very traditionalist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -4

C- Author A- Tourist
D- Mention B- Dispatch

5- It should be for you. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Let me explain what happened in your absence.

C- Orientalist A- Reference

d- effort joint B-

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your

own vocabulary and words
Dinkord: This book can be considered the first Persian encyclopedia due to its coverage of many topics. Religion and

its translations. This great work originally literally means

Avesta which
"religious
the firstauthorship"
and and the book is based on a book of
A

And part of the third book is missing. in terms of

a second books are completely including n

"Sunni" are the names of the institutions that have a large collection of various contents, Deenkord is correctly called "Mazdi encyclopedia"

principles, customs, traditions and history of the Mazda cult. Etiquette is information related to the rules and

Dinkord means "compilation" and "edited". In this book, only the names of two of its authors are mentioned. The last

chapter of the third book contains information about the book itself. After the rise of the Sassanid dynasty and the a

ÿ ÿ ÿ

Khozadan (Azer Farnbagh, son of Gha Fararrival of the Arabs, this book was scattered and confused, until Azarfarnab

Farrokhzad), the great leader of Zoroastrians, in the third century of Hijri and during the reign of Abbasid Caliph Mamun
A

A person named Probably L And (218-198 AH), collected it and freed it from dispersion, but after a while the book was

scattered again. Azarbad, son of Omid , compiled the contents of the book and Dinkord. The contents of the third,

fourth and fifth books of Dinkord are more polemical and philosophical. The third book of Dinkord is the largest book in

existence, which has 420 chapters and its contents are considered Yazidi And it deals with Zoroastrian religious beliefs.
ÿ

The book and its writings are similar to the third book, but it is a polemical aspect of Azar Farakhzad's fourth book and

its contents are weaker than the logical book of creation It is more difficult. The fifth book of questions and answers
a

about Zoroaster's life and metaphysical affairs and divine inspiration and worship, and it should be considered the

greatest instruction. and Zoroastrian religious rituals. The sixth book contains Pahlavi instructions, Pahlavi

knowledge. The seventh book is based on the original text and the translation of three Avesta nasks (books). (The same source, p. 37)
Machine Translated by Google

89 ÿ Mahdzis Sard Encyclopaedia in contemporary Iran

B- Write articles about reference books and their use that include an
introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclusion

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition.
After that, analyze each sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and

proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial expres

Poetry: Nizami Ganjavi

Jamal al-Din Elias bin Yusuf Nizami of Ganjavi (1141-1209) is a Persian-speaking Iranian poet. He lived in the city of Ganja.
Seven He lived and died there. The poems of Khosrow and Shirin, Makhzan al-Asrar, Lili and Majnoon,
Pikar and Divan, Qasayed and Nizami Ghazals are collected in a collection titled Khamsa.

Taking Majnoon's father to the house of the Kaaba

Mah
H

is decorated
Buy it Jersid Rabkhasht is like the season

Sit in the middle of the day Rafzandzaazi Rahabsad

Throat institution
The corner
Lord is like a cube Jahad Adam Suikab
Hasine

It was raining Chunrigarb A rapjoosh gorehebmianzer

They are there

Jagan Jagan Yazkhahnrabamikht heshasbesde red r

fat fat
Tracking Ramadabashta Redia's Jamal Kaaba

He said that he lost Fathab Bagar

Rejected
How many

It is a quick fix This is a playgroundhis child

Throat track
Zukhlaq The Kaaba is the throat
He can also run

He also has a cartSucceeded Yanzgafkari talkative

bringer Z Bringer
Both
Hebra yen tooRahmatkno Red Pena

Fascination and freedom of love

M MRediabhak Mbatalieshg

laugh back first look Nid Yathashgash Besh Nonchuhad Maj

Throat track
Lefkabehzdast Haz He is
from Jaichumar Halq

e
The Lord refused
talking
Lord's rejection
about the throat
I love you, Cho Halq

Throat track

My ears are ringless I love you

You know each other Kainstrat E

Yindseshghkanjda Go
Machine Translated by Google

ÿ Encyclopedic writing in contemporary Iran by Mahdzis Sard 90

I'm sorry
My love is dying
Mangutuz-Ashghmi, we accept the

I wrote that I am a report of his love in the eighth

Lee student of Leeday of Andaleh, it was the love of

God, Yarbeh-Bkhoda, Zak-

Sialbagh,

Mashrabad, and I e- Eshghe-Baghayiti Rasa-nem-

Wow
Eshghde-Rama, the light from
am very happy.

A
the eyes of the streaks of the Shab-

Eshgh-Mess-Kan-Tam-Hek-Khoz-Ashqwa-Go

Rahlah
Lily,
my friend, go ahead

Hesterb Jai with your novel

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page. B-

Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to memorize a few bits of it.

C- In the above

poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are similes,

metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb

Did I die?

Explanation: Firewood is dry wood that is used as fuel to generate heat. Tree branches are wet and damp after being
cut. When we expose them to the heat of the sun, their moisture is lost and they become suitable firewood. If the firewood
is wet, it creates smoke and pollutes the air in the room. In the past, there were people whose job was to prepare firewood
and sell it. In some cases, it happened that the firewood seller sold wet firewood to customers.

It is used when someone is hostile or misbehaving with us without a clear reason. Application: This is as usual

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it. B- What is the

closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google

The fourteenth lesson

Seafaring in ancient Iran

2
And the poems of the Iranian poet, Hakim Abolqasem Ferdowsi, about the sea and seafaring of Iranians, 4 are very 1 Stories from the past

long in the matter of shipbuilding and shipping 3 that the former Iranians Archaeological research also indicates

Have had. Asefnia Ariani writes:

And the evidences of 5 seafaring and commercial shipping have existed in our country since the time of legends until now" without a doubt,

6 In this context, we can count many historical records from the distant past, and every historical document is reliable

7
8 Maritime trade, shipping and maritime affairs to the superiority of Iranians in technology Reached, an authentic document in superiority

It is made of baked flower, which is considered as a guiche in the excavations of 9 Iranian seamen. The oldest existing document
a

And it shows that the motifs of this dialect are related to the era before the appearance of Chaghamish region of Khuzestan.

This clay ball is from the discoveries of two reputable archeology professors, Professor P. Dolugaz, from a college

Eastern University of Chicago and Professor J. Cantor is a professor of Near Eastern languages at the University of California.

These scientists have carried out archaeological excavations four times and 10 times in the Chaghamish hills of Khuzestan, which are

located on the slopes of the Zagros Mountains and the northern edge of Susa, between the Dez and Karun rivers.

1 past = except
2
Anecdote = narrative = story
3
indicating = indicator

4 history = history
5
Undoubtedly = surely

6 reliable = valid
7
Supremacy = excellence

8
Fan = skill
9
present = present
10
Alternately = one after the other
Machine Translated by Google

Rejection of Hydronaird Natsab Naria Mehdrahach Sard ÿ 92

Discovered objects11, the oldest and most interesting Iranian seafaring document, which according to their writing goes back to

six thousand years BC, have been discovered and presented to the world12.

14
tablets13, historical coins and various objects. Apart from this authentic document, cuneiform writings, illustrated

Another one is in hand, which shows that Iranians have been with the sea and shipping al-Fati since long ago

They have had 16

And the border flag is always flying by commercial and military fleets in the seas for a long time

It has been 17.

Meanwhile,
writings of foreign historians, which are often even related to navigation, biased 18 from the written materials and

Historians, domestic scientists as well as poets and writers have dealt with or ignorantly, even the writings of geographers should

be remembered that they show us 19, the position 20 of shipping and seafaring in general in the background of the ups and

downs of Iran's history . And it has been proud" (Noorbakhsh, 1376 pp. 14-15).

Professor Dolugaz, in the last days of his life (he died at his workplace in Chaghamish) stated:

"Archaeologists get most of their information from the remains of pottery. Fortunately, we have access to large quantities of

pottery fragments.

The small pieces of art that are And Remains of excavated buildings, cylinder-shaped seals, furniture

found under the ruins and debris of centuries in Chaghamish will add to the archaeological information.

Noorbakhsh, Hossein. Sailing in Iran: What do I know about Iran? C. 32 Tehran: Office of Cultural Research. 2003 p.24-27

11
Exposed = discovered
12
To have a supply = to present
ÿ
13
= with image illustrated

14
Diverse = diverse

15 Alfat = friendship

16
long = long
17
To be in the air = to be raised (the flag)
18
biased = biased
19
To show = to show

20 position = rank = dignity = dignity

21 to what level = to what extent

22
Sarafaraz = proud
Machine Translated by Google

93 Red Ydronaird ÿ Mahdrahach Sard Natsab Naria

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- What is the oldest existing document of Iranian seafaring?

2- Who discovered the oldest seafaring documents of Iranians?
3- How old is the oldest maritime document of Iranians?
4- Apart from this document, what other evidences are available that show the existence of seafaring and shipping in Iran

Is it old?
5- What has been the status of Iranian shipping throughout history?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . Republic . . . . . . . . . The powerful naval fleet of the Islamic Republic of Iran: with attention and care. . . . . .
. It has its own navy, now. . . . . . . . . . . Iran in all fields. . . . . . . ........... .....
. . . . . . . . . . . throughout the waters of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . force, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. superior and . . . . . . . . . Persian Gulf, . . . . . . . . . . . . face of a force . . ... .. . . . . Oman and the Caspian Sea. ...
It has come without a competitor.

. . . . . . Iran's Islamic fleet consists of various types of warships, such as . . . . . . . . . . Navy .

destroyers, destroyers, anti-marine and surface ships, logistics ships, minesweepers, anti-submarine frigates,

patrol and power-carrying frigates, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Is.

. . . . . . The largest fleet . . . . . . . . . . . From this great force, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spent

and the country The Persian Gulf is under the control of the Islamic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hovercraft area
....
Republic of Iran, which has its navy in Havana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . including countries . . . . . . . . . . . We

. . . has done. These hovercrafts before the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . (hovercraft)
. . Move on land ... ..... And . . . . . . . . Also on the water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . have been

purchased and are very effective in terms of patrolling the coast and carrying out sudden attacks. (same source, pp. 102-103)

B- Choose the correct option.

. does not have. ............... 1- All the nations of the world are equal and none is superior to the other.

C- Supremacy A- Diversity
d- Periodicity B- Imagination
Machine Translated by Google

Rejection of Hydronaird Natsab Naria Mehdrahach Sard ÿ 94

. It is not, so it should not be taken seriously. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- The source of this news.

C- reliable A-
Illustrated
D- Biased B. Various

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-Many artists present their art in this international exhibition today.

C- They show A- They tell B-

D- They supply They wave

. . It is not possible to access the Internet and other media. . . . . . . . . 4- In the conditions. . . . . . .

the past C- A- Alfat

D- Sarafaraz B- present

. And it is devoid of truth. ............... 5- There are many reviews you have written on this book.

C- Exposed A- Biased B-
D- Visible Longstanding

writing

A- Read the following text and then use the vocabulary and words
Rewrite yourself.

Achaemenid sea fleet: Achaemenid era, due to the movement of huge war fleets and amazing works and heavy
N
sea battle equipment, including closing large and suspended sea bridges for the passage of cavalry and cargo.
And the writings and memories,instead of long and deep poems, are from the brilliant times of Iran, and the digging of

canals left over from those events has always caused the world to wonder.

Aliakbar Bina said in his speech at the Persian Gulf seminar:

"Until the formation of the Achaemenid Empire, the situation in the Persian Gulf is not completely clear, and at the beginning

of the establishment of the Achaemenid dynasty, Iranians used Phoenician and Greek sailors. The seafaring work of the Iranians
ÿ

reached a point where, according to the testimony of the Greek historian Herodotus, the captains of some ships and in some

cases all the staff of the vessels were Iranian, even in the Mediterranean Sea .

Dariush Navy: The founding date of the Iranian Navy in the Achaemenid era is attributed to Darius I, the

son of Vishtasab, the son of Arsham, the son of Aryarmena.

Darius I with the help of the Phoenicians, who were among the seafaring tribes of the world at that time, and many commercial

And They
ships close by built a powerful fleet and crossed the Danube River in Europe with the help of their navy
Machine Translated by Google

95 Red Ydronaird ÿ Mahdrahach Sard Natsab Naria

Hungary advanced. Also, the Iranian fleet at that time suppressed the rebellion of the "Ionian" settlers who

had revolted at the instigation of the Greeks. (same source, p. 88)

B- Write articles about the history of seafaring in your country, including a

The introduction should be three paragraphs of the main text and a conclusion.

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition.
After that, analyze each sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. subject

and determine the subject and the verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Saadi
ÿ

Mosleh bin Abdulla Saadi (1210-1291) is an Iranian Persian author and poet. His book Golestan is written in prose and
his Bostan is written in verse. Saadi's sonnets are considered the perfection of lyric poetry in Persian literature in terms
of technique. The main context of Saadi's sonnets It is love, although he also has lyrics with instructive and mystical
concepts.

O Sarban

It goes dampAnd I had Badlesta with me I don't want It's quiet and peaceful

It goes damp
request
Far awayNo hackingsay to go, I told him to hide it I am left

Yesherdon
It goes dampAsta's bloodthirsty hack will not be hidden

Mah

Zac Eshgh Anrasorwango They are going to the caravan of Mankshan

It goes dampIt is true

Other things are different Manzarthana

It goes damp Ya

It does not go anywhere Cunmaj LetCheshan

them be Rabgshetiyarrskesh
happy with them

It goes dampHedarmiadavia Rab Zabared sin baseless

Eye
It goes dampKaashobo Rafiadazzminrab Asma I don't sit down, I don't hear M Come back, Lord

And

It goes dampThis is how we go anyone's ruminations

And
Gul
It goes dampNem hack DelbakarovaYeniz Netwa Balchon Kharfomandheb,
I said
I'm take it

cute, I love you, patience

It goes damp Whatever the vein, it works from my friend
Machine Translated by Google

Rejection of Hydronaird Natsab Naria Mehdrahach Sard ÿ 96

Huh

It goes dampYou sat there MMy child Yandere type speech Don't miss Jana

Ta
It doesn't go away wireless Saadifghan's jacket from Dastmaal

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try a few bits

Keep it.
C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Is

Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb
A

You can't do anything wrong

Explanation:

In the Islamic-Iranian tradition, it is recommended to visit graves and in some cases ask for help from deceased people.
a

Application:

The person from whom you hope to help is not able to fulfill your wish. Or the person for whom you
set yourself on fire and support him so much is an untrustworthy person. take to water

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?
Machine Translated by Google

15th lesson

Persian Gulf and modern Islamic life

And
At the same time with
2 Islam, the people of the Persian Gulf like other inhabitants of Iran, in contrast to 1 the bright sunrise

4
3 Zoroaster was accepted in the region. According to the certificate There was a multiplicity and confusion of government and ideology. your religion

5
Magi Historical writings, when the messenger of God's Messenger (PBUH), Alaa Al-Hazrami, came to Bahrain, the people of that land

6 people of the book should be done. They were. The noble Prophet of Islam allowed a deal with the people of Bahrain

7 Sasanian regime (fall of Madain in 637 AD), and acceptance of Islam by Iranians (capture of Khuzestan in 640 AD), with the collapse

9 8
Iranian or Arab race The new religion was accepted. Iranian border guards in the region, including Unavoidably in the Persian Gulf

10 little by little
They converted to Islam11 and in spite of clashes between sheikhs and tribal chiefs, and even turning away12

Bahrain did not find an ideological aspect in the Islam of these issues in the sense that it is intended today13, but the strongest motivation of the oppositions

14 years old, a kind of competitiontributes. had economic roots and often in the payment of taxes and

1
Concurrent with = Symmetrical with

2
Radiant = bright
3
religion = religion

4 certificate = confirmation

5 Diyar = land

6 transaction = buying and selling

7
Collapse = Overthrow

8 inevitable = inevitable
9
including = like

10 little by little = little by little = gradually

11 Converting = turning
12
ÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿ
13
find = find
14
tribute = tax
Machine Translated by Google

Malesa Niyon Taih and Seraf Jilakh Mahdznap Sard ÿ 98

15 objections
Islam. Of course, was created Since that time, Muslim Arabs got to know the Persian Gulf more than before and always spread the religion of And

this was also in harmony with the society, such as the Islamization of Iran for two or three years and the continuation of the war for more than a century

16 It lasted a century.
And
In the Persian Gulf, people did not convert to Islam at once

He had it, so that Iraj, the son of Kiqbad, the local king of Al-Ristan - which also had the Persian Gulf under his command - took the name of Alauddin Iraj in the year.

100th Hijri was converted to Islam,

17
About all the tribes 18 but in fact, although most of the people of the Persian Gulf were converted to Islam within two or three centuries - of course decisively

although the new religion had an Arabic color, it is not possible to comment even after its expansion and passage.

From Mesopotamia and Iran, and in the following centuries by passing through India, and more than the period of the early conquerors in the Persian Gulf, it left a

19
Geographically, the inhabitants of the southern region of the Persian Gulf, who called the spiritual impact. in other words,
ÿ

place "Bar Al-Arab", with the spiritual center of the holy religion of Islam, i.e. Hijaz, can have a land connection of this period, but Islam"Bar Al Ajm"
ÿ

20
And it was more prosperous, especially because the inhabitants of the north of the Persian Gulf were

powerful and demographically, very strong, which indicated the depth of the spirituality of Islam in the political and economic significance of this side of the world.

Before describing the Islamic beliefs of the southern inhabitants of the Persian Gulf in the later periods, it should be mentioned that the Kharijites, and after them

21
the Zangians (the rise of al-Zanj in 255 AH) and the Qormatians After the opposition in Bahrain against the Islamic caliphate,

al-Aswad was moved started movements against those in political and economic power and for a period of 20 years (from 317 AH to 927 AH) AD onwards) Hajar

from Mecca to their homeland.

During the reign of Moazal-dullah Dilami (354 AH 965/AD), Al-Buyeh occupied the islands of Bahrain and the region of Oman, which was one of the most

22
They crossed 23 lines. At that time, the port of Siraf and its annexation populous areas in the south.

most of the Muslim geographers, including Yaqut Hamavi, described the prosperity and splendor of that region. At The prosperity of commerce was unparalleled and

the same time, Basra was also considered one of the prestigious ports in the north of the Persian Gulf and the trade center of Muslims and Arabs in the Mesopotamia

region and gained great fame.

15 Stinkaf = self-restraint

To stretch = to stretch 16

17
unequivocally = with one hundred percent certainty

18 Expressing an opinion = expressing one's opinion

19
In other words = in other words

20 catch = gravity
21
To emerge = to appear
22
To be possessed = to seize = to take = to conquer
23
To attach = to join
Machine Translated by Google

99 ÿ Mahdznap Sard Malsa Niyon Taih and Seraf Jilkh

Oman and Bahrain were captured by the Seljuks of Kerman after the collapse of the Al-Buyeh government (1064-1141/AD 533-456 AH).

And instead of Siraf, it was removed and Seljuq Turan Shah (1084-1096 AH 477-490) prospered the island of Kish.
24
were and sometimes because Build a reliable port. The ruling emirs of Kish and the ruling emirs of Hormuz have been in conflict for years
25
Without the strength of the naval unit, the safety of the Persian Gulf would be endangered and piracy would become widespread.

26 The Ahsa'i tribe of Abd al-Qays had also gained control over Bahrain with the help of the Seljuqs in those days,

of Iraq, Atabakan/ of Fars (1148-1287 AH/686-543) and among them Abu Bakr bin Saad (1226-658 AH 1260-1226 AH)

and ended
27 Persian Gulf, they many the
troubled
powerareas
of Kish amirs in 629 AH 1229 AD and made Hormuz island the center of sea trade.

So that they pacified familiar people including Bahrain and Qeshm, the history of the Persian Gulf is clear, this development
28
29 ) The completion of Humayun, the Europeans continued. until the beginning of the invasion.

Naser. Persian Gulf: What do I know about Iran? C. 10 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2001 p.39-37

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- When Islam entered the Persian Gulf, what was the state of the people?

2-In what period did Islam enter Iran?

3- How long did the Islamization of Iran last?

4- What was the strongest motivation of the conflicts between the sheikhs and the heads of the tribes?

5- What happened to Oman and Bahrain after the collapse of the Al Boyeh regime?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

In the northern parts of the Persian Gulf, there is also cultural exchange, such as the cultural and civilizational connection between Susa

. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . Through the burnt city in Balochistan (see). . . .. . . . . .. . . . . and Mohenjo-daro (maybe).

24 conflict = fight
25
To become popular = to become common

26 days = time

27 Chaotic = disturbed
28
Assault = invasion
29
Persisting = staying in place
Machine Translated by Google

Malesa Niyon Taih and Seraf Jilakh Mahdznap Sard ÿ 100

. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . and badge . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Alignment, coordination and extensive cultural-civilization

Is

. The arrival of Aryans in Iran and their continuous movement. Is. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . exchange. It is all over the region. .

Researches. . This . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . To the south, this type of fusion is more extensive. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

date means when we met. . They . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 1000 years later. New badge. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .
. . .. . . . . .. . . . .
lived in the western part of the Arabian Peninsula. Iranians with this gulf, little by little Arabs too. The early

. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. inhabitants of the Persian Gulf are familiar

. Life, with animal husbandry and raising camels . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . with the Persian Gulf and its inhabitants, from the same.

and horses. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Very ancient methods of trapping 200

Shell Donkeys, sheep and goats, pearl fishing and so on

types of fish were familiar. In addition . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . This, in mat weaving, shipbuilding and weaving fabrics. And perhaps

from the first tribes on the . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . And they were skilled in seafaring and sailing
mastery
waters, they started to develop commerce and spread civilization and culture . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . Be human who

found it. (same source, p. 25)

B- Choose the correct option.

Demonstration document. Official . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 1- To be sure, it is better to keep this document in a document office

C- Kharaj A- Stinkaf
D- transaction
B- Certificate

2-His piercing eyes from such. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . It seemed to penetrate deep into your being.
C- catchy A- Dayari D-

Chaosubi B- Collapse

season and world peace And 3- In the hope of a day when any . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . To establish a solution between the

nations of the world.

C- Kharaji A- Dianti
D- possession b- Struggle

. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 4-Write a job application letter and your resume to it. A- Seize C-

Attach
Update B- Comment D-

. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . until midnight . 5- Our discussion was very hot and

C- became popular A- It lasted D-

It stopped B- It took a long time
Machine Translated by Google

101 ÿ Mahdznap Sard Malsa Niyon Taih and Seraf Jilkh

writing

A- Read the following text and then use the vocabulary and words
Rewrite yourself.

The Persian Gulf, like a shallow sea in the south of Iranian lands, is located in a bed aligned with the northern Najd, which, like the inland sea,

And Water And connects to the Indian Ocean through the Strait of Hormuz. Due to the relative depth of the north, a more prosperous economy has been

provided for it. Better weather, always, more

with different clans and merged with each population and native people of this region have become familiar

other. Iranians were one of these tribes who settled in the Persian Gulf centuries before the Arabs and gave

their name to this sea forever.

Life and coexistence in the Persian Gulf has continued with the evolving cultural and social fusion of other centuries,

more synchronicity and support, this Iranian and with the rising of the bright Islamic sun, with more spirituality and

sea has gained more splendor and splendor.

to conflict and Despite the dominance of multiple governments in the region, its cultural life was never exposed

turmoil. In the wake of economic progress, and the new geographical and social conditions resulting from it, Iranians

played a significant role in the emergence and left many literary, archaeological and historical works of trade by

sea, especially shipping. (The same source, pp. 95-96)

B- Write articles about the emergence of popular religion in your country, including a
The introduction should be three paragraphs of the main text and a conclusion.

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition.

After that, analyze each sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. subject

and determine the subject and the verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Molavi

Jalaluddin Muhammad Balkhi known as Mawlana, Maulvi and Rumi (1207-1273) is

an Iranian Sufi writer and poet. He migrated to Konya and died there. He trained
many students and in this way created a movement in Sufism. The mystical
connection between him and Shams led to the writing of the Masnavi of Shams

Ratkman
erkhabashbergdembttalken We are the only ones who have the best memories

do Hey Lord Come on

Hey, come on, excuse me and are the only ones who are updated on Shabbat
Machine Translated by Google

Malesa Niyon Taih and Seraf Jilakh Mahdznap Sard ÿ 102

begs
It's healthier than the balcony Don't reject me

Lord, look at the hundred places in Asia We will be shocked and will be rejected

His gaze is fixed

Let him kill someone who says, "Make a bloody plan." Lee

Be patient and patientEzerraduya Chokhara, the Lord of

Ka
do I'm sorry Pasmanchgohongo Shahkhorboyan, should be a fan. He

Don't worry about it windy should not be rejected. He should not

Fae Azdahkan YanzermdehindFrom Rabqa be changed.

Y
Lalkan Khabu Ali Gotenbiyeh BoaEther Yi

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try a few bits
Keep it.
C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Is

Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb

It was not Raiza Rabeikha

Explanation:
A

Petitions were names that were written to request something or complain about something. usually
They did not raise the request explicitly and directly in the petition and expressed it with preliminaries. For
this reason, the text of the petition was longer than the petition itself. In addition, they have said that in the
past, they would also offer a gift so that the petition would not be alone.

Application:

This proverb is used in cases where something is done outwardly and formally, while the intention
of the doer is something else.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?
Machine Translated by Google

16th lesson
History of Iranian cinema

3 writings and piles 2 Description of current events and even transcripts of criticisms
1. You have,
of what
moreis than
ahead
the date of events,

There are 4 maps. This matter, of course, with the chronological order of the author himself, is an essence

5. It has started with a question that the visualization, transfer of movement, feeling, important and effective events - arranged -

7
And what meanings does beauty have in every era? 6. What stages did the filming technique go through? Thoughts and facts help

have been? The first assumption of this article is that the history of our cinema is nothing but a gradual development and in thought
8
and perception of beauty, and the second assumption is that cinema in Iran has always been influenced by political and social plural

construction, but from the observer to the critic, the speaker, Poet and pioneer, transformed, there is a tendency to dissociate said

9
or be reduced 10, none of which in the history of art influence in favor of cinema as art

Its criticism is not unprecedented.

Prehistoric observers of our land, who have recorded their presence with a simple tool, on a mountainside in the valley of the coin

writers, have apparently done something similar to some 11 objectivists, which is the matter of Saravan or on tablets and

1
= in front of yourself Ahead of
2
the event = event = happening
3
Abundance = abundance

4
Essence = abstract

5 to arrange = to arrange

6 Madad = help
7
Go through

8 Plurality = multiplicity

9 Dissociation = release = separation

10 to decrease = to decrease = to decrease

11
Like = like = because
12
some = some
Machine Translated by Google

Kindergarten Sard ÿ Naria Yamnis Khairat 104

14
They extend the truth to the inside of the film13 so that the report remains. The one who with the help of his fingers against the fire, a ghost

The shapes, themselves on the audience and movement and 15 or the magic of medicine Throw it on a cave wall or on a tent

that gave with sound 16 and artists. In Plato's mysterious cave, the captives and chained people built a dominant back, and took their place as carriers.

In the hole 17 of the cave, the images that fell on the ceiling as a result of the movement of objects from the fire are believed to be real.

And that sensations are appearances 21 Is This allegory 18 in Plato's wisdom, to prove 19 the permissibility 20 of the perceptible

world and not facts 22.

On the body of prehistoric pottery and in ancient sculptures and silver works and in the era of Islamic art, there are attachment

patterns in which different phases of a movement are frozen. We see the body of a container in the city. In later periods, Fanus Kheal,

25 24
the goat in several views, Burnt belonging to five thousand years ago, jumping

26 There should be a new possibility for an old desire, i.e. giving life
to the object, to have been In Ghiyas al-Lawaq (cited).

Bringing such a device is described: a From Siraj and Burhan (Fan

"It should be a lantern, inside of which, around 28 candles or lamps, on something a ring of images cut out of paper, attached
do
and that thing circulated. The photo of the images from the outside of the lantern gives a kind of grace.

And again, all abstractions29 are thin and imaginary: Hakim Omar Khayyam, with the help of Fanus Khyaal, presents another idea of

Plato's cave, whose walls are the whole universe instead of a rock:

13 To extend = to continue

14
ghost = spirit

15. To throw = to throw

16 Narrator = Narrator

17 port = entrance = entrance

18 allegory = simile

19 Proof = prove
20
Allowed = false

21 appearance (appearances) = what can be seen with the eyes

A
22
There is Truth (facts) = what really
23
Hijari = Masonry

24
Jumping = Jumping

25 view = picture = figure

26 Jan Bakshi = revive = revive

27
Andron = inside

28 round = around
29
Abstraction = imagination
Machine Translated by Google

105 Naria Yamnis Khairat ÿ Her kindergarten teacher is Sard

Fanus Khayal is an example of him This merry-go-round that we are amazed at is the

Let's turn it like our faces sun of the lantern and the world of lanterns

With his desire for rational and argumentative discussions, Abu Ali al-Hassan bin Al-Haytham (430-356 AH 1039-956/AD) was born.

And during the reign of al-Hakim Mansour, Alam Danesh was introduced. He was born in Basra during the height of Iranian-Islamic wisdom and said that:

(385 AH) the sixth Caliphate of Fatemiyoun went to Egypt and founded a theory on rejecting Euclid's theory

Vision31 is obtained through the light that enters the eye32. Not from sight to object.

And Al-Hassan's experience is also related to the darkroom (photography). Scientific effort to prepare 33 A part of the study of 34

35 A finished object means a seed

knowledge was scattered in the world.

And in 1834 the English Horner completed it with Fenakis Tiskope, which was made in the early 19th century by the Belgian Pellet, nothing more than a new

36 and in reconstruction of the imaginary lantern: the sections of a movement were drawn on paper.

Cylinders that rotate on an axis were placed inside the device, the plate rotated and the patterns were connected through a side hole according to the characteristic

of Basreh error37 .

In addition, the era of Enlightenment also declared the theory of realism with regard to experimental research38 and said that "the world should belong to man".

And

Anat 40 Recording 39 moments

The 42 inventions of cinema, the theoretical and practical foundations of the 41 world, were a power. but And

43 Scientific achievements in the fields of physics and neurochemistry made it possible: the other was necessary to erupt

30
To establish = to establish = to create

31
Seeing = seeing

32 to get results = to give results

33
Prepare = prepare = prepare

34 seeds = seeds

35
To disperse = to spread

36
To be drawn = to be drawn

37 Basreh error = eye error = vision error

38
research = research

39 recording = maintenance

40 moments = seconds

41 that (anat) = moment

42 But = but = but

43 Eruption = boiling = coming out

Machine Translated by Google

Kindergarten Sard ÿ Naria Yamnis Khairat 106

On August 19, 1839, when the first official presentation of a photographic method - daguerreotype - was realized, the birth of photography

was recorded:

Nine years of its invention. In this moment 45 of history, "1839 was actually the date of the publication 44 of photography

and Niepce, who had passed six years after his death, had opened the way in all realms of photography" 46.

Tehaminejad, Mohammad. Iranian cinema: What do I know about Iran? C. 12 Tehran: Office of Cultural Research. 2001 p.7-9

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- What are the assumptions that the author considers at the beginning of writing the text?

2- In the author's opinion, whose place have the narrators and artists taken?
3- What is the metaphor that Plato uses to express his wisdom?
4- How was Fanos Khyaal described five thousand years ago?
5- What image of Plato's cave does Hakim Omar Khayyam present?
6- What is Fenakis Tiscope?
7- On what date was the birth of photography recorded?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

The audience and successive turns in the body of cinema: the film "The Bride" (Behrouz Afkhami,
1369) is a phenomenon... because of its subject and visual content, and .................
1370 that... a young couple) Niki Karimi and Abulfazl Pourarab, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Presence .
record sales of films. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iran. Brave, with
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 million tomans in the first screening, his capital to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sixty, did
not produce a miracle at the beginning of the seventies. The bride after the closed space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mahab Film and

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Center for the Development of Experimental Cinema.

ÿ

Was. in a pessimistic atmosphere Semi-

. and that's enough. . . . . . . . . . . . . .professionals

.. that year, it was said that only Afkhami was allowed to enter such areas.

44 To become public = to reveal = to inform the public

Bareh = section 45

46 Open = open
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107 Naria Yamnis Khairat ÿ Her kindergarten teacher is Sard

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . War, from cinema . History showed that the audience then. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.: ...............
entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A festival in 1973, a wedding scene with a dress "in more than 30

It was observed. (same source, p. 89) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Topics of reality and fantasy: "Apple" (Samira Makhmalbaf, 1377) and "Blackboard" (Samira

Makhmalbaf). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The method of documentary cinema made in 1378 is one of the examples of

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . these topics, which are used on a blackboard, as if facing a scene .of. a. theatrical
. . . . . . event.
......
. Samira Makhmalbaf, also on a blackboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We are people who play assigned roles. It

. Clearly, we are facing a game. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . has repeated an experiment with apples. on a blackboard,

type of decoupage and compilation of two parallel events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The operation of the camera on the hand
ÿ

(Stadi, but at the end of the film "Mirror" (Jaafar Panahi, Kam), made the subject of the Kurdish migration appear

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . real . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "(Abbas Kiarostami, 1376) Being cinematic is revealed.

. Finally, we . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interpret the previous pictures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It is the responsibility

of the viewer. We are facing a game; the color is not important. (The same source, pp. 105-104)

B- Choose the correct option.

. . Bitter and sweet things happen in life that are not within our control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -1 in every A-
C- Allowed
Help
D- view B- Time

. And this worries farmers ................ 2. The amount of rainfall compared to the last decade

has been
discrete J- A- Drawn B-
D- Obtained Reduced

. He had seen a lot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- Although he had only three guests,

C- Preparation A- Seeing
D. Research B- Taksar

............... 4- Some young people get married in order to live a disorderly and orderly life. C-

Nahand Foundation A- Organize D-

Make public B- extend

. He said goodbye to death. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5- Before the lips. A-

C- Walk To throw
d- make an effort B- To open
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Kindergarten Sard ÿ Naria Yamnis Khairat 108

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your

own vocabulary and words
Cinema is the narrator of everyday life, its information about social behavior is more or less rich. He has an opinion on the
a
body

economy of cinema. According to the statistics provided by the Vice-Chancellor demands of the audience, entertainment and the

of Cinema in March , 1377 funny, emotional and emotional movies attracted the most attention in the studied statistical community.

The same people showed more attention to family, socio-political and police works than the Holy Defense films. Of course, the same

audience chose "Glass Agency" in 1976, "The Color of God" in 1978 , and "Bride of Fire" in 1987 as the best films during the Fajr Film

Festival .

In the body of cinema, there have been various ranges, from the movie "Bus" (Yidholla Samadi, 1346) and many works of Masoud

Kimiaei to "Girl with sneakers" (Rasoul Sadr Aamili, 1378), "Shokhi" (Homayoun Asadian), "Shokran" (Behrouz Afkhami, with Fariborz

Arabnia Company, 1379) and "Tainted Hands" (Siros Alvand, 1379).

This cinema mostly deals with the history of people in the lower layers and so to speak, people are seen in it. Melodrama films are

the main part of body cinema. "I want to survive" (Iraj Qadri, 1374) is one of the crowd-raising examples in melodrama. But in war

cinema, melodrama did not help the film's economy. Characterization in the film "Flying in the Night" (Rasoul Malqalipour, 1365) using

elements of melodrama , has taken place (especially the role of Farjallala Selahshur, which in a way reflects the characteristics of

Hazrat Abul Fazl (AS). In the movie "Balami Be Sui Sahil" (Rasul Malqalipour, 1364) the attack on enemy tanks and the martyrdom of

Iranian soldiers in slow motion Apart from the fact that these works should be examined in the field of political ideology, from the point

of view of cinema, their views are often

A

And to engage the omniscient

There is also an audience with a camera on the front of Iraq, like the movie "Attack with H3" (Shahriar Bahrani, with the participation

of Jafar Dehghan, Mohammad Kasbi and Hossein Yaari, 1373). It was shown in Tin Ejeri cinema. The importance of the movie history

of "Masab Shirin" (Alireza Davdenjad, 1378) is that the privacy of the people in the story was resolved through the selection of non-

actors from the same family, which is unique in this respect. Davdenjad By choosing a long view, it shows the attractiveness of the

mother's game (same source, pp. 97-96).

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109 Naria Yamnis Khairat ÿ Her kindergarten teacher is Sard

B- Write articles about the history of your country's cinema that includes an
introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclusio

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition.
After that, analyze each sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and

proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial expres

Hafez's poem

Yin Mohammad Hafez Shirazi (1315-1390) is an Iranian Persian poet. The fame of Shams al-Din Mohammad Bin Baha'ald
Hafez is through his sonnets. His sonnets are considered the peak of sonnets in Persian literature. Hafez
Dar and his sonnets are read on various occasions. Iran's national culture has found a special place

I said I feel sorry for you

I said, "Hack, Mahmansho, he said, come back." I said I'm sad for you, he said, "Don't be

I will work again Khorboyana said afraid of sadness"

Letrahanz
He said that he will come from another way to close God bless you

The straw will come out Said Argebda I said

talkative
Yam
Yezekquidelber comes Wake Yeezkabadsab
happy

Gay Konkobande reportThey said they are yours I said to you thatup,
youI said,
wisheddon't drink

You can't do it He said no Hadard

Kizmazol for your mercy

The speech of Khmushaf

Yingsah will come I said that it was time for me to arrive

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to
memorize a few bits of it.

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many

examples? Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or no
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Kindergarten Sard ÿ Naria Yamnis Khairat 110

proverb

It is a good helper, Rabairjazd

Explanation:

They cut the two sides of the wall or brick or clay in an orderly and beautiful way; In theold days, the walls had a large diameter. Ben

broken bricks and But they ran in the middle of the wall as much as they could. For example, whatever broken bricks or

whatever valuables they saw, they threw in the middle of the wall and covered it with mud.

Application:

This proverb is used about a person or persons who are of no use and nothing has been made of them.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google

Lesson 17

Iranian Zoroastrians

1 Zoroaster is an ancient Iranian prophet. Zoroastrian religion before the emergence of Islam, the official religion of this frontier Iranians follow Zoroastrianism

2
have been and canvas
3 Zoroastrianism in the ancient times, the great God was followed by the majority of Iranians. in Kish

They worshiped the name of Ahuramazda. Today, this name has been changed to Ormuzd or Hormuzd. Zoroaster is called the first prophet of "Bahdin" and the follower of
A

"Bhi religion". a God knows the world. The so-called Zoroastrians

And most of them live in Tehran. 4 Iranian Zoroastrians living in Iran are close to thirty thousand people today

Apart from this, they live in Yazd, Kerman, Shiraz, Isfahan, Ahvaz, and other cities of Iran. They also went to India (now India and Pakistan). Now they have migrated to the

5
United States of America, England, France, Sweden, Australia, and other countries. In fact, the two cities of Kerman and Yazd Iranian Zoroastrians since long ago

were the first homes and shelters in the last century.

And since the beginning of this century, 6 main Iranian Zoroastrians have migrated.

Zoroastrianism is one of the four official religions of Iran. According to the 13th article of the constitution, this religious minority is free to perform its religious ceremonies

and practice its religion according to Iran's personal conditions and religious teachings, within the limits of the law. According to the fourteenth and twenty-sixth principles of

the same law, the relations of religious minorities with the government of the Islamic Republic are clarified, and according to its sixty-fourth principle, this religious minority in

are obliged the Islamic Council 8 with non-Muslims with the morals of the Holy Quran 7 , Muslims

has a representative According to these legal articles and with reference to

1
follower
2
Border = country
3
Kish = religion

4
count = number

5
From long ago = from a long time ago

6 Maawa = shelter
7
With reference to = to testify = to testify

8 must = have a duty

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Naria Nightshaders Mahdefa Sard ÿ 112

10 good installment
9
observe the Islamic justice of their behavior and human rights, provided that religious minorities do not violate the principles of And And

independence, freedom, national unity, Islamic standards and the basis of the Islamic Republic11. Other legal articles are based on this.

have had 12 Out of 15 , they Zoroastrian Iranians in the social and economic life of the country in the current century, total participation

were even able to complete the steps of 14 of the problems that occurred. 13 have been, despite A long time ago, really and truly

only effective
Take 16incommunities. Arbab Jamshid Jamshidian was a great merchant and money changer during the Qajar period and was
its advancement

17
It was England that lost its economic power. Zoroastrians were killed in the constitutional uprising. Zoroastrians Russia and and conspiracy After the alliance

18
which has built large schools in Kerman, Yazd, and Tehran, and managed medical services and 19 hospitals. This small minority,And They participated

a minimum level of illiteracy, in construction

Activities such as irrigation and factory building and even the eradication of malaria 20 have played an important role and significant contribution. Imposed war

with Iraq, according to population, percentage of casualties 21 Zoroastrianism is significant in the Islamic

revolution.

Today, Zoroastrians, whether in Iran or in other countries of the world, do not have a distinguishing clothing22, but in Iran until recently they were

distinguished23 in characteristics such as the color of their clothes. Zoroastrian women still wear their special clothes in the city of Yazd and sometimes in

Kerman, and their colorful clothes and special coverings can sometimes be seen in other cities, along with Farsi, the dialect of Behdinan. Zoroastrian language is

distinct and special. This means that the Zoroastrian minority of Iran in clothes, language and many customs, before

9
Hasna = good

10 installments = justice

11
To violate = not comply

12
Tom = complete = all
13
Namur = famous = famous = famous
14
Although = in spite of = despite
15
To happen = to happen

16
Progress = progress
17
Conspiracy = conspiracy

18
To participate = to participate

19 construction = construction

20
Eradication = destroy
21
The dead = the dead = the martyrs

22
Cover = clothing = society
23
Distinct = different
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113 ÿ Mahdfa Sard Naria Nightshaders

have been different and distinct, however, such a distinction is now seen only in the context of religious beliefs 24 and rituals 25 .

Guardians
ancient Iranian traditions and rituals. Not only the ancient Zoroastrian traditions and of
festivals should be kept by Pasdarians and Iranians,

called but they also kept many old ways in the details of their lives as evidenced by 26 written documents. Zoroastrian clerics, who are

teachers and teachers, have been stubborn guards27 and scientists who have preserved the ancient culture and books and left them in the

hands of researchers28 and scholars of the new world. Also, Zoroastrian society has preserved many ancient ways and behaviors, although

sometimes it is difficult to prove their antiquity. Although it is possible to consider putting a good smell on the fire as a long-standing tradition ,

it is not possible to be sure whether customs such as accompanying thyme with a gift and sprinkling it on the bride's head and shoulders were

common in the Sassanid era.

son in law
and its use in celebrations, which is now seen by Zoroastrians in Iran

subcontinent have migrated from that

a Zoroastrians live in India and Pakistan, who are called Persians. The Persians of the Indian
ÿ

region and are there with the Iranian environment that they adopted at the beginning of the Islamic centuries and maybe before that.

And according to them, Zoroastrian Iranians also had 31 Persians in India with Iranian Zoroastrians for a long time . This

relationship has caused that through India the manifestations of culture and civilization went to that system and the European who had

penetrated to this sub-continent during the period of British domination willy- nilly came to the Zoroastrian society of Iran sooner.

Representatives of the Parsi community have traveled to Iran and have had an impact on the social life of Zoroastrians in Iran since about

two centuries ago. For example, the funds for building Zoroastrian schools, which are among the first modern schools in Iran, were often

provided by wealthy Iranian Zoroastrians35 or Persian benefactors36. in more

24
Beliefs = Beliefs

customs 25 Rituals =

26 Testimony = Testimony
27
Stubborn = diligent

28 researchers = researchers
29
to put = to put

30
ancient = ancient

31
Getting used to = getting used to = getting used to

32
Relationship = friendship

33
To follow = to follow = to follow
34
Penetration = penetration
35
Wealthy = rich

36
Dehesh = forgiveness
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Naria Nightshaders Mahdefa Sard ÿ 114

In these schools, students and teachers were both Zoroastrian and non-Zoroastrian. Also, the printing of books such as

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Samnameh attributed to Khajawi Kermani, together with the sacred religious book of Avesta

and special Zoroastrian books such as Ardavirafnameh, were first made in India and then came to Iran. This relationship

has changed in the last few decades. )Mazdapur, Katayun. Zoroastrians: What do I know about Iran? Vol. 34 Tehran:

Cultural Research Office. 2003 p.7-10

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- What is the name of God in Zoroastrian religion?

2- In which cities do Iranian Zoroastrians mostly live?

3- Where did the Zoroastrians migrate in the past and present?
4- What principles of the constitution confirm believing in other religions?
5- What measures have Iranian Zoroastrians taken to advance the country?
And does the author describe Zoroastrianism in this article? 6- Which tradition

7- What are the names of the Zoroastrians of India and Pakistan and what relations did they have with the Zoroastrians living in Iran?

8- Where did the capital for the construction of the first Zoroastrian schools come from?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . .. . . . . .. . . . . Background of thought and religion from the ancient world. Name . . . The name of the prophet Zoroaster is the only name

and religion that . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . And the European is remembered. . . . .. . . . . that is long-standing

A

. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . around his religious teachings. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . later . . among the people. Zoroaster

. . Social life of Zoroastrians . . .. . . . . .. . . . . is the fundamental . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . brought and what and added to it.

. . . .. . . . and history are mixed together. . . . . .. . role. . .. About the Prophet's life, legend . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

. . .. . . . . Frame and frame of . . . .. . . . . And Zoroastrian religion, that is, the pure and original message and

Types of beliefs.. .. ... ..

. . .. . ... .. .. .... He
. .has
. . taken place. . They were influenced by .. teaching of the Prophet.

Zoroastrian heavenly message. . .. . . . . They have . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . Ancient beliefs and rituals. And the

survived among Zoroastrians today. ) the same . . .. . . . . ancient beliefs and rituals of the year, and

that in its new form. source, p. 13

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115 ÿ Mahdfa Sard Naria Nightshaders

B- Choose the correct option.

. How many people are the martyrs of the imposed war? . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . -1

C- Kish A- Conspiracy

D- Terror B- Number

. How many years did this hospital last? . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . -2

construction
C- A- Coverage

D- Violation B- Penetration

. His goals are ready to do anything. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . -3 for

C- Relationship A- Contribution B-

D- advance Installment

4-Many countries of the world also have the basic principles of human rights. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ..

C- They get used to it A- They eradicate B-

D- They penetrate They violate

. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 5-
. Having national oil reserves, the annual income of most people in the country is below the poverty line.

C. With reference to A- In spite of

D- Accordingly B- Since long ago

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.

It is a difficult task to collect knowledge about Zoroastrian Iranian society in contemporary times. What, its people are a

actually scattered among the majority of other Iranians and mingled with them. This mixing is very serious at the economic

level and social relations in Tehran and other cities, except to some extent in Yazd and Kerman. Only the old context was
A

found as in the previous era, in which Zoroastrian life was separate and Some villages of Yazd can be reached approx

separate from other cultural and economic centers schools

of universities. Because of this intercourse in jobs and in homes and
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Naria Nightshaders Mahdefa Sard ÿ 116

And socially, it is difficult to find a special separation and distinction between Zoroastrian and non-Zoroastrian Iranians, rather, we can only focus on personal

circumstances and Zoroastrian ceremonies and rituals.

Customs, in spite of such interbreeding, intra-group relations among Zoroastrians have remained in the same way as the old world, so-called rural and

tribal, even in the distant countries of America and Australia. In Tehran, Ahvaz, Shiraz, Yazd, Kerman, Mumbai and Karachi, as well as Toronto, Sydney,

have California and Maryland, this connection is established and the members of the families who have been related to each other for a long time

maintained the old bond. These relations are strengthened by associations and official associations and they especially participate in holding religious

ceremonies together. The organization has a long history and tradition a

temple is the foundation that apparentlyIn the end, they are all arranged around the fire temple, and the fire

Indo-European, that is, it reaches nearly seven thousand years ago.

and investigation Thus, in fact, Zoroastrian society has taken long steps to reach its current form, its culture, rituals and beliefs are a comprehensive and

heavy task. In Badi, it seems that everything goes back to ancient Iran and everything that is in hand from that time, completely
A

It is related to Zoroastrians. Although this discontinuity

of ancient Iranian culture is not absolutely true in the eyes of this community,but continuous and better continuity can be seen. These people, with their

loyalty to the religion and religion of their ancestors, have in fact kept a modern view of the ancient life of their homeland, and it is because of this fact that

the eyes of their contemporary ancestors and the passage of time is more powerful than their present-day ones. , the current Iranians can see it through

although this analogy is only true to the extent that it is so ancient. (same source, pp. 10-11)

B- Write articles about the popular religion of the people of your country that includes
an introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclusion

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each sentence syntactically

and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial

expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Obaid Zakani

Nizamuddin Obaidhalla Zakani known as Obaid Zakani (1371-1300) is an Iranian Persian poet. Zakani is famous for his humor. He was a contemporary

of Hafez. Zakani's poem "Mush and Cat" is very famous. Among his other works are

Cited. A treatise on ethics of nobility And Rishnameh, a heartwarming treatise

dude

I am unaware We are not aware of his sadness Oh Anyar, you are sad and sad
Yam
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117 ÿ Mahdfa Sard Naria Nightshaders

A it is sad
YamWe started to cross the stream, and we From my imagination, I am

Yam went
R to the mountain of Tango ashamed, I am rapping, I am open, I am

Yishehchchhuninjgar and hek from the hand of his am embroidering,

afraid, I am I am a dolf-kand, I am afraid, I

And
heart afraid, I do not have a plan, I do
Yam not give half my life, I

Mukht

Yam of Egypt Tompandar Hack Mazandehbad to go, promise,

and I am I am connected, I am allowed

YamMy dear friend, I am a night owl going to lose my heart.

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one

page. B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to
memorize a

few bits of it. C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are

used? How many examples? Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem i

proverb

Zaghol read goodbye

It is a romance whose double stanzas rhyme with the first stanza Explanation: Ghazal is a form of poetry with
common themes.

Application: This proverb is used for someone who has passed away or someone who is waiting
for death. It is also used for someone who leaves a place forever.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it. B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb

in your language?
Machine Translated by Google
Machine Translated by Google

18th lesson

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh

village
a 1 final and the composer of the Shahnameh, in the year 329 AH 940/AD in Hakim Abulqasem Mansour Ferdowsi, editor

2
and one year old And in the year 410 AH 1019/AD in the eighty Tos city was born in Khorasan a Run in the swing section Paz or page from
a

4 3
buildings and tomb gardens Immortal history, culture and literature of Iran and the world. a
and to He closed his eyes

He lives in the village where he was born.

5
After Islam, it had maintained its ancient importance. Peasant families that Tos city in the first centuries

They were the guardians of ancient culture. Ferdowsi is in one of these families They lived in this area, lovers and due to extensive

7 6
familiarity with the background of Iranians and understanding the necessity of compiling an epic. and was raised opened the world

From their collection, Melli turned to the work of epic writing and carried the burden of this great national and cultural effort.

8
He worked on it till the end of his life and wrote the great work which is called Ferdowsi's Shahnameh today And took a shower

He left it as a memory.

Comprehensive Shahnameh "Preface" in eleven sections (209 to 237 verses) and text (more than fifty thousand)

10 9
and divisions It is written as "convergence" or "convergence". and Bahr Prozodi bit) which is in the form of "duplicate"

1
Compiler = collector
2
To be born = to be born = to be born

3
mortal life = to pass away = to go to God's mercy = toTo
die
close one's eyes from the world = to say goodbye to
4
join = join
5
century = century

6
Opening eyes to the world = being born
7
To grow up = to grow up
8
Taking the burden = accepting the responsibility

9 Masnavi = a kind of poetry

10
Bahr Prozodi = a kind of poetry weight
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Mahdeja Sard ÿ Ferdowsi's Shahnameh 120

And various subtitles have been given for it. From the text of the Shahnameh, more than a thousand manuscripts have survived

It remains to be kept in museums and public libraries and private collections around the world

will be

The oldest printing of Shahnameh was done in Calcutta in 1226 AH 1811/AD and the number of its printings is up to

In 1355, it reached 43, and in the last thirty years, dozens of complete editions or excerpts11 have been published.

In addition to the Persian text, until 1355, 254 complete or selected translations of the Shahnameh in 27 Eastern languages and

And in the decades after that, a significant number has been added to this figure. Western is in hand. Literary

one of the five eternal epics and one of the most important. scholars of the world recognized the Shahnameh as a literary genre of epics and

The literary works of this type are counted in the world.

12 integration and coherence is surprising and although every The structure and content of Shahnameh has

It is independent, a single discipline, all this A story or a narrative, an event, and a report are separated in their own framework

and join the parts and components together, and a single perception of the whole system emerges in the reader's and researcher's mind.

brings. The poet, in the single figure of his epic, always and at times, the concern of himself and other Iranians.

And he writes down the glory of his homeland with a sympathetic and painful expression and all Abadi for the loss of freedom and its huge

anthem with its wide range of colors, in the service of re-creating and revitalizing the era of cultural brilliance.

And he uses the pride and authority of his ancestors.

Shah nameh
The simple report and narration of the events of ancient times is not in a historical line; but re-creation

This epic of every 13

The poetry of the life and culture of Iranians is ancient in the words and actions of the great actors

group, tribe, descent, and ethnicity, and it remains an exhibition in which the ancients of the past are alive again.

And they live stories and events. Therefore, Ferdowsi's poem can be called a dictionary And dynamic

renewing it called ancient Iranians alive and dynamic. The poet himself is also aware of this noble feature of his honorable work and

The words and deeds of "that side" speak.

From a linguistic point of view, the value and importance of the Shahnameh is not less than its other aspects, and it is stable and dynamic

A huge treasure like system And the prosperity of Dari Persian language, more than any other effect on the support and

11 selection = selected
12
Possessed of = has
13
Actors = actors
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121 Shahnameh of Ferdowsi ÿ Mahdja Sard

Ferdowsi relies on it and drinks from its life-giving source. Undoubtedly, whenever you recognize Shahnameh

The Persian language is called Dari, they have not said a word to Gazaf14 .

Finally, it should be noted that the Shahnameh is the only exhibition of the words and deeds of Iranian rulers and warriors

The pure wisdom of life is also in the halls and It is a very precious treasure of precepts and moral guidance and it is not ancient and its

magnificent pavilions have been preserved, which attracts the reader and researcher while dealing with the main narratives and

He calls to himself the colorful and passionate reports and descriptions of battles and battles, and with a paternal and affectionate language,

Higher lessons in the direction of freedom, name-seeking, wisdom, knowledge-building, kindness, philanthropy and other than that.

and "don'ts" and he learns without making him with dry generalizations and moral rulings and pious "do's"

hypocritically lazy 17.

19 It requires the determination and effort of sailors. Such In short, the Shahnameh is the sea and reaches 18 deep

20
Wind! Dostkhah, Jalil. Determination and determination, the guide of all lovers of wisdom, knowledge, culture and wisdom

Understanding Ferdowsi's letter and Shahnameh: What do I know about Iran? C. 61 Tehran: Office of Cultural Research. 2005, pp. 107-109.

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- In what year and where was Ferdowsi born?

2- At what age and where did Ferdowsi die?

3- Why was Tos city important?

4- What do you know about Ferdowsi's Shahnameh?

5- What is the significance of Shahnameh from the linguistic point of view?

6- How can the narratives of the Shahnameh be used in everyday life?

14 Exaggeration = vain = Yaweh = lie

15
Admonition = admonition

16
Nab = original

17 Boring = boring
18
Access = access
19
Depth = depth
20
Wise = scientist = wise
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Mahdeja Sard ÿ Ferdowsi's Shahnameh 122

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. and prints . . The name of the poet: from the poet's name in local manuscripts. . . . . .. . . . . .. . trespass
Name,

. can't But the translator of this poem in Arabic (a little more). . . .. . . . . Nickname and Shahnameh Eshri. . . . . .. .

. .. . . . . Silence of the poet (based on the manuscript). . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Two hundred years later. . . . .

It was written in 483 AH (during the life of the singer), this name . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . From Shahnameh that

. .. . . . . .. . . . . Mansour bin Hasan wrote (Bandari Isfahani, in Al-Shahnameh, 1348) and others . . . .
. . They have written that . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Other places in different ways. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .

. . We don't have much . . Among them, a document in . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . To verify the correctness of none. . . . . .. .

. .. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . There is no need to search in this field. what . . . . . . .. . Necessity and benefit.

everyone . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . The head of it is Hamadastanand, the nickname of the poet, that is, Abu al-Qasim, and the title or surname

And today instead of the name . . It has been known for a long . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . His poetry is Ferdowsi who
time . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . is used Ferdowsi's word in Shahnameh itself . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

Ferdowsi, 1366, vol. 5, p. 75; Vol. 6, p. 65 (same source, p. 11)

B- Choose the correct option

. And every thousand years a millennium. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 1- Every ten years is a decade, every hundred years is one.

A- Hundred
C- Admonition

D- Farzaneh B- century

. I listen to the news. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 2- I am not very interested in watching TV and only

C- Excerpt A- Approach
d- the world B- Advice

3- Being off is much better than. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . is to say

C- Farzaneh A- Excessive

D- Excerpt B- Admonition

4- This river to the sea. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . ..

C- It roars A- It makes me
D- joins bored B- It grows
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123 Shahnameh of Ferdowsi ÿ Mahdja Sard

. My being breaks through. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 5- Authentic Iranian music to.

C- Depth A- Bahr B-
D- Approach Naqsh

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own vocabulary
and words.

Parham, like some other Shahnameh scholars of our time, not only the background of these intellectual approaches and

He seeks Ferdowsi's philosophy in the scope of ancient Iranians' thinking; But from the prevalence of very detailed discussions

Until the time of writing the Shahnameh, he speaks and talks about And Farihkhta in the first centuries after Islam and Ode

and History) by Motahar bin Tahir Aghdasi (written in 355 AH) as an example. The Book of Creation and History (Alb

places that the author mentions the warmth of the market of such debates in those centuries and the high base

Masoudi Marozi's Shahnameh speaks among Iranians that it is revered and honored and as history.

They look at it themselves.

Perham compares Ferdowsi's philosophical and ontological views with the views of the great German philosopher Immanuel Kant.

amazing homogeneity among them and he believes that the accuracy And the He measures and finds a kind of

fundamental and philosophical nature of the composer of the Shahnameh in expressing abstract concepts as well as his wisdom and scholarship is very high and dynamic.

238-238, 184-194. p It was before his time (Perham, 2017).

And
The preface of the Shahnameh, along with its text, from this point of view, is unique among all the ancient texts of Persian verse and prose.

It is unique and if someone calls the Shahnameh "Khordnameh" or "Farhangnameh", they are not exaggerating.

In the parts of Somta 5 of the preface, the poet based on the scientific knowledge of his predecessors and the knowledge of his time, about how

The moon speaks; But with all Yazdan's praise of dogmatism and monotony And
people The creation of Giti,

And dynamic tends to skepticism and role and selfishness and the sun of absolutism shines on it and reminds us

with a conscious vision of mankind, which is the wisdom and knowledge of the eternal. (same source, p. 52)

B- Write articles about one of the famous poets of your country, including
an introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclusion

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze

each sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and

verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze
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Mahdeja Sard ÿ Ferdowsi's Shahnameh 124

Poetry: Sanai

Abu al-Majd Majdod bin Adam Sanai Ghaznavi (1131-1080) is a Persian-speaking Iranian poet. He is one of the pioneers

Balkh of connecting mystical concepts with Persian poetry. His works can
love letter
be mentioned. And

Queen, I will mention you

I am from
Yi Renomazhebehmanre hack and you? Who are
Kazakhstan

Yi Hebtohidzsa biYamguidance to Both

unity YamBy the grace of everyone,
I will go to you

Ahad
t xenojafti malekkarmwa yi Toznojaftandaritokhorvokhftandari

tunsir al-arma yi GoYou are in Galilee This is the need to worship the sage in

Fadli Tuzsavarthana, you

can go to Rabiazbim and
YTorahimY Turkey Y

Amidirbiaz, what is the light of Rabiaz, the Jogdazirbiaz, rejecting the Rabiazer

color of Rabiazazib, and error, you said that world, rabiaz, eating, not laughing, narbiazer,

you cannot see the night, Hebgardih, Hebkayi,

Don't come
rejection and
Yshakushbihi,
you.
naganj, can't describe

Hanbaj
all the he is the light of

Jews, where you are,

of the littleness Both Both

build it. ka ha hiTob

the world, and you ham more
y Both It's Both Both
a mistake

Lam na

Except
for the good fortune of the road It is monotheismYes, they are also good friends

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one

page. B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to
memorize a

few bits of it. C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are

used? How many examples? Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in
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125 Shahnameh of Ferdowsi ÿ Mahdja Sard

proverb

Say what you said about artThere is a problem with the sentence

Explanation: May literally means wine or drink made from grapes or other fruits. In literature, May has a
metaphorical meaning and is used for a concept that causes one to be filled with the material world and
everyday dependencies. This proverb is the first stanza of the following verse from one of Hafez's sonnets

When you said art, There is a problem with the sentence

there istell me how much wisdom

Usage:

This proverb is used when someone says the disadvantages of something to please some people and does not
mention its good qualities.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it. B- What is the closest

equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

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19th lesson
Iranian clothing, Iranian clothing, Iranian clothing

2
the likes of it 1 is considered human. Just like food, housing, security and clothing are basic needs

3
Clothing and its evolution in Iran's social system can be analyzed from different aspects, including:

And the appearance of clothes in different periods of history and the emergence or emergence of a particular style of clothing - 1 Description of the form
A

The most research so far about Iranian clothing among different Iranian tribes and governments. By the way

It has been done in this context.

hot and 2- The influence of the environment in shaping the appearance and material of clothing, such as mountainous environments or swamps, dry or

humid weather, which are often seen in the geography of Iran. cold and

And the duties related to them in shaping clothing, such as clothing 4 occupations-3 role of social classes and character

Warriors, courtiers, clerics and pioneers were affected by the special conditions of their class status.

The
And
5 religious, celebrations and mourning in choosing the type and 4- the role of traditional and cultural ceremonies such as rituals

shape, even the color of the clothes.

9 7
Foreign styles of clothing or 10 native styles and conflicts in adaptation 8 Wars Following 6 international special and stocks - He played 5 roles

of clothing to others. In Iran's conflict-ridden history, the influence of this factor has not been small. issuing

1
Basic = Main

2 similar to it = similar to it

3
including = eg
4
By nature = according to = based on

5 Rituals = Rituals

Trade = transaction 6 gave

and
A

= especially 7 special = especially

8
In pi = to follow
9
adaptation = take
10
Issue = to issue
11
Challenging = full of challenges
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ÿ Iranian clothing cold nursery 128

What is of great importance among anthropological and sociological thinkers today is attention to and among different nations. These

messages and "mysteries" found in various types of clothing arose in different eras of the ethnic origins of these nations, which either

clearly expressed one of their "messages" of beliefs, customs, traditions, and these principles, or with the symbolic language of purpose.

They were inducing something special 15. Perhaps it was the efforts of these thinkers to decipher these symbolic messages that made

the new term "clothing language" common among researchers in this field.

The interplay of mental affiliations and ethnic, national and religious beliefs in the formation of clothing styles, as well as their related

ornaments and makeup, can be well understood in all historical periods of Iran, especially among different Iranian ethnic groups;

However, knowing the exact nature of this interference requires a planned scientific investigation, which unfortunately has not been done

so far.

17. They Some scientists give such an important role to clothes and ornaments that even the definition of single

18without considering her clothes, a mere compliment

consider human as subjective (Eicher and Resh Haygin, 1992, p. 13).

These scientists consider the role of the message that ornaments and also the way of dressing and trimming the body convey no less

19
than the role of clothing itself, and these factors are a means for a deeper understanding of the meaning and They consider the wearer's wishes

(Eicher and Resh Haygin, 1992, p. 13). This is why the relationship of clothing with art, literature, religion, as well as economy, class,

and even social identity cannot be ignored. Have you ever had questions like this in your mind? Why do people change their appearance?

20 What is the motivation for these changes ?

Are these changes caused by the evolution of society or by spiritual beliefs and material structures of life? What does it mean to have

"good taste" in dressing or "fashionable"? Can having "good taste" in choosing clothes mean trying to imitate the clothes of the wealthy

classes of the society? What are the interfaces between one's clothing and

12
Shayan = worthy of attention
13
Clearly = clearly

14 Manzor = Maqsood

15 To induce = transfer

16 Interference = combining
17
Single = alone
A

= only 18
merely

19 to consider = to take into account

20
Against = against
21
Source = origin
22
Prosperous = affluent = wealthy
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129 Mahdzoon SardIranian clothing ÿ

Is there an ethical assessment about him? Are there any connections between pretending to be chaste23 or the desire to stimulate sexual

desires24 with the choice of clothing and the behavior related to it? One of the thinkers of social sciences believes that the various styles of

clothing can be placed as homogeneous points on a graph of a straight line, and the other side of it is immorality and shamelessness. One

side is the covering of the body, one side is modesty and shame, and the other side is the nakedness of the body. One side of it is proportion

and towards and harmony, beauty and decency25 , and the other side is incompatibility and disharmony, ugliness and femininity. One side is

weight and elegance, the other side is lightness and elegance (Raf, 1986, p. 3). In addition to what we have mentioned in the fields of

aesthetics, history, sociology and anthropology as the components of the language of clothing, two other points should also be noted. One

is the emergence of new words such as ``imported'' and ``khalk al-saa''26, which have been added to the written and oral culture of the

country over time:

27 are prohibited, like ordinary language, it includes native or foreign "Language of clothes, past the "words" that Fahwai

words, local words, colloquial language, vernacular language and new and old language, words of market origin" (1981 p. 6).

influence of the 28 "political messages" of clothes in the turbulent periods of Iran, along with surrounding Another point is the tremendous
A

To all foreigners, only One side of religion and side by side with it. There has been no shortage of imposition of clothing styles by insiders

and political or religious motives; Such as putting on or taking off a hat, wearing or not wearing cups, rounding or the like in all periods,

whether in ancient periods or sharpening arrays, reddening or blackening clothes, and in contemporary periods.

Not having accurate knowledge of the events, motivations and beliefs of the people, as well as not paying attention to the affairs and the

origin of the currents, has become alien to the correct understanding of the "clothing language" of Iranians. Andkand causes mistakes by

or examine the process of creation of "turban", or insider researchers and those who are familiar with the history of the creation of "chadr",
A

29 They do not know Islam. led provide a "historical" definition of hijab, and all these three cases are simply

23
Purity = Chastity
24
Stimulate = arouse

25
Decency = chastity
A

created 26 Khalq al-Saa' = many times

27
Fahawa = concept

28 wonderful = strange

29 Rahvard = souvenir
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ÿ Iranian clothing cold nursery 130

It is these shortfalls that open the hands of the ignorant in the contemporary world and burn the hearts of scholars30, and

compel compassionate researchers such as Nancy Lindsfarne to say :

». . . European and American written works about the Middle East, including photographs and works of art, descriptions of

clothing styles, and images of clothed women, and sometimes sensual images of naked women, give imaginative and

even sensual faces of the people living in this land. Undoubtedly, due to the type of clothes they wear, they are different
A

from the people of other lands of the Middle East, most of the time

They are distinct, as the same type of clothing has placed them in Jirga of 32 different racial subtypes such as primitive

terms derived from formal warriors, village women, and barbarian Illyrian men; Or it has caused them to be described with

perceptions, arbitrariness, and fabrication of their "clothes". The reflection of such ideas continues to this day, so that its

examples can be seen in television commercials, women's magazines, and "color" images of popular culture, in travel

booklets and public tourist boards. Some of these actions are clearly done in order to arouse a unique imagination, with

the aim of attracting tourists; But in other cases, it is a naive attempt to introduce cultural and social diversity in the form

of showing people with skin color. Inducing such ideas from a political point of view is not so unbiased33

Different and "nations" with different clothes. .

34
And inequality among ethnic groups is related to the existence of is not. But the old ways of slander

differences. . . It is for this reason that in today's advertising, for example, in the case of introducing a precious perfume,
ÿ

to show wealth and sexual characteristics, a mobor woman in front of one of the third pyramids, while wearing an "Arabic"

style and in It is shown that he is taking a sun bath. . . However, such extreme behavior is the only approach to clothing in

the Middle East. ), 1997, p. 4.

Is not . )

Mateen, agreement. Iranian clothing: What do I know about Iran? Vol. 43 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2004 p.7-10

30
To make someone's heart hot = to mourn someone
31
Faghan = Shion

32
In jirga = in category = among

33
Purpose = intention

34
Slander = slander
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131 Mahdzoon SardIranian clothing ÿ

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- From what aspects can the evolution of clothing in Iran's social system be examined?
2- What is important among anthropology and sociology thinkers today?
3- What does the term clothing language mean?

4- What are the connections between the way a person dresses and his intellectual views?
5-How can clothing have a political message?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . The transformations during the last century. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . clothing background

. One of its kind in the history of our country. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Following cultural and social developments. . .
such as easier and . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . is similar These transformations of the factors. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

faster communication. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . foreign societies; Weakening political and national authority; The contrast between

trust in . and national self-confidence and instilling a . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . traditionalist and modernist centers; Lack of

. . . .. . . of. .self-community
sense of inferiority and the necessities .. . . . . life in society; Some customs are ineffective and inappropriate. .

...
originated In this period, formal clothing from new clothes; And many things. .. . . . . .. . . . .
. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . takes a distance . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . more than . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . native and

. in the application and in the meaning and cultural and political consequences of the . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Taking these two apart.

peoples and nations

result. It indicates the special and important role of "clothes" in the process of historical evolution of . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .
"Discovering Hijab" in .. This role, among other things, in commendable . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

events. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Reza Khan's time . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . And "revival" then. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Islamic

. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . revolution, and . Denial and imposed insistences and popular and governmental
. . .. . . . .resistances.
.. . . . . .
. Goodness appears. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . In terms of sociology and anthropology.

The process of changing the shape of Iranian clothing from the aspects. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . cultural, religious, social, and

environmental worthy of investigation. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . And it is meticulous. The historical events of this border and ,. and

influence . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . ,. and the profound changes that took place during these events. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .

Artistic, historical, and cultural people. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . permanent or temporary these changes, to more investigations in

Different areas require. Investigation in every part and every aspect of these fields, information. . .. . . . . .. . . . . Iran .
. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . He gives that perhaps in knowing everything. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . Many updates to.
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ÿ Iranian clothing cold nursery 132

. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . Such determination and explanation of the historical . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . We from ourselves and

identity of the people. . It will have an undeniable role. (same source, p. 58). . . .. . . . . .. . . . . land and situation

B- Choose the correct option.

. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 1. The script of this movie is from a famous book.

It is considered C- A- It is induced

D- It is stimulated B. It is adapted

2- Sometimes I don't know how. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . express myself

C- Slander A- Issuance
D- Source B- Purpose

. Islam religion sent envoys to Iran. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 3-Arabs in order to.

C- Faghan A- Rahvard
exchange
And
D- gave B- Issuing

You are judging people. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . - 4 problems

C- Basic A- Prosperous

D- Wonderful B- Worthy

. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 5- His great taste in art comes from his artist and painter ancestors.

C- It has been adapted A- He has been

D- originated slandered B- He has slandered

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.

and reliable works and remains, we divide into four periods: the period of this time period in terms of the existence of documented

sources and the Persians (Achaemenians), the Parthian period (Ashkanians), and the Sassanid period. Ancient and Ayalami period,

the period of the Medes due to major limitations in presentation Citable documents, researchers and anthropologists rely heavily on works
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133 Mahdzoon SardIranian clothing ÿ

It is limited to the clothing of royal families such as courtiers, court clergy, military And there are few ancient evidences, which unfortunately are almost

commanders, and rarely court-affiliated courtiers, as well as some references of old writers such as Herodotus, Xenophon, and Diodorus, in which only

points of the clothing of kings, military and Some of their dependents have been paid. In this, the role of ancient sculptures, carvings, seals, and mosaics

of various periods, along with the few remains and designs carved on dishes, pottery left from tombs and ancient textiles, is very important. Because in

the absence of these few works, relying on the observations of the old writers, none of whom were Iranian, not only does not provide a clear and

accurate representation of the use of artifacts and the type and style of clothing of that time, but is also misleading and contradictory in many ways.

(same source, p. 11)

Many aspects of this category should be examined from new and sharp angles. It should be seen how it can be done with a comprehensive study

of clothes, historical facts, the way of life of social classes, customs and beliefs, role and influence on others, and in one word "the language of religion

in people's lives, artistic creations, imitation of neighbors, clothes" He examined the land in Iran.

Perhaps the most basic question of every researcher is why, during the last 25 centuries of the history of this country, what is left of historical

information is all about nobles and nobles and their lives? Why does every work of art focus on the "eminences of the society" instead? How is it that
A

and pillars, only Stones And the plates and jars are taken from the bowl to the remaining coins
every remaining written work, from foreign and And

domestic historians to cuneiform, Kufic, and Sogdian inscriptions, talks about generals? Is it possible to make any accurate impression of the situation

of "mass of people" on the kings, priests, caliphs based on this information? For example, did the clothing style of ordinary people have a simpler shape

and similar to the patterned clothing of the wealthy classes, or did it have a different design in general? How has the influence of the invading tribes, and

the influence of dozens of other questions from these imported fashions, been on the body of the main body of Iranian society? It is about another part

of our society, namely "women", who . . always been "missing" in our history; Although there is little information about goddesses, queens, and
. Andhave

dancers.

It should be noted that the effects of fundamental and shocking events in the history of Iran, whether intended or not, have not been small on the

public culture, including the "style of clothing" of our people. These factors include: the establishment of the class system before Islam; The influence of

Zoroastrian religion teachings and the influence of religious leaders; The dominance of the Greeks and the long-term presence of their culture in Iran;

land; Arab attack and the transformation of beards resulting from it; The mutual The unique diversity of many and diverse ethnic groups in this

influence of Iranian culture in the new culture; The imperial influence of the Mongols, Turks, Afghans, and Europeans. and in contemporary times; The

role of communication, western culture, policies and government requirements such as the discovery of hijab or its re-establishment after the Islamic . .

revolution; And today, "global village" and its tremendous effects on society. (same source, pp. 91-90)
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ÿ Iranian clothing cold nursery 134

B- Compare ancient clothing and modern clothing in your country and

write articles on this topic that include an introduction, three paragraphs
of the main text and a conclusio

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition.
After that, analyze each sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and

proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial express

Poetry: Jami

Yain Abdulrahman bin Ahmad Jami (1414-1492) is an Iranian Persian poet. Jami wrote many works in Nourald.
It has a background of Sufism and mysticism, speech and ideas, hadith and literature. Among his literary works, Haft Orang can be

mentioned.

Love

Face

Pisces is the world of love Ngaya is young, love is

Zokhtjardeh loved Malik Eshghdad moving, it is in love, it is love,

Fat talgarg tanrang flower fat

With
it is love

It's from him that we get away Tenma is a relationship with Janu

go Your post is appreciated It's The bottom band is also high

going to happen
Tuyazmehr Rab Avatfeterap Hey, Astronaut Heb

Atarth Mehrniftdehbakhak you have found gold deposits

Flower Tanazadezmehrastdel
Blackstone of Antire Chonhab

a Rehhak
han red tashshashgastraggh
From the mountains to the light

Lee
In spite of love, he is a hack and possessor Karsanorab Chobudghafli

is Atrakjanarb Qadamashq is Gay was heartbroken

Gham Ashagh

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to
memorize a few bits of it.
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135 Mahdzoon SardIranian clothing ÿ

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are similes,

metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb

Filshyadandostanrkede

Explanation:

Elephant is one of the animals that lives in special places in the world, including India. Sometimes the elephants are taken out of their

place of residence and taken to other places.

Application:

When someone goes away from his homeland, he feels homesick. This proverb is used to express such longing. Also, this proverb is

used for someone who remembers good memories of the past.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

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Machine Translated by Google

20th lesson

Symbolism in Persepolis

1 is defined as follows: A symbol is a type of sign, symbol, form or form It can be simply symbolized

has 4 In other words, the symbol, in a different sense and more than that 3 from its obvious meaning 2 beyond That is conceptual

5 For example, the symbol † with arms of different lengths It seems to represent it.
A

Known. Some icons at the global level It is known as the cross or Christianity, and at the global level, almost

are known, while many symbols have a continental, regional or ethnic aspect.

It should be noted that in each of the types of arts, attention is paid to symbolization in a manner appropriate to that art

Also, symbols can be classified into various types in terms of type and form, some of which are called this

The order can be named: numerical, geometric, cosmic, animal and plant symbols.

There are 12. Geometric symbols And Numerical symbols mean some holy and symbolic numbers such as numbers 3, 4, 7

6 Some stars like the sun square and circle. Cosmic symbols The terms are specific geometric shapes such as

. and plant symbols such as lotus flower, cedar tree, etc . Moon, animal symbols such as lion, cow, eagle, elephant. And

They are like that. As mentioned, the inhabitants of any land or the followers of any religion or ritual according to cultural characteristics

and their land, have or have a number of numerical, cosmic, animal or plant symbols, and a symbol that is used in a culture or

Considered a holy land, it may not be holy in another culture or land.

In a simple definition, artistic activity can be considered as an activity that leads to the creation of a work that is more than functional

Or the first possible functions have a ritual, social, or aesthetic function. In other words, an effect
A

For functional and practical reasons to meet the basic and essential needs of creation can be considered a work of art that only

1 symbol = symbol
2
Concept = meaning
3
Beyond = superior

4 obvious = visible

5 meaning = to imply
6
Cosmic = space
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Mets B Sard ÿ Iconography in Persepolis 138

but the purpose of its creation is to provide some psychological, aesthetic or ritual and ideal needs or in other words

The other is the transfer of high human, aesthetic, ritual and ideal concepts. In this way, it can be stated in every

7 is that, according to the goal or goals that existed in the creation of the work, it is divided into three types: Latent conceptual artwork

It is 9 . and symbolic can be classified. A simple concept is an obvious concept that is easily understood 8
Simple, implicit

For example, when it is mentioned in a literary text that "Ehsan saw a lion in the zoo". The meaning of this phrase

It is simple and clear

And more than one concept is created in the listener's mind. But when it is said "Shir Sultan".

It is a forest. There is an implied meaning, because it is not so in external reality but implicitly and metaphorically

The lion is used as the king of the forest in stories. Therefore, there is no simple concept in this phrase.

Now, if it is mentioned in a literary text: "Hazrat Ali (AS) is the Lion of God" is facing a symbolic meaning.

And when we Are. Because it should be noted that the lion in Iranian culture and art is a symbol of power and good forces.

characteristics
And we attribute to them the characteristics that we attribute to the symbols of beneficial and good forces. for this

The order when in ancient times the lion and the sun were used next to each other as a symbol of power

symbol
took, the connection and concept of these two should be considered as a symbolic connection and concept, because the animal lion was

the transcendental forces and the sun was the cosmic symbol of those forces.

The art of architecture and symbolism in it: Architecture can be considered a combination of knowledge, art and art, which is appropriate

And in the process of creating the work, various types of spaces emerge. Some of them are the only aspect Facilities were built with

goals. In this way They have a function and are designed as a shelter10 or a space to carry out a certain activity, and from

the works of architecture, it is considered only as a technique and skill, and it is very close to building and civil engineering, but

and tombs, attention is paid to idealistic and ritualistic patterns In the design of some spaces, such as some places of worship, the

functional aspect has very little importance. In these cases, architecture is presented as a sublime art that

Yayi and Imran are very far apart. with ben

In a general classification, architectural spaces can be divided into three types: 1) functional spaces; 2)

functional-artistic spaces; 3) Ritual-ideal spaces.

only and includes buildings 11 that in the design and functional spaces of various types of spaces, their construction

Attention is paid to the functional aspects and the artistic aspects of the space are given less attention12. In the past many

7
hidden = hidden
8
implied = metaphorical
9
Understanding
10
Shelter = shelter

11 to include = to be included

12
care = attention
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139 Iconography in Persepolis ÿ Mats B Sard

And the baths in traditional architecture were considered as such. To From residential units, caravanserais, castles, the

construction of many of these spaces did not require advanced architectural knowledge, design, and in some cases

The founders could design and build these works by following the existing examples of their time.

construction of some architectural spaces not only to the function of the building but also
Functional-artistic
to spaces in the design and

Its artistic and aesthetic aspects were also considered, some residential units, especially residential units

Eyanneshin 13, palaces, gardens and some public and ritual spaces such as religious schools and mosques
A

It was done by architects. In addition, in the design of these spaces are counted This type of design is often used in buildings

Attention was paid to the artistic qualities and beauty of the built space over the functional aspects.

Ritual-ideal spaces in the design of some architectural spaces such as some ritual and ideal buildings such as

Places of worship, comprehensive mosques and tombs and a few palaces and government-ritual spaces are ideal models and

They used artistic and ritual symbols.

An example is given to clarify the issue. Four porch plan, one of the important plans in design

It is considered the architecture of Iran. One of the oldest works of architecture, which has a design of four inward facing porches, is a palace

It is from the Parthian period in Assyria. This design is a space built around 14 central courtyards

There are four porches along the symmetrical axes of the courtyard, again in the Islamic era at least from the Ghaznavid period

until the end of the Qajar period, not only in many religious and ritual buildings and some palaces attention was paid and

governmental-legal, but it was used in many public buildings such as caravanserais.

In this way, architecture is considered as a sublime art in its highest form, in which to manifest

Some ideals, rites and rituals have been used as symbols. Sultanzadeh, Hossein. Persepolis: from

What do I know about Iran? C.3 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2011, pp. 105-109.

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- What is a symbol?

2- What are the numerical symbols?

3- What are the geometric symbols?

4- What are the concepts hidden in an artwork?

5- Explain the types of architectural spaces.

13
Nobles = the rich = the rich = the wealthy
14
around = surrounding

15 Sublime = Waal
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Mets B Sard ÿ Iconography in Persepolis 140

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . . . . . . . considered ancient in . . . . . . . . . . . . Persepolis can be the most famous collection of .

. . . . . . . . . . Iran. It is well known. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that at the global ... ..... ...
. . . Around the years 518 to 520 . . . . . . . . . . . . level. . . . This collection is in Dariush Achaemenshi's school.
. ..
. . ,. Xerxes .. .... .. ..... . . . . And in the period of the . . . . . . . . . . Before the start . . Also
. ..... ... .. .. boy. . In the period of the next Achaemenid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . continue
kings. . . . . . . . One of the [Link]. this
... . . . . . . . . Activities in the field of development of this face
. it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . collection. Before and after that, a collection.
. .... ..... . .... . The collection

. .... ..... . .. Not .... . ......... .

and still exclusive to . . . . . . . of this. Greatness in the

The largest and most important collection .... ..... ... .. history of Iran. . Is. Another important feature of
greatness . . . ,. In addition to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It is from ancient times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Persepolis is design.

. . . . Background . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. It also has a ritualistic aspect. Of course in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And .

that Persepolis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . There are various theories. Some researchers stated. A

A

. . . . At . . . . . . . . . . . . . And it has been religious, while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mere place

. fortresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pakht Jamshid is a species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This text shows .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . that in terms of ritual as well.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government-ceremonial and
. . Only in the map of the buildings and the design of the complex, . . . . . . . . . . . . . residential. had. The reflection of ritual

Example in a few . ..... .... . .... . . Patterns can also be seen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . symbolism. . but in
is that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sculptors use the image of lion and cow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . item
. . . to that milk . . . . . . . . . . . It shows overcoming the cow. With . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . . milk in . .
...... .... ...... . .cow
And the symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summer, light ..... ..... ..... .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The combination can be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and It has been dark. darkness and
. win or lose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The arrival of summer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nowruz knew that
. . . . . . . . . and . . . The broader concept can be the interaction of ....... ... . And . . . It is winter
. At . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the two. . . . counted for this. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . A symbol of existence and creation. .....
view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A kind of great symbolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The shape of the Apadana map. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Also, which is 72, confirmation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . that the sum of the

columns This is symbolism. (same source, p. 7)

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141 Iconography in Persepolis ÿ Mats B Sard

B- Choose the correct option.

. Content is a very effective method in learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - 1 questions.

A- Symbol
C. Concept
D- Meanwhile B. Understanding

................. 2- There is a pearl in the heart of every oyster.

C- It is hidden A- It is taken in the heart

D- It provides B- It has meaning

. And I am very grateful for your attention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3- At the end of the letter, write: From.

C. Understanding A- Care B-
D. The concept Symbol

. It has to be protected from natural hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4- Every human needs.

C- The universe A- Care B-

D- Peripheral Shelter

. Bring up the topic under discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5- Now you can ask your questions.

C- Around A- hidden in
D- Obviously B- In the meantime

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using the vocabulary
and in your own words.

Symbolism in Persepolis: Various types of symbolism have been used in the design of Persepolis
That sentence can be briefly referred to geometric, numerical, animal and plant symbols. in field of

The geometrical symbolism should refer to the design of the Apadana Palace. In this palace, which is used as a ritual-ceremonial hall

A special map was used.

The map of this palace consists of a square whose space is divided by four intersecting lines into a cruciform design

It is in such a way that there are four square-shaped spaces in the four corners of the hall and four extroverted porches on the four sides of the space
Machine Translated by Google

Mets B Sard ÿ Iconography in Persepolis 142

And
is created In other words, the main square of the hall is divided into five central square spaces, which are divided into four rectangular porches, which is

located on the south side because it faces the

Smaller palaces are residential, divided into small spaces and out of the form of porch. This

The design was used in the Apadana Palace in Susa.

This design forms the structure of the spaces of four extroverted porches and four introverted porches. Apadana Palace

In the field of numerical symbolization, it can be considered as an excellent example and it can be confidently stated that

which are the total columns of three porches The numbers used in it were not accidental. This palace has seventy-two columns,

That
It is thirty-six in number and is formed by the sum of the columns of the central hall, which is also thirty-six in number.

The composition of twelve three porches around the palace was not without connection with the sanctity of the number twelve.

One of the main reasons for the sanctity of the number twelve is the number of times the moon moves around the earth. When the moon
A

It was obvious and important that mankind soon and To circle the earth twelve times, one year passes, and this relative point

He thought that there is a sacredness in the number of the movement of the moon. This number caused the movement of the moon He realized it simply and that the

division of the year should be done on this basis, and in addition, the division of each day with a factor of twelve

seventy two its derivatives, such as six and also twenty four, thirty six and (2 x 12) was done. The number twelve and

They were sacred numbers that were used in many cases. including one of the oldest texts and

The ancient evidence is the myth of Gil Gomesh, whose background dates back to several thousand years BC, and the written text

120 have been used. And It also belongs to the first millennium BC. In that legend, from the number 12, 24, 72

In the field of animal symbolism, we can mention the role of lion and cow. In ancient Iranian culture, the lion is a symbol

And the cow was considered a symbol of passive forces, and the ancient Iranians divided most of the phenomena of the universe into two The active forces of

the group were divided. In this classification, the lion was also the symbol of summer and the cow was the symbol of winter, and the dominance of the lion

And holding the Nowruz ceremony, which is based on some evidence It can be seen that the cow's head is one of the important functions of

Persepolis.

In some doorways, images of legendary beasts are carved, which the king is defeating in battle.

It can be seen and this point represents the king's power and ability.

In the field of plant symbolism, it should be mentioned that the cypress or pine tree is evergreen and represents

and its leaf Flower And

sunlight, is also It was considered immortality and life, and the lotus flower, whose root is in the earth and whose stem is in the

used. Twelve-pointed flowers are also used in some borders It is facing the sky.

(The same source, pp. 109-111)

B- Write articles about cultural symbols in your country that include

an introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclusio

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each sentence syntactically and

grammatically. Entity and proposition

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143 Iconography in Persepolis ÿ Mats B Sard

specify Determine the subject, object and verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial
expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Hatef Esfahani

Seyyed Ahmad Hosseini nicknamed Hatef (d. 1783) is an Iranian Persian-speaking poet. He lived in an Azeri
family and was greatly influenced by Saadi. Hatef was also born in Isfahan. He writes poetry in all forms. He
also writes poetry in Arabic from Hafez.

who is one and there is nothing but him

You are the one If you are in my heart, I love you,

who is lovely, because you are so

the
whole heart is not close to your
accused of John

your sacrificing
Rahu
hand, the way of rap is

life, because the injury of our servants, you

you areso easy to are so kind to

me, I am so happy that I

reject your love. saw you.

Face And

M Beddur, Khal

evening Chesh Rhartfadid

CheganMughb Maatesh
Tsharfuzi Ripi Anjahba

loss
Both
Hebadbergdrip Yanzbanotngdahneh Shir Glar Yanadhar and Hasim

Melorihan Golu Naqlo Sham A

Chongu Ni Wdfo Ham Odu

tone Motareb, a wonderful talker, Rabbat Meshkin

Moi Qi Mahroyi

Hamiancompleted his service Sa Magh and Maghzadeh,

Mobdodudstor Certainly
I went there to his ears, secretly in

love
with the unsettled lover Manarshmandhaz Ni said:
Rippsid Kista Yen?
said:

"You are
Yenmamanof Reghechan Chandan. giving me an apple in my place

Teshsozan Richterd Sargaa hand, I am a

wise man.

YemenThey are burning their knees

and can't explain it

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Mets B Sard ÿ Iconography in Persepolis 144

A
Both
Lauridwalsharian Hahti A I heard that the members yen

God alone
of the hack are one, so you are not here

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to memorize a few bits of it.

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are similes, metaphors and other

literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb

Cannibals Leave the urn, Ah

Explanation:

the past. They used to put something not very valuable on the water jugs, but it prevented the entry of dust and dirt in
Take the inside of the jar.

Application:
A

It is not worth much, but in fact it is not insignificant and worthless either. Whenever they want to talk about something apparently

They use this

proverb.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google

The twenty-first lesson

Nowruz

1
And an anthropological analysis about the ritualistic and ideal behavior of Nowruz based on the images In this short and compact speech, interpretation

2 mentalities of Iranian society will be presented.

In the ancient and primitive societies and the current traditional societies, a number of cultural and ritual behaviors of the people with the transition of

some natural phenomena from one state to another, or the transfer of humans from one base And

of these behaviors, three periods or stages of "separation" or "separation" from each Social is linked to another base. In the structure and format of most

other and "continuity" or "correlation" can be recognized as "breaking"; "Separation" or "Transition"

that reflectand "Transfer"; 3 He distinguished these three stages

the transformation in the process of individual or group social life in the society.
A

"Rites of Passage" are the so- Arnold Van-Genep, French anthropologist and philologist (1873-1957), so-called

called 5 maturity 6, death and drinking of the year. The rites of passage in many customs and rituals related to marriage4, pregnancy,

It is well seen among different peoples of the world.

8 The dead and the living in Nowruz, the beginning of the 7th year of nature's life,
Andand the of
the time beginning of resurrection
regeneration and renewal

It is a repetition of creation, and the beginning of another new life. With Nowruz, everything is renewed. Life is renewed at 9 .

Nature and natural phenomena, and life in the social form of colorful people groups

1 interpretation = interpretation and interpretation

2 Angareh = imaginations = ideas

3
To clean = to distinguish = to recognize
4
Matrimonial = marriage

5 pregnant = pregnancy

6 Maturity = reaching the age of growth

7
Renewal = renewal
8
Resurrection = Resurrection
9
Jal = shine
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and the cold tasib ÿ Zoron Mackey 146

The year dies with its depressed winter10 and grows and blooms again in its green spring11. Growing plants 12

They start again. Animals resume their sexual life for another reproduction1314 . 15 The soul of the dead returns from the world of the dead to the

world of the living. The living also leave together with the drinking of the year and go to field 16

17
They step away from natural and social life.

18
people with ways and plants And the regrowth of plants 19 the year, and the revival of plantsThe arrival of Nowruz and the end of

And Dropping 20 Nowruz picks and planting and growing plant seeds and setting fire to bushes and thorns and dry dead branches of trees are

announced on Chaharbansuri.

In Nowruz rituals, which continue from a few days before the turn of the year until the thirteenth day of Farvardin, people along with nature have

a symbolic transition from one stage of life to another.

At the beginning of this transition , people separate and stay away from things that have the color of wear and tear, oldness and blackness, by

moving their houses and de-cluttering23 in the last days of the old year24. Rituals to welcome Nowruz 25: such as cleaning the environment (house-

shaking), breaking and throwing away old earthenware jars, dusting and cleaning the drinking house, renewing old and worn-out and ineffective

furniture and objects 26, whitening smoky copper dishes, and putting aside clothes

28 27
and cleaning the head, body and clothes Whitening and painting the walls of the house, purification

10
Depressed = withered = bored
11
To bloom = to bloom = to open
12
Roish = to grow
13
birth = give birth
14
Resume = start again
15
soul = soul
16 area = area = space

17 Stepping = Stepping = Entering

18
Herbs = plants
19
plants = plants
20
Courier = messenger = letter carrier

21 transition = pass

22 secret = mysterious

23 Plesht = contaminated

24
To avoid = to avoid
25
To greet = to welcome

26 Inefficient = unusable = don't be of any use

27 Purification = cleanliness

28
Jame = clothes
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147 and cold grass Zoron ÿ Makki

29
and dry and wearing new and clean clothes, disinfecting the house by burning and smoking frankincense and frankincense30 old and shabby

branches of trees on the last night of the year Khashak Spreading good smell, setting fire and burning thorn or on the night of

Wednesday night, and closing and stopping work and daily social and economic activities and the manifestation of the collective uprising of people in the

last days of life and the old year, are all signs of old blackness and Death has bittenspirits33",
the [Link]
All these
is the are signs of the stage of "separation of harmful

separation of humans from corruption, blackmail and past life in the old year, and keeping evil spirits35 and harmful spirits away from the living space in
a

the new year.

Another stage of this transition is the stage of "separation" from the old year and the period of transition from the old life to the new life in the new year.

The transition period lasts 12 days, from the time of delivery to the end of the 12th day of April. And among the members of the family and lineage 36 and

relatives and in sight and in this period, people spend their time visiting each other's houses.

People start this period by remembering their dead on New Year's Eve and celebrate the resurrection of the dead and their spiritual return from the

world of the dead to the earthly world and joining the living and living together. lighting lanterns and lamps and lighting fire on the roofs and on the graves

37
And clear of the dead, lighting the house lights when the sun is full,

It is 38 . Keeping them until the dawn of the first day of the new year, signs of the resurrection of the dead and the celebration of welcoming the departed

39
manifestation of this period of rituals. Spreading "Khuan Nowrozi" in Nowruz and at the beginning of the period of "separation", the symbol and

is passing Khan Norouzi calls all the family members from near and far to his house and places them on Khan's head. According to Zoroastrian Iranians,

Amshaspandan (seven angels close to Ahura Mazda) who descend from the Minoan world40 to the earth41, will be present at the head of Nowruz and

along with others.

29
Ragged = torn
30
Frankincense = aromatic substances

31
Spread = scatter
32
rise = uprising
33
Loser = evildoer

34 Nesting = living
35
Evil = bad

36
Family = family = relatives

37 full sun = sunset

38 The deceased = the dead

39 Rituals = Rituals
40
Minoy = Paradise

41
Landing = coming down
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and the cold tasib ÿ Zoron Mackey 148

Row, Khwan Nowrozi, a very important 42 role and function in bringing 43 family members and their ancestors together, and removing 44 distance

49 47
and friendship and solidarity 48 between family members and creating peace and turbidity 45 distance 46 and hypocrisy.

between them.

They believe in physical resurrection, the principle of resurrection and return is said to be that all the people of societies that accept resurrection

nowruz, and believe in it. and the dead to the earthly world at the beginning of a new period of time or end of year and

andsign Its seven special edible varieties, each one in Iran's culture, has a meaning and arrays of Khuan Norouzi and

The universe is 50 . For example, the mirror is a manifestation of purity and monochromaticity , expressing the visions and perceptions of people about the

world, and reflecting eternal existence, luck , and destiny; A candle is a symbol of burning and lighting and removing darkness and blackness; and life;

Green is a sign of the growth of an egg, a symbol

symbolizes
of creation
fertility
andand
reproduction;
abundance; Fish
Bread
and is
boxwood
a represent Venus, the angel of water and life; Pomegranate

symbol of blessing and abundance, and pecan and garlic are a symbol of healing 55 airs 56 and harmful spirits and so on.

. .

During this twelve-day period, people organize special games and shows that last until the thirteenth of April

57
It continues and is related to the period of transition in Nowruz rituals. These games and shows are a period of collapse

The time and disappearance of nature's laxity and weariness, and a period of re-creation and discovery of strength and depletion of nature's power

42
enough = many

43 to bring together = to collect

44
Remove = delete

45 dust = dust

46
Distance = sojourn
47
Hypocrisy = hypocrisy = cunning and hypocrisy

48
Turbidity = darkness

49 peace = reconciliation

50 universe = beings

51 Manifestation = indicator

52
One color = honesty

53 eternal = eternal

54
Bakht = Nasib = Fortune = Iqbal = Chance
55
Giver = Remover Novel =
Rome
56
Havam = filth
57
Collapse = fall
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149 and cold grass Zoron ÿ Makki

58
and horse riding and shows and competitions show Spectacular games, such as wrestling, war and war

59 Between death and life, disability and ability, Istaei 60 and others are among the shows that combat mythology.

They show the dynamism 61 and are a symbol of the death of the old year and the coming of the new year, which are associated with the new life of

nature and the renewal of creation and the victory of the Ahurai force 62 over the demonic force 63 and the collapse of destruction and exhaustion.

the transfer,
and a stage of preparation for the return and "joining" of the people again Finally, the final stage of the rites of passage and

the gap between the period or the society and the daily social and economic life comes. Thirteenth Nowruz is the border of separation and a stage of

transition and a period and stage of connection and solidarity. Rituals related to the 13th of Farvardin or "the 13th and joining other people, taking

shelter in the lap of nature, Badr", including going out of the house in a group, throwing the growing greens into the water and freeing 64 from any

social constraints and engaging in drinking. And play and joy, the reflection of 65 social chaos and dissociation and the promise of 66 coming.

67
Law and order period and the beginning of one

68 is again in the new year. Collective life in order

In short, during Nowruz, which is associated with a series of mysterious symbolic behaviors, in an impure and unholy worldly life, which is black

a and depraved. 69 internal and external, first of all relationships transformation

Oldness has arisen, it takes away from itself and its bio-environment. Then, with the consumption of time and years and the rebirth of creation in

nature, it is reborn in a spiritual and sacred sphere. Then with new strength and ability to accept the duties and social constraints of life in another year,

he is ready and starts it with the new year. Blokbashi, Ali. Nowruz: celebration of the renewal of creation: what do I know about Iran? C.7 Tehran:

Cultural Research Office. 2002, pp. 105-109.

58 War and battle = bullfighting

Struggle = War 59

Static = stillness 60

61
Dynamics = movement

Ahurai = divine = heavenly 62

Ahrimani = Satanic 63

Emancipation = freedom 64

Reflector = reflection 65

The promiser = the bearer of good news 66

To come = to arrive 67

68
Be Saman = neat and orderly

69 Metamorphosis = transformation

70 Affinities = Dependencies
Machine Translated by Google

and the cold tasib ÿ Zoron Mackey 150

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- Briefly, what is this text about?

2- What stages are there in building the cultural and ritual behaviors of people?
3- What are the rituals of Nowruz?
did they fall
4-Why do people remember their dead on New
Year's Eve?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . . . . . . . . the face . . . . Related to the thirteenth day of Nowruz. . . . . . . . Many behaviors and rituals.

. .. they deliver in the meanings and . . and a special meaning

. . . . . . . . . And . Allegorical and symbolic.
. . and
concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Various behaviors and rituals, votes . . opinions. . . . . .. mythological and allegorical.
. . . . . . .
A

. .. ancient times, days . . . Farh Vashi, the 13th ceremony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Is. Example . . . . . . expressing .

And about some behavior in the ceremony . . . . . . He knows the fields . . . . . . . . Special request for spring rain.

Thirteen writes:
. . . . . A sign of the redemption of the roasted sheep. . . . . . And . . . . . . . . . . . . Eating the food of the day in the plain

. . . and throwing freshly blown Nowruz greens into the water. . . . . . . . . . . that in Avesta . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . The god of water, Anahita and the god of rain and . . . . Streams are an allegory of giving ransom.

streams. Nahid is its client angel . . through the seeds of fertile . . . . . . . arrow and to

which is the god of arrows . . . . . . . . . . . plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Venus returns to itself. and

. . . is. .a .plant.

to himself . . . . . . . . . . . They throw again to bring blessings and fertility and water in the land. . . . . . .. be new.

. . . . . . . . . . ancient times . . . . . Thirteen is also ....... . . tying the brunette in .

. . . . . . . . . . . magical, to . . . official. . . . . . . . . At that time, religious rituals.

. . . . . . . . knows that
A

wish. . . . . . . . . . . . .. in a kind of action. And everyone has his own . . mixed together . . . . . . . . . . .

To . . . . . . . . . . In this way, in realization . . . . . . . . . . He fulfilled and thought. and . . . . . . .

. . . . green branches. . . . . . . . . . . .knot
. . . .. It. .will
. . .be
. . accelerated.
. . . . Two . . An allegory of the bond . . . . . . .

. To . . . . . . . . of a man and . . . . The last days of cosmic

. . . birth.
. . . The
. . . stability of the birth sequence.

(same source, p. 101)

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151 and cold grass Zoron ÿ Makki

B- Choose the correct option.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1- Children cannot distinguish between good and bad.

C- resume A- To avoid B- To
d- to gather clean

2- After twenty years away from the homeland, now ill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . suffered

C. Puberty A-
D- Depression Purification B- Birth
A

the end 3- As the number of honey bees decreases, pollen. . . . . . . . . . . . .. It is not done correctly and of course
It will not be pleasant.

C- Jal A- Sowing
D- Clothes B- Growing

. The regrowth of his hair did not avoid the use of any ointments and medicines . . 4- He is for . . . . . . . . .
Is.

C- Growth A-
D- Dynamics Transition B- Rise

5- In Nowruz, Iranians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they leave it and go to see and visit Eid.

Affiliation A- Stagnation
C-
D- Turbidity B- Collapse

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using your own
vocabulary and words.

Fortune-telling: One of the ritualistic behaviors of girls and women on the thirteenth day of the year is the custom of

fortune-telling. On this day, in every city and country, lucky girls perform actions related to the traditional beliefs common

in their culture to open their luck and go to their husband's house. In this topic, we will briefly mention some of the fortune-

telling customs that have been collected from the writings of local researchers in the book of Nowruz rituals.
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and the cold tasib ÿ Zoron Mackey 152

On the night of 13th of Nowruz, Shirazi girls tie a seven-color woven silk thread around their waist, and in the

morning of the 13th, before sunrise, they ask an underage boy to untie it so that their luck will be opened and they

can go to their husband's house.

In Sari, girls wake up at dawn and go to the nearest water stream to their house

They jump from it seven times. Every time they jump over the sky, they say to themselves: Another year, husband's house.

In Ahvaz, for fortune-telling, early in the morning at 13, a clay jar filled with water left overnight is placed at the door.

They break the room or yard of the house.

Khorasani girls sit facing the Qiblah when tying their hair and make intentions and say: Thirteen to the door, fourteen to you, sal

dege, khanhi (house) sho (husband), hakot koto, hakot koto.

Then they drop some sweets at the feet of the greens they have tied and walk away from there.

In Hamedan, after returning from the desert, girls ride the famous stone lion with the intention of fortune-telling and finding a husband

They become hamadan and apply milk and juice on the head and body.

On the evening of the 13th day, the girls of Kermanshahi go to the door, on top of the mosque's garland, and each drop a walnut.

The walnut of every girl who breaks will go to her husband's house until next year. (same source, pp. 101-100)

B- Write articles about cultural symbols in your country that include

an introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a conclusio

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each

sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb. And then

nominal, descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Amir Khosro Dehlavi

Abul Hasan Yamin al-Din bin Seifaldin Mahmud known as Amir Khosrow Dehlavi (1325-1253) is a Persian
poet from India. He greatly influenced the poets of Iran and India. Among his works, we can mention Hasht
Behesht and Einhi Sikandar.

The cloud is raining

Because my heart is so happy It's raining, and I'm not going to

Manjdarghikanan, Arbjada, Yarjada go to school

Bulbul Roisie Mandez Golzarjeda

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153 and cold grass Zoron ÿ Makki

once and for No

all one is tied to me O Rema, the hair of the hair was not cut, O

You do, MeshRamd He saw his best

Nebarjeda Vazdidekho MRema

Many blessings have been seen separately After all, Stay

when hacked
he Nematdidhankhwa

Yavarjada HeadQuick and easy to use saw your armor, he became proud of you, Kha

Pishazankhawa Mead
Hey, save the document Also, John Ramoazman, you can't believe it

Globes
There was no door left, what happened from outside?

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page.

B- Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to
memorize a few bits of it.

C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many

examples? Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or no

proverb

The answer is silence

Explanation:

Sometimes an ignorant companion hurts a person so much that a person does not know what to do with him, because
getting involved with an ignorant person, either verbally or behaviorally, hurts a person more.

Application:

This proverb refers to the fact that the less a person has to deal with an
And

ignorant and ignorant person, it is better to be quiet and indifferent to such

people.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it.

B- What is the closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?
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Lesson twenty-two

Ancient history of Iran

3 1
and torn 2 cultures and following that, From five thousand years BC, the life of cave dwellers and plains dwellers changed
5
would cause and vast deserts and high mountains 4. Geographically, the plains Various cultures emerged. in width

where dealings and relations between them are difficult. However, cross-cultural works and a kind of harmony and

Similarities have also been observed in their relationships.

Archaeologists express opinions about "Iran on Earth" and Iran today, according to archaeological regionalizations.

and Mazandaran; 2( 6)17.

has distinguished:
Vandenberg has listed the archaeological areas of Iran as follows

Gorgan and Estrabad; 3) Khorasan and Sistan; 4) Balochistan and Kerman; 5) Al-Ristan; 6) Fars; 7) Khuzestan; 8) Lorestan; 9) Kurdistan; 10)

Azerbaijan; and 11) Iraq Ajam (Vandenberg, 1348, p. 8).

Dr. Malek Shahmirzadi, an Iranian archaeologist and a specialist in the pre-history of Iran, the mentioned areas

north southwest; 2) Kermanshah and West region; 3) is divided as follows: 1) Southwest and Northwest region; 4) Northern Iran region; 5)

Central Falat region; 6) Northeastern region; 7) Azerbaijan region and

eastern region; 8) Southeast region; 9) South region (Malek Shahmirzadi, 1378, pp. 101-100).

In these zonings, other areas of "Iran-Zamin" which, in terms of archeology, are similar to the mentioned areas

They have a cultural commonality, they have not taken into account.

1
To transform = to change = to transform
2
In the wake of that = followed by that

3 culture = civilization

4 area = extent = area

5 high = tall
6
Thus = this way
7
To distinguish = to specify
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ÿ Naria Nahak Khairat And cold weather 156

Another important issue is priority and delay

8 cultures and how they appeared in the regions

Dispersion is noted.

The origin of the first ancient civilization of the Iranian inhabitants of the earth in the central regions Some scientists, including Girshman, Falt (river)
a

and by the river (or a dried up lake) and some such as Braidwood in the western regions of Falt.

(=Kermanshah) and in the mountains and a group in the north of Iran's fault (=caves located by the sea of Mazandaran) and

Other than these, they know. In the future archaeological excavations, new issues will be raised, that's why now in

9 Can't comment. This time for sure

However, the known civilizations or cultures of Sialak (Kashan), Cheshma Ali (Rei), Gyan (Nahavand), Anu (Muro),

Hasanlu (Azerbaijan), Hesar (Damghan), Zaghe (Qazvin), Haji Firouz (Dasht Golduz), Marlik (Rodbar), and Bakun

(near Persepolis) and Jafarabad and Shush (Khuzestan) from the 6th to the 4th millennium BC, how to live

10
The people of that time and even their connections with each other (Sialak and Sush, and Sush and Mohenjodaro) and also the works of civility

"Sumerian, Babylonian, Elyamian and Caspian" show each other. in the region (western Iran)

It represents the Elyami Empire, which was one of the most reliable ancient human civilizations. This empire "in

Its ultimate historical expansion from the beginning of the Sumatra millennium to the middle of the first millennium BC is a large part of the western regions

and the south included the present-day land of Iran" and it can be "the lands of Khuzestan, Fars and

He considered parts of Kerman, Lorestan, and Kurdistan provinces to be among 11 states (Yosefzadeh, 2013, p. 1).

In this era, when the patriarchal social life was gradually giving way to the matriarchal system and dividing

Social work was brought up, and people turned to urbanization, and language, art, linguistics, and orientation

And the waves of religious beliefs appeared, the biggest historical event in Asia, that is, the migration of "Aryans" to

The western and southwestern lands of this continent began.

Prehistoric researchers, the people of the southern border of Sir Darya (Sihun), a Based on the theories of archaeologists and at

the time when they had reached a stage of life based on hunting, they thought of moving and settling in new lands.

they fell In the third millennium BC, groups of them migrated to Europe from the north of the Caspian Sea

they did Some of them probably went to the Caucasus and there have been returns in this migration.

In the middle of the third millennium, other groups have flowed towards the land of the Caspians - which is telling

It has not been worthy of 14 attention - but, from five hundred to a thousand years later, for various reasons, including in order to achieve

8
Precedence and delay = chronological order

9
Definitely = definitely = correctly
10
Civility = urbanization
11
In category = in group = component

12
Based on = based on
13
Accomodation = stay

14
Worthy = Worthy
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157 and Tesib SardNaria Nahek Khairat ÿ Mode

to suitable pastures and also due to the pressure and conflicts of the northern tribes of the region, other migrations from two

It has taken place towards the Caspian Sea and at the same time towards the southern lands such as Sistan (Segistan) and India.

The new immigrants called their land Ayrine Veja (= special Aryan land) and those who went to India

They had left 15, they called their residence Ariyavarte (= Aryan homeland).

Professor Richard Fry wrote:

It means "aristocrats or princes" as if it was a name that was applied to all the people with dialect "Aryan that almost

or they spoke Eastern Indo-European languages, it has been said 16, these people in the late millennium

the EuphratesIn the second and the beginning of the first millennium BC, they migrated to the lands between the Ganges and

They built their place" (Fray, 1368, p. 2).

This blessed land 17 (=Iranshahr) which was later called 18, Anirna (=Ariana) and Iran, due to its vastness

More than the current Iran, sometimes in Iranology texts, in English, under the name of Great Iran or Greater Iran and so on

The French language of Iran is referred to as external or output from it.

Aryan immigrants and ancient residents of "Iran-Zamin" in the historical path of social and cultural integrations.

They accepted 20 of the 21 characteristics and parts of each other's cultures. Their beliefs affected each other Parhai

And at the same time as the cities were found and the system grew And in the emerging process, little by little, a new society emerged, patriarchy,

and changes in the social life of states (=nations) and the emergence of some kind of conflicts 22 within the communities.

The foundations of governmental solidarity were formed. Various Aryan clans under the leadership of "Dehiupads" and

"Xentopods" and "Wispods" and "Manpods" brought their pastoral life23 to the stage of rural economy and

All of them, after the formation of ethnic unions, came under the authority of 24 kings (Khashaytiyah).

Naser. History of Iran at a glance: What do I know about Iran? Vol. 25 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2011

pp. 10-13

15
To leave = to leave = to leave

16. To refer to = to be used for = to denote

17
Blessing = happiness

18
To review = gradually
19
Merge = join
20
Parhai = some = some

21 characteristic = feature = characteristic

22 conflicts = wars = conflicts

23
Shepherd = Shepherd

Authority = power 24
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ÿ Naria Nahak Khairat And cold weather 158

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

1- What problems existed in establishing relations between civilizations in ancient times?

2- What are the classifications for the archeological regions of Iran?

3- What is the superiority and inferiority of cultures?

4-When did the migration of the Aryans begin?

5- What does Aryan mean and who did it refer to?

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iran, the land, the battle of its inhabitants, nature Religious beliefs: emerged in a large

society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The external powers of state. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . create . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . Dual good and beneficial forces from one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And evil and destruction

from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . More, specific and distinct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And the battle for their durability

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Each other created all kinds of metaphysical judgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

You are in order, Ahura Mazda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As absolute good and light and demonic to . . . . . .

darkness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside every human being, there is a good soul. . . . . . . . . . . It is absolute evil and
Saadat and
And . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Which separately with Ahuramazda and And Angra Mino is the cause of misguidance

and evil, the demon of communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and in individual life and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . human role . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . they do. Iranians in this society and in confrontation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tribes and clans

Non-Iranian (= Aniran) identity... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . they guard The religious state has emerged, indicating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aryan tendencies

Prior beliefs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It says so. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , in memory of institutions.

His immigration also, little and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Girshman

wrote about this:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All the forces of nature are accepted. "Primitive Aryan religion based on polytheism

that could not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The influence of Asian resident gods of Najd Iran should not be placed. as

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greece, Greeks are influenced by various ethnic groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Iranians

same way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . they went. In this mixing of races that was about to be realized, religion and civilization too

has had the same fate." (Girshman, 1368, p. 173). (The same source, p. 13)
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159 and Tesib SardNaria Nahek Khairat ÿ Mode

B- Choose the correct option.

1- Iran is considered a mountainous country because the mountains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Many in Iran

there are.

C- high A- Based B-

D. Distinctive Powerful

and its customs Etiquette-2 of the immigrants after . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Long in one region, they gradually acquire the language and the

region.

C. Merger A- Ataliq B-

D. Authority Accomodation

He came with Don Hamtan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It is not your superior personality. 3- He went and

C- In Khor A- In P.
D- In review B- In category

After completing his education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . It became the fronts of war.

-4

C- Disputes A- Merger B-

D- Barkat Departure

.................. 5-The shape of the nose and face distinguish them from other residents of this area

C- applies A- Transforms B-

D- leaves Differentiates

writing

A- Read the following text and then use the vocabulary and words
Rewrite yourself.

Achaemenid era: The Persians - who were Iranian and from the 9th century BC, their names and emblems appear in Assyrian inscriptions

They accepted the obedience of women. They ruled around 700 BC Is- First, they were subject to Assyria, and then

they started their regions under Achaemenid leadership in Pars. Chaish Pesh (730 BC); Kambojihi I;

Cyrus the First and Chaish the Second are the kings of the first period of the Achaemenid dynasty. After they bifurcate,

The main branch that continued their kingdom in Anzan (Sush) and Eyalam are: Cyrus II, Kambojihi
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ÿ Naria Nahak Khairat And cold weather 160

Second, Cyrus III (the Great) and Kambojihi III. Apart from these, a branch that continued to rule in Persia.

They are: Aryaramene (640-590 BC), Arsham, Vishtasab and Darius I.

different nationsAnd the ancient, historical and religious documents of the Cyrus the Third or Cyrus the Great - from him in the documents of

the Medes and the conquest of Hamadan (their capital) in 550 BCpeoples and the world have been mentioned as great and good - after the uprising against

Mediterranean Mayald continued to advance throughout the region of Western Asia. He borders his kingdom to Egypt and the

and the Persian Gulf and the Indian Sea from the south From the West, the Indus River from the East, the Sihun River (the Sea) from the

North, and the captive Jews during the Bakhtal Nasr period, their freedom. gave Babylon was conquered in 538 BC and they

returned to their homeland and rebuilt their temples. That is why Cyrus in the book

It has been well mentioned. holy

Historians were based on the The vast empire that Cyrus ruled over was approved and tolerated

tolerance and customs and beliefs of the defeated people. According to Cyrus, "various nations" of prosperity and peace They had respect

for customs, but once again, the Massaget tribes (a part of the Scythians) in Central Asia started sedition and chaos.

they hit In 529 BC, the ruler of Iran who wanted to suppress them and establish peace in the region

He had marched towards the army, he was killed. His body was brought to Pars and buried in Pasargad (Mashhad Marghab).

After Cyrus, his son Cambogia, and after him Berdia - who was called the false brother of Cambogia - took charge of affairs.

took hold of But another branch of the Achaemenians rose up under the leadership of Darius I and won, and Darius

And In two years, he sat on the throne with twenty wars (522 BC). This powerful ruler was able to

and rebuilds the great empire of Cyrus. By his order, from the Indus River to the sea Iranian sailors explored Pars

and from there to the Red Sea, and for the first time in history, the Mediterranean Sea.

It was connected to the Iranian seas by digging the Dariush Canal (Suez Canal).

By establishing government order in Central Asia, through the Caucasus and Asia Minor - which was preceded by an attack

Cyrus the Great had been conquered - Iran's troops reached the Balkans. In 498 BC, the troops of Dariush

From Hellaspent strait, they reached other places in Greece. By setting up two wars in Salmir (498 BC) and Marsyas

(497 BC), Greece was defeated and many captives were transferred to Susa.

Dariush, like Cyrus the Great, was a person of tolerance and tolerant, and in managing the country and creating government organizations and so on

Economically, throughout his vast empire, he used new methods. Dariush, the historical city of Susa

declared the capital of his empire and by erecting huge and beautiful and artistic buildings there as well as in the origin

The first Persians, that is, in Persepolis, showed the political and governmental greatness of their time.

Darius died in 484 BC and his son Xerxes sat on the throne. She

After suppressing the rebellion of Egypt and reconquering Babylon in 481 BC, he marched to Greece and in a few

The historical battle was sometimes won and sometimes lost. Finally, in the spring of 479 BC, he was defeated in the Battle of Paleta

he ate. In the summer of 465 BC, he and his eldest son, Dariush, were killed as a result of a plot by the courtiers.

424 BC And he took over his father's crown And his other son, Ardeshir - who is famous for his long hand - reigned until

and remained on the seat of power since birth. After him, Xerxes II, his son, reigned only 45 days. up to a period
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161 and Tesib SardNaria Nahek Khairat ÿ Mode

The reign of Darius II (404-424 BC), and Ardashir II (404-358 BC) and his son, Ardashir

III (358-336 BC) reigned. After him, when there were political divisions within the empire

and spirituality had emerged and luxury and fun had replaced swordplay and torture, Darius III

And during his reign, the most famous royal dynasties In 336 BC, the power of ancient Iran
became extinct.
and customs Customs in the Achaemenid period, throughout the government territory, with the preservation of some regional cultures
ÿ

Diverse", social cohesion and Iranian identity was formed little by little. Government organizations and Maintaining the respect of

nations and its universal application, the security of judicial affairs andSatraps, army and military affairs, the issue of taxes and coinage, suppressing rebellions

(including the false Bardia rebellion) indicate that the government organization has a system

It was coherent. Belief in a single Ahura Mazda, the creator of earth and sky, flourished. Science, culture and industries

And art and architecture grew a lot. Still the works of that brilliant era in Persepolis Hand-woven and hand-

made, Pasargad, Rajab and Rostam motifs are left behind. The surviving inscriptions from that time indicate the language and

It is the writing of the people of that time. The cuneiform script, which is adapted from the Babylonian script, is more beautiful and with the removal of parts

The social life and cultural identity of the inhabitants of Iran Additional signs in various stone inscriptions and tablets, Mobi

In the middle centuries of the 1st millennium BC. (same source, pp. 20-23)

B- Write articles about the history of your country, including an introduction, three
The paragraph should be the main text and a conclusion.

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition.

After that, analyze each sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. subject

and determine the subject and the verb. And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Iraj Mirza

Iraj Mirza (1874-1926) is an Iranian Persian poet of the constitutional era. He wrote in various forms of poetry.

It is one of his works. Manouchehr andVenus and Masnavi Arifnameh Masnavi goes
Mother

Hacked Mard Tobamanjang Shaq sent a message to his lover

Ajang way
The face of rapchin-vejbin Where can I see to

Ludzand
rap Del Anzakman Tir Khadang Lord remove the anger?

It's amazing that I with Mared Sangd

Shahd red kam man and test reshang

Atenzazi heart and blood color

can't be single-minded, Reta
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ÿ Naria Nahek Charit and Tesib Sard Mode 162

Be fearless and fearless at this hour Lam Hehebwasa Regtukhova

The heart is beating from that tight Rabsi Tangshabdari

on the waist

chest, the decoration of my of Bazarari, the Don't forget the character

Han
character of the market,
heart is ringing, the beauty of the the incident, the

heart, the beauty of Yohan's norm, the mercy of a man.

R
eyes, staring at the wind, s He threw the woman to the ground

Ved
heartbroken and went to my lover's house.
the color of the shoes.
Heb

Wand
What is the color of the song?
By chance, I ate the traces of the

ground, and I was heartbroken. He was still alive.

Damp
Ved
He rose from the ground, saw

that his heart was stained with

blood, and the

hand of my son was shining.

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page. B- Search the above poem

on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to memorize a few bits of it. C- In the above poem, what arrays or literary

techniques, both verbal

and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are similes, metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or

not?

proverb

d
It helps, the mouse also listens

Application: When someone tells a secret in a loud voice, they invite him to speak quietly and with
this example, they remind him that it is true that there is no one here, but your voice may be heard
by an informer and he reveal the secret

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it. B- What is the closest equivalent of

the above proverb in your language?

Machine Translated by Google

The twenty-third lesson

Chronology and history of celebrations

Iranian

Until the end of the 13th century, that is, the end of the Qajar period, the common chronology in Iran, the lunar Hijri chronology and

And the remnant of Iranian chronology to Its months were also the months of the Arabic calendar. In the meantime, Nowruz was considered the only sign

and this celebration was still held on the first day of spring in continuation of the ancient tradition.
A

months ago and employment Accepted 1 At the end of 1289 AH (early 1329 AH) of the official solar calendar

Lou, 2 twelve) Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Spike, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, D Shamsi with the name of towers

3 which before that also in some government offices, which dealt with financial affairs, from Fish became popular. It should be said

Solar chronology was used, but even in these cases the same Arabic months were used.
A

4
And for the months of the year They planted in the first spring AD and 1304, officially the beginning of the year In 1344 AH against 1925. (used). With all this

new chronology with also the same names of the ancient period chronology (Afrvardin and The old chronology

of Iran also had differences: in the old chronology, the year consisted of twelve months of thirty days and five days

The extra was placed at the end of the year or one of the months. But in the new chronology - which is still used today

They set the last month as 29 days The first six months of the year are 31 days long, the next five months are 30 days long, and the last one is

30 days long, once every four years, in a leap year.

Iranian chronology and its evolution is undoubtedly one of the most complex and controversial topics in Iranian studies.

5 dates so far It has been in the last century. Iran, due to its special political position in the region, from Sepideh Daman

exchange
7 has been arranged. 6 cultures with neighboring tribes and lands And exposed to many changes; and among other things

Chronology, which is one of the cultural phenomena of every civilization, in Iran, along with many other phenomena,

1
Use = use
2
Tower = Moon

3 It should be noted that = it is worth mentioning that

put = to put 4

5
Dawn = first
Trade = exchange and
6 gave

7
Adjacent = Neighbor
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Yanaria Yahneshj of Yeship and Amshag 164 Mousse and cold grass ÿ

9 8
In Iran, although in many aspects affected by It has gone through many changes. Especially this category

There have been chronologies of other tribes, but over time, they found features that made it a special and unique phenomenon.

Iranian chronology is closely related to the celebrations of this land Is. For this reason, and because of the very close connection and before

First
the main topics related to the celebration in Iran, in short, the evolution of Iranian chronology, and

Some of its features are overlooked, among these features, the category of naming months and days after gods.

It is Iranian.

in the name of Yazidi. As it will come 10, Iranians had special beliefs about the days of the month 11 and named each day

be his characteristic attribute and by mentioning him, manifest that attribute in yourself They called people on that day in his memory, which

13 12
and manifestations are actually abstract concepts to forgive With this work, in addition, on the one hand, the collection of important

gods were a single truth, they were established in the society and among the believers14, and on the other hand, a ground was provided to

Have. Special occasions, special celebrations of important gods,

facilities of this world to destroy evil and strengthen hope for life and benefit from divine blessings and use the

Goodness has been one of the beliefs of ancient Iranians. Those who named the months of the year after their important gods

A month named after a special god is a worthy opportunity to honor that god were, they found 15 days of

celebration and happiness in the symmetry. These celebrations, which are called non-religious, along with the religious celebrations of Nowruz (Boys, 1375)

And six other festivals known as Gahanbar - the celebration of the six creations (p. 59) - at the beginning of the

And year - they provided a set of suitable opportunities during which the ancient Iranians could enjoy

And from the monotony of life - which is a threat to strengthen their vitality, as well as their social and religious spirit, its dynamic 16

could be - avoid 17.

Iranian chronology and its evolution from the works left from ancient Iran, it can be seen that chronology in Iran

It has a long history. Narratives of old writers about the existence of chronology in the time of Zoroaster, the prophet of Iran

Bastan, who lived at the end of the second millennium BC (around 1200 to 1000 BC), they inform.

8 category = topic

9 affected by = under the influence

10
As it will come = as it will be said
11
Beliefs = Beliefs
12
Abstract = Virtual
13 Manifestation = Manifestation

14 Stabilization = becoming fixed

15
Symmetry = simultaneity
16
Dynamics = movement
17
To avoid = to avoid = to avoid
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165 Yanaria Yahnsaj, Heiship and Amshahag ÿ Mous and Tsib Sard

18
At Narratives have been quoted in some authentic writings, including the books of Abu Rihan Biruni (among them the works of al-Baqiyyah).

And this is how it is perceived Some of them are even mentioned by Zoroaster himself, 19 Kahder

Iran existed long before this date, scientific and accurate chronology. With this oldest chronology, which

20 Belongs to about 558 to 330 BC. The whole of it is in hand, in the Achaemenid period (Hak relative information

This chronology, which is called old Iranian or ancient Persian chronology, was of lunar-solar type.

thirty days It was also popular in Babylon - in Mesopotamia and today's Iraq. In this chronology, which numbered the year with twelve months

and 21 last days of the month. In the ancient Persian inscriptions, It was divided into days (with the exception of

Cuneiform, only the names of eight of these months are given. The names of four other months have been found in the Elamite version of these inscriptions

(Taghizadeh, 1357 p. 112 and notes).

A

They wrote that in the middle of the fourth century BC, However, some ancient Latin sources, clearly

Iranians had a year of 365 days, and this shows that at this time the Iranian calendar should be solar.

(Panaino, 1990, pp. 659-660).

A

It has long been the beginning of the king's reign. In other words, with the beginning The beginning of the old Iranian chronology, apparently
A

To refer to a specific year, they used to say the year of the reign The reign of each king was numbered and apparently

Fallen the king This method continued until the end of the Sasanian period (224-651 BC). (External,

, 1367 p. 238 (. Regarding the days, as mentioned, they referred to the number of that day. For example, in

Biston inscription of Dariush Achaemenshi, which is one of the best available sources to learn about this chronology.
ÿ

. .« Bahrami, Askar. Celebrations . Nameless (unnamed) thirteen days ago It is stated as follows: . . From the month of A

Iranians: What do I know about Iran? Vol. 46 Tehran: Cultural Research Office. 2001 p.13-17

Comprehension

Answer the following questions completely.

And what was the remnant of Iran's chronology until the end of the Qajar dynasty? 1- The only sign 2-

When did the use of solar months become common?

3- Since when did they use the months of the ancient period?

4- Why did Iranians call each day by the name of Yazidi?

5- What era does the history of chronology in ancient Iran go back to?

18. To be quoted = to be mentioned = to be mentioned = to be mentioned

19
To be perceived = to be inferred

20 Hak = Abbreviated sign for the period of rule, dynasty or kingdom

21
Excluding = Except
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Yanaria Yahneshj of Yeship and Amshag 166 Mousse and cold grass ÿ

Practice with words

A- Fill in the blanks in the text below with suitable words.

. . . . . . jam days ........... . . The writings have arrived . . . . . . . . Holding Nowruz: in . . . . . .

. elders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . He divided: the first five days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The first month of the year
..
Nowruz was called Shahi and he gave forgiveness and charity; ............. Allocated; The second five

; The fourth five days of ...... .......... days. . . . . . . The third feast of the servants of the. king.
... . . . . . . five
. soldiers . . . . . . . . . . . became the king's family; The fifth five days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . those

. . It was also assigned to the nation (Inostrantsev, 1348). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . relatives Receipt; And finally,

five days. pp. 95-96.

. Ancient, after Nowruz, five. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . other . . . . . . . . . And they have said again that in . . . . . .

, Because ...... .......... . and the 6th of April "Great Nowruz". First . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . also celebrate
........... they reached the people around them and like day.. . . . . . . . . . Kings during five. . . . . . . . . It
........... . . Self and family celebration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . would arrive, they would be quiet and . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Ibn Balkhi, 1363 pp. 33-33; Biruni, 1367, p. 253. And they also said that he . . . .
the people of solitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . used to celebrate himself. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . This day the king
. . wanted .......... .... . . He did not attend. Sometimes from gifts received, ...............
. . . . . . . . . . . . . (Bironi, 1377, p. 332). .............. You forgive and the rest.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Among the gifts of some kings. . . .

. It has been the kings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , because they have said that it has been a .................

. They were starting (Gardizi, 1363). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tradition for a long time. . This is ........... .....

the day of taking tribute. p. 514 (same source, p. 54)

B- Choose the correct option.

................. 1- After the king was killed, his son put the royal crown on his head.

C- Prehicht A- He said

D- harvest B- Institution

March has 29 days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2- All months have more than 30 days.

C- With the exception of A- Affected

D- Employment
by B- As
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167 Yanaria Yahnsaj, Heiship and Amshahag ÿ Mous and Tsib Sard

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -3
The beliefs of every nation should be respected. . And

C- Categories the records

And
A- Gave
D. Beliefs B- Towers

4- During the month of Ramadan, Muslims are prohibited from eating and drinking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C- They quote A- They put

D- They stabilize B- They avoid

What do you think of this movie? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-

C- Manifestation A- Collection
d- Consolidation B- Symmetry

writing

A- Read the following text and then rewrite it using the

vocabulary and in your own

Religious celebrations: It is difficult to separate the category of religion from many aspects of life - especially the life of ancient Iranians.

And it seems impossible, and today's awareness of ancient Iranian culture is strongly intertwined with religion and ritual.

Therefore, it is difficult to divide a category such as celebration into religious and non-religious. With all these researchers
A

Celebrate festivals Often, to achieve a division - which is a breakthrough in scientific research - only

They read that in the dominant religion of ancient Iran - Zoroastrianism - they were considered obligatory (Boys, 2008).

The basis of the rest of the celebrations, although they were held in praise of supernatural forces and various manifestations of God - below

this They are called non-religious festivals, whose holding has more social function, and hence

Work in religion is also considered a virtue.

The belief of the ancient Iranians about the creation of the world in six stages was introduced to this religion with the emergence of Zoroastrianism. To

Their belief is that God created each of the six main elements of the world at a time of the year: first, the sky in the middle

early spring, then water in midsummer, earth in late summer, plant in late October, beast in

He created winter and finally man at the end of winter.

The ancient Iranians, who attached great importance to God's creations, were thankful for the existence of these creations in

On the anniversary of the creation of each of them, they held a celebration called Gahanbar. Although these celebrations are probably l

They existed before Zoroaster, however, this Iranian prophet gave them more importance and held them

assigned to his followers.

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Yanaria Yahnsaj, Yaship, and Amshag 168 Mouse and Cold Grass ÿ

But some sources have mentioned fire as the seventh creation of God, and thus the celebration related to him, which spread

around the world, was called Nowruz. There have been many debates about this celebration, it was the completion of creation,

and although some have considered its origin to be pre-Zoroastrian and even non-Iranian, however, it is also included in the

religious celebrations that were obligatory. In spite of all these circumstances, as can be seen, over time, this celebration

perhaps because of this, it survived many events in the history of Iran and the national became a religious celebration, and

celebration of Iranians, and now it is the only surviving celebration of Ancient Iran is still celebrated with great splendor at the

national level, and even in other countries of the territory of cultural Iran that have not yet been separated from their past. (The

same source, pp. 46-45)

B- Write articles about chronology in your country that include an

introduction, three paragraphs of the main text and a co

C- Underline the longest sentence in the main text of the lesson. Then specify its composition. After that, analyze each

sentence syntactically and grammatically. Specify the entity and proposition. Determine the subject, object and verb.

And then nominal, descriptive and adverbial expressions and . . . analyze

Poetry: Faiz Kashani

Mal Mohammad Mohsen Faiz Kashani (1598-1680) is an Iranian jurist and philosopher who wrote poems and poems in

Persian. The life of Faiz Kashani. Faiz has many works in the field of mysticism and Sufism, and philosophy can be divided

of studying and researching in philosophy and into different eras. Kurd, which started with Sufism and then the period

finally ending with the final period of his life. His Persian poems are collected in his Diwan.

Sorrowful

sorrow

Let us be together, be sad and be sick, let us be let's eat each other Nesham, my

with each other, be with each other, let us be with each other, let us friend, let's gather together
Yam

be with each other, let us be with each other, let us be with and let the night come
e

each other, let us be with each other, let us be with each together, we will both heal

other, let us be with each other, let us be with each each other and sacrificeeach other.

other, let us be with each other, let us be with each other. Let's live together and be happy together
Yam

chow
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169 Yanaria Yahnsaj, Heiship and Amshahag ÿ Mous and Tsib Sard

Let's be together, let's smell Sadness of Andalib's harmony is sung

Bejm

each other's flowers, let's be Yasha

a refuge
Ait Panahar is

careless, let's
be the song from the rapping wind.

of the moon, let's be We wear a beautiful dress

awake, let's be awake in a wolf.

together.

Damp

Come on, D
May, O Faiz, I will see you

A- Do research on the above poet and summarize the result of your research in one page. B-

Search the above poem on the internet and practice how to read it correctly. Then try to memorize a few bits of it.

C- In the above

poem, what arrays or literary techniques, both verbal and spiritual, are used? How many examples? Are similes,

metaphors and other literary techniques used in the above poem in your language or not?

proverb

d
Yochobironrod, Rafeshta Radaide

Explanation: This is a stanza from a poem by Hafez.

d
Youcho will go outside the meaning It is not appropriate to change

Application: To say that in order for a good person or something pleasant to enter a place, when we use this
proverb, it is necessary to empty that place of bad people and unpleasant things. Also, if after injustice and evil are
gone from somewhere, goodness and righteousness will replace it, we use this proverb to express happiness.

A- Write a story or conversation and use the above proverb in it. B- What is the

closest equivalent of the above proverb in your language?

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Literary-Poetic Devices

Devices Poetic / Literary Arrays and poetic crafts,

Metaphor metaphors,

Hyperbole
Ambiguity
Simile exaggerations, similes

Oxymoron Conflict

Palilogy Repetition

Allusion
of

Allegory allegory

Pun / Alliteration allegory hint

Fantastic etiology Hasan explanation of

Kenning the

Epanodos sarcasm of

Figure of thought Laf and permissible publication

Congeries Observance of similarity or proportion

[Persian] Poetic Expressions Poetry of terminology

verse; one line of poetry bit

Epic Epic

Quatrain, Ruba'i quatrain

Radif (identical ending word) Row

Ghazal

Rhyme Ghazal,

Quasida / Ode rhyme, ode

Masnavi Masnavi

Hemistich; half a line of poetry of the verse or stanza

Meter Weight