Lesson 1.

1: POLYGON
Lesson 1.2 Triangles
Lesson 1.3 Quadrilaterals
Week 1 and Week 2
Math 139 – 1
Solid Mensuration
• A polygon is a closed plane figure that is joined by
line segments.
• A polygon may also be defined as a union of line
segments such that:
i) each endpoint is the endpoint of only two
segments;
ii) no two segments intersect except at an
endpoint; and
iii) no two segments with the same endpoint
are collinear.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Parts of a Polygon
Side or Edge

Interior Angle Vertex

Diagonal

Exterior Angle

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Types of Polygon
•Regular Polygon.
In a regular polygon, all angles are equal and all sides are
of the same length. Regular polygons are both
equiangular and equilateral.
•Equiangular Polygon.
A polygon is equiangular if all of its angles are congruent.
•Equilateral Polygon.
A polygon is equilateral if all of its sides are equal.
•Irregular Polygon.
A polygon that is neither equiangular nor equilateral is
said to be an irregular polygon.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
 TYPES OF POLYGON
•Convex Polygon
Every interior angle of a convex polygon is less than 180°.
If a line is drawn through the convex polygon, the line
will intersect at most two sides.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 TYPES OF POLYGON
•Concave Polygon
A concave polygon has at least one interior angle that
measures more than 180°. If a line is drawn through a
concave polygon, the line may intersect more than two
sides.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 NAMING OF POLYGON

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• For numbers from 100 to 999, we construct
the name of the polygon by starting with the
prefix for the hundreds digit taken from the
ones digit minus the “gon” followed by
"hecta," then proceed as before.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
 Similar Polygons
We say that two polygons are similar if their corresponding interior
angles are congruent and their corresponding sides are
proportional.

By ratio and proportion,

𝑥1 𝑦1
=
𝑥2 𝑦2

𝐴1 𝑥1 2
=
𝐴2 𝑥2
𝑃1 𝑥1
=
𝑃2 𝑥2

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

The altitude 𝑎 of the triangle is called the apothem
The angle 𝜃 that is opposite the base of this triangle
is called the central angle .
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
 Examples

Perimeter: 𝑃 = 𝑛𝑠

360° s/2
Central Angle: 𝜃 =
𝑛
a
θ/2

𝑠
Apothem: 𝑎 =
2 tan 180°Τ𝑛

𝑛 = no. of sides

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 AREA
1
𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎
2
𝑛𝑠 2
𝐴=
4 tan 180°Τ𝑛
No. of Diagonals:
𝑛
𝐷 = 𝑛−3
2
Interior Angle:
180° 𝑛 − 2
𝑰. 𝑨. =
𝑛
Sum of Interior Angle:
𝑺. 𝑰. 𝑨. = 180° 𝑛 − 2
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
 Example 1, page 8
Find the area of a regular nonagon with a side
that measures 3 units. Also find the number of
diagonals and the sum of its interior angles.
ANS: 𝐴 = 55.64 s. u., 𝐷 = 27, 𝑆. 𝐼. 𝐴. = 1260°

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 EXERCISES 1.1 pp9-11
5. Find the sum of the interior angle of a regular
triacontakaitetragon.
7. Name each polygon with the given number of sides. Also find the
corresponding number of diagonals.
a) 24
b) 181
11. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 35. Find the
area of the polygon if its apothem measures 10 cm.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Answer to Exercises
5. 5,7600
7. a. icosakaitetragon; 252
b. henahectaoctacontakaihenagon; 16,109
11. 325.1 cm2
 1.2 TRIANGLES
Similar Triangles:
• Corresponding angles are congruent and the corresponding
sides are proportional.
• same shape, different size, different measurement but in
proportion.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

𝐴1 𝑎1 2 𝑏1 2 𝑐1 2
= = =
𝐴2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Lines Connected with Triangles
An altitude of a triangle is the line segment drawn from a
vertex of the triangle perpendicular to the opposite side.
A median of a triangle is the line segment connecting the
midpoint of a side and
the opposite vertex.
An angle bisector of a triangle is the line segment which
divides an angle of the triangle into two congruent angles
and has endpoints on a vertex and the opposite side.
A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is the line
segment which meets the side at right angle and divides the
side into two congruent segments.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Types of Triangle Centers
• Orthocenter is the point of intersection of the
triangle’s altitudes.
• The centroid is the point of intersection of
the three medians of the triangle.
• The incenter is the point of intersection of the
three angle bisectors of the triangle.
• The circumcenter is the point of intersection
of the perpendicular bisectors of the three
sides of the triangle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Formulas for the Lengths of Altitude, Median
and Angle Bisector of a Triangle
• Consider an arbitrary triangle with sides a, b, and
c and angles A, B, and C. Let hc, mc, and lc be the
lengths of the altitude, median and bisector
originating from vertex.
2 𝑠 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐
ℎ𝑐 =
𝑐
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
 1
• General Formula: 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2
1
• SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Formula: 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
2
• Heron’s Formula for SSS (Three Sides) Case:
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝐴= 𝑠 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐 ,𝑠 =
2

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Example 4
Given a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 in which
B
the sides are 𝐴𝐵 = 30 in , 𝜽
𝐴𝐶 = 50 in, and 𝐵𝐶 = 60 in.
D 60
On the side 𝐴𝐵 is a point 𝐷
through which a line 𝐷𝐸 is 30
drawn and connected through
a point 𝐸 on side 𝐴𝐶 so that 𝜽
the angle 𝐴𝐸𝐷 is equal to angle A E 50 C
𝐴𝐵𝐶. If the perimeter of the
triangle 𝐴𝐷𝐸 is equal to 56 in,
find the sum of the lengths of
the line segments 𝐵𝐷 and 𝐶𝐸.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Solution
Draw the figure and label the parts with the given
measures.
B
𝜽

D 60 in

30 in

𝜽
A E C
50 in

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Solution
The perimeter of triangle ABC is P = 30 + 60 + 50 = 140 in.
Triangle ABC and triangle ADE are similar triangles since angle
ABC ≅ angle AED and angle BAC ≅ angle DAE. The ratio of their
perimeters is equal to the ratio of any of their corresponding
sides.
B
𝑃(𝐴𝐷𝐸) 𝐴𝐷
= 𝜽
𝑃(𝐴𝐵𝐶) 50
D 60
56 𝐴𝐷
= ; 𝐴𝐷 = 20 in.
140 50 30
𝑃(𝐴𝐷𝐸) 𝐴𝐸
=
𝑃(𝐴𝐵𝐶) 30 𝜽
A E C
56 𝐴𝐸 50
= ; 𝐴𝐸 = 12 in.
140 30

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Solution

Solving for:

BD = 30 – AD EC = 50 – AE
= 30 – 20 = 50 – 12
B
= 10 in. = 38 in.

D 60
Hence, BD + EC = 10 + 38
= 48 in. 30

𝜽
A E C
50

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 EXERCISES 1.1 pp9-11 and 1.2
#5, p20: Find the area of an equilateral triangle the altitude of
which is 5 cm.

#13, p21: In an acute triangle ABC , the altitude AD is drawn. Find

the area of triangle ABC if AB = 15 in, AC = 18 in, and BD = 10 in.

#6, p21: The ratio of the base of an isosceles triangle to its altitude
is 3:4. Find the measures of the angles of the triangle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Lesson: QUADRILATERALS

Week 3 and Week 4

Math 139 - 1
Solid Mensuration
 1.3 Quadrilaterals
• A quadrilateral, also known as tetragon or
quadrangle, is a general term for a four-sided
polygon.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the
opposite sides are parallel.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• Parallelograms have the following important
properties:
• Opposite sides are equal.
• Opposite interior angles are congruent
• Adjacent angles are supplementary.
• A diagonal divides the parallelogram into two
congruent triangles
• The two diagonals bisect each other.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
 FORMULAS

𝑑 2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃
𝑃 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 AREA OF PARALLELOGRAM

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• A rectangle is essentially a parallelogram in
which the interior angles are all right angles.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 FORMULAS
𝑑= 𝑏 2 + ℎ2

𝑃 = 2𝑏 + 2ℎ

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• A square is a special type of a rectangle in
which all the sides are equal.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Formulas
𝑑=𝑎 2

𝑃 = 4𝑎

𝐴 = 𝑎2

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 • A rhombus is a parallelogram in which all sides
are equal.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Formulas
𝑑1
𝜃 = 2 tan−1
𝑑2
𝑃 = 4𝑏
1
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2
2
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
𝐴 = 𝑏 2 sin 𝜃

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with
one pair of parallel sides.
• If the non-parallel sides are congruent, the
trapezoid is called an isosceles trapezoid.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 • A trapezoid which contains two right angles is
called a right trapezoid.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Area of Trapezoid
1
𝐴= 𝑎+𝑏 ℎ
2
𝑃 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• A trapezium is a quadrilateral with no two sides that are
parallel.
1
𝐴= 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐 𝑠−𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos 2 𝐴+𝐶
2

• 𝐴 and 𝐶 are any two opposite interior angles.

• 𝑠 is the semi-perimeter.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Example 8
The diagonal of a square is 15 units. What is
the measure of one side of the square? Find
its area and perimeter.
Solution:
Finding the length of a side of the square using the
formula 𝑑 = 𝑎 2.
15 2
15 = 𝑎 2 ; 𝑎 =
2
2
15 2
A = 𝑎2 = = 112.5 square units
2
15 2
P = 4𝑎 = 4 = 30 2 units
2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Example 10
• If 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a rhombus, 𝐴𝐶 = 4, and 𝐴𝐷𝐶 is an
equilateral triangle, what is the area of the
rhombus?
Solution:
Since ADC is an equilateral triangle, then the
Length of a side of the rhombus is 4, and
Angle ADC is 600.
A = 2(Area of ∆ ADC)
1
=2 4 4 sin 600
2
= 13.86 square units

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Example 12
Find the area and the perimeter of the right
trapezoid shown in the figure.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Solution
To find the area, we draw the height of the trapezoid
forming a right triangle as shown in the figure. The
length of the base and the height of the triangle are
3 and h, respectively, where:

ℎ = 3 tan 600 = 5.2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑

3
𝑧= = 6 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
cos 600

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Solution
Thus, the area and perimeter of the trapezoid are:
1
𝐴= 𝑎+𝑏 ℎ
2
1
𝐴= 8 + 11 5.2
2
𝐴 = 49.4 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑃 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠

𝑃 = 8 + 11 + 5.2 + 6
𝑃 = 30.2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 EXERCISES 1.3
#1, p38: The diagonal of a rectangle is 25 meters long and
makes an angle of 36° with one side of the rectangle.
Find the area and the perimeter of the rectangle.
#4, p38: A rectangle and a square have the same area. If the
length of the side of the square is 6 units and the longest
side of the rectangle is 5 more than the measure of the
shorter side. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.
#10, p39: A piece of wire of length 52 m is cut into two
parts. Each part is then bent to form a square. It is found
that the combined area of the two squares is 109 m2.
Find the sides of the two squares.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Additional Exercises:
1. A garden plot is to contain 200 sq. m. If its length is to
be twice its width, what should its dimensions be?
2. The official distance between home plate and second
base of a baseball diamond is 120 ft. Find its area and
the distances between the bases. (The official baseball
diamond is in the form of a square).
3. A certain city block is in the form of a parallelogram,
two of its sides are 420 m long and the other two sides
are each 220 m. The distance between the first pair of
sides is 120 m. Find the area of the land in the block and
the length of the diagonals.
End of Discussion
 Lesson 2.1: CIRCLES
Lesson 2.2 MISCELLANEOUS
PLANES
Week 3 and Week 4
Math 13
Solid Mensuration
 2.1 CIRCLES
• A circle is a set of points, each of which is
equidistant from a fixed point called the
center.
• The line joining the center to any points on
the circle is known as the radius.
• An arc is a portion of a circle that contains two
endpoints and all the points on the circle
between the endpoints.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• By choosing any two points on the circle, two
arcs will be formed; a major arc (the longer
arc), and a minor arc (the shorter one).
• A chord is a line segment joining any two
points on the circle. The chord that passes
through the center of the circle is called the
diameter.
• A chord divides the circle into two regions, the
major segment and the minor segment.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• A sector is the figure formed by two radii and
an included arc. The central angle is the angle
in which the vertex lies at the center of the
circle and which sides are the two radii.
• The inscribed angle is the angle in which the
vertex lies on the circle and which two sides
are chords of the circle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 If circles of different radii have
common center then they are referred to as
concentric circles.
The region bounded by any two
concentric circles is known as the annulus.
A line in the same plane as the circle is a
tangent line of the circle if it intersects the circle
at exactly one point.
A line is called a secant line if it intersects
the circle at two points.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• A cyclic quadrilateral is a four-sided figure
inscribed in a circle, with each vertex (corner)
of the quadrilateral touching the
circumference of the circle.
• The sum of the opposite angles of such a
quadrilateral is 180°.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Area of a Cyclic Quadrilateral

𝐴= 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐 𝑠−𝑑 .

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
Where 𝑠 = , semi-perimeter of the
2
quadrilateral.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Theorems on Circles
• If two chords intersect at a point inside the
circle, then the product of the segments of
one chord is equal to the product of the
segments of the other chord.
• If two secant lines of a circle intersect at an
exterior point, then the product of lengths of
the entire secant line and its external segment
is equal to the product of the lengths of the
other secant line and its external segment.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
• If a tangent line and a secant line of a circle
intersect at a point exterior to the circle, then
the product of the lengths of the secant line
and its external segment is equal to the
square of the length of the tangent line.
• Every tangent line of a circle is perpendicular
to the radius of the circle drawn through the
point of tangency.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• The diameter that is perpendicular to a chord
bisects the chord and its two arcs.
• Conversely, the diameter that bisects a chord
is perpendicular to the chord.
• Consequently, the perpendicular bisector of a
chord is the diameter of the circle which must
pass through the center of the circle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• The line of centers of two tangent circles
passes through the point of tangency.
• An inscribed angle is measured by one-half of
its intercepted arc.
• The angle formed by constructing lines from
the ends of the diameter of a circle to a point
on the circle is a right angle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Formulas on Circles
• Circumference: 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
• Arc length: 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
• Area of Circle: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
1 2
• Area of sector: 𝐴 = 𝑟 𝜃
2
1 2 1 2
• Area of Segment: 𝐴 = 𝑟 𝜃 − 𝑟 sin 𝜃
2 2

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• Area of Annulus region: 𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟22 − 𝑟12

A polygon is inscribed in a circle if the vertices

of the polygon lie on the circle. If the polygon is
regular, then the measure of its side can be
determined by the cosine law.
𝑠 = 𝑟 2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑟 = radius, 𝑠 = side of polygon, 𝜃 = central angle

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

• The polygon is circumscribed about the
circle if each side of the polygon is tangent to
the circle.
• if the polygon is regular, then the radius of
the circle is equal to the apothem 𝒂 of the
polygon.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

Radius of the Circle Circumscribing a Triangle
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑟=
4𝐴
where A is the area of the triangle and 𝑠 =
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
.
2
Radius of the Circle Inscribed in a Triangle
𝐴
𝑟=
𝑠

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Example 1
What is the area of a circle with a circumference of
18𝜋 cm?
Solution:
Given the circumference of a circle, you can
compute for its radius.
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
18𝜋 = 2𝜋𝑟
r =9
The area of the circle is A = 𝜋𝑟 2 , therefore
A=𝜋 9 2
A = 254.47 𝑐𝑚2
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart
 Example 2
Find the area of a sector bounded by a 600 central
angle in a circle of radius 6 inches.
Solution:
Plugging the values of r = 6 and 𝜃 = 600 into the
formula, we obtain
1 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑟 𝜃
2
1 𝜋
= 6 2 60 𝑥0
2 1800
= 6𝜋 ≈ 18.85 𝑖𝑛.2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Example 4
The tangent 𝐴𝐵 and the secant 𝐵𝐶𝐷 are drawn to
a circle from the same exterior point 𝐵. If the
length of the tangent is 8 inches and the external
segment of the secant is 4 inches, then what is the
length of the secant?
Solution:
We can obtain the answer
by Theorem 3 on circles.
𝐴𝐵2 = 𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐷
82 = 4 𝐵𝐷
𝐵𝐷 = 16 𝑖𝑛.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 Exercise 2.1
#9, p60: An equilateral triangle is circumscribed about
a circle of radius 10 3 cm. What is the perimeter of
the triangle?
#13, p60: Determine the area of the segment of a
circle if the length of the chord is 15 inches and
located 5 inches from the center of the circle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

• The polygon is circumscribed about the
circle if each side of the polygon is tangent to
the circle.
• if the polygon is regular, then the radius of
the circle is equal to the apothem 𝒂 of the
polygon.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Examples
4. An arch is built in the form of a circular arc
with its highest point 16 m above the horizontal
chord joining its endpoint. If the chord is 48 m
long, find the diameter of the arc.

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

End of Discussion
Lesson: MISCELLANEOUS
PLANES
 Elliptical Section
A conic is defined as the locus of a point which
moves such that its distance from two fixed point is a
constant. The constant sum is the length of the major axis.

Area of Ellipse: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏

𝑎 = major segment, 𝑏 = minor segment

1
Perimeter of Ellipse: 𝑃 = 2𝜋 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
2

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 Parabola
A conic is defined as the locus of a point which
moves such that its distance from a fixed point is in
constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line.

2
Area of Parabola: 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
3
𝑏 = base, 𝑎 = altitude

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 EXERCISES
• #1 What is the area and perimeter of a section
bounded by a closed elliptical figure in which the
major and minor segments measure 120 cm and
90 cm respectively?
• #2 What is the area of a parabola inscribed in a
rectangle 30 cm long with diagonal 50 cm.?

Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart

 EXERCISES
• #6 Two semicircles are inscribed in a square with side 8 cm
as shown. Find the area of the shaded region.
• #11 p. 71 Find the approximate area of the shaded figure
shown using Simpson’s Rule. Each of the equidistant
parallel chords are measured from the base to the point
on the curve. All units are expressed in kilometers.

Fig. 6 Fig. 11
Additional Example:
1. Determine the area of the shaded portion:
END OF DISCUSSION
Long Exam no. 1 – 2nd Meeting of the
6th Week
Coverage:
• Lessons 1 - 6
• Blackboard
• Kindly give 1.5 hours for the exam

Solid Mensuration by Earnhart

 Lesson 2.1 CIRCLES
Lesson 2.2 MISCELLANEOUS
PLANES
Week 3 and Week 4
MATH139-1
Solid Mensuration
 2.1 CIRCLES
• A circle is a set of points, each of which is
equidistant from a fixed point called the
center.
• The line joining the center of a circle to any
points on the circle is known as the radius.
• An arc is a portion of a circle that contains two
endpoints and all the points on the circle
between the endpoints.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
• By choosing any two points on the circle, two
arcs will be formed; a major arc (the longer
arc), and a minor arc (the shorter one).

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
• A chord is a line segment joining any two
points on the circle. The chord that passes
through the center of the circle is called the
diameter of a circle.
• A chord divides the circle into two regions, the
major segment and the minor segment.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
• A sector is the figure formed by two radii and
an included arc. The central angle is the angle
in which the vertex lies at the center of the
circle and which sides are the two radii.
• The inscribed angle is the angle in which the
vertex lies on the circle and which two sides
are chords of the circle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
If circles of different radii have
common center then they are referred to as
concentric circles.
The region bounded by any two
concentric circles is known as the annulus.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
A line in the same plane as the circle is a
tangent line of the circle if it intersects the circle
at exactly one point on the circle.
A line is called a secant line if it intersects
the circle at two points on the circle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
• A cyclic quadrilateral is a four-sided figure
inscribed in a circle, with each vertex (corner)
of the quadrilateral touching the
circumference of the circle.
• The sum of the opposite angles of such a
quadrilateral is 180°.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL

x + w = 180°
y + z = 180°

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
1. If two chords intersect at a point inside the
circle, then the product of the segments of one
chord is equal to the product of the segments of
the other chord.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
2. If two secant lines of a circle intersect at an
exterior point, then the product of lengths of
the entire secant line and its external segment is
equal to the product of the lengths of the other
secant line and its external segment.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
3. If a tangent line and a secant line of a circle
intersect at a point exterior to the circle, then
the product of the lengths of the secant line and
its external segment is equal to the square of
the length of the tangent line.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
4. Every tangent line of a circle is perpendicular
to the radius of the circle drawn through the
point of tangency.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
5. The diameter that is perpendicular to a chord
bisects the chord and its two arcs.
Conversely, the diameter that bisects a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.
Consequently, the perpendicular bisector of a chord
is the diameter of the circle which must pass
through the center of the circle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
6. Central angles of the same or equal circles
have the same ratio as their intercepted arcs.
7. Angles formed from two points on the circle
are equal to the other angles, in the same arc,
formed from those two points.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
8. The line of centers of two tangent circles
passes through the point of tangency.
9. The measure of a central angle is the angular
measure of its intercepted arc. The intercepted
arc is measured by its central angle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
10. An inscribed angle is measured by one-half
of its intercepted arc.
11. The angle formed by constructing lines from
the ends of the diameter of a circle to a point on
the circle is a right angle. (Angle in a Semi-Circle)

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
12. The sum of the products of opposite sides of
a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the product of
the diagonals.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
13. The lengths of two tangents from the points
of tangency on the circle to their point of
intersection are the same.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
14. The measure of the angle formed by two
secant lines intersecting at an interior point is
one-half the sum of the angular measurements
of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its
vertical angle.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 THEOREMS ON CIRCLES
If two secants intersect at an exterior point of a
circle, the measure of the angle formed by the
secants is one-half the difference between the
angular measurements of the intercepted arcs.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
The Perimeters
Circumference: C = 2πr
Arc length: s = rθ
Perimeter of a sector: P = r(2 + θ) = rθ + 2r
Perimeter of a segment: P = s + L
Length of chord: 𝐿 = 𝑟 2 1 − cos 𝜃

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Areas of Circle, Sector, Segment, and Annulus
Area: A = πr2 = πd2/4
Area of a Semicircle: A = ½πr2
Area of a Quarter Circle: A = ¼πr2
Area of a Sector: A = ½r2θ = ½rs
Area of Segment: A = ½r2(θ − sin θ)

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Area of Annulus region: 𝐴 = 𝜋 𝑟22 − 𝑟12

A polygon is inscribed in a circle if the vertices

of the polygon lie on the circle. If the polygon is
regular, then the measure of its side can be
determined by the cosine law.
𝑠 = 𝑟 2 1 − cos 𝜃
r = radius, s = side of polygon, θ = central angle

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Polygon Inscribed in a Circle

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
• The polygon is circumscribed about the circle
if each side of the polygon is tangent to the
circle.
• If the polygon is regular, then the radius of the
circle is equal to the apothem a of the
polygon.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 CIRCLES
Polygon Circumscribed About the Circle

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Radius of the Circle Circumscribing a Triangle
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑟=
4𝐴
where A is the area of the triangle and 𝑠 =
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
.
2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Circle Circumscribing a Triangle = Triangle
Inscribed in a Circle

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Radius of the Circle Inscribed in a Triangle

r = A/s

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 FORMULAS ON CIRCLES
Circle Inscribed in a Triangle = Triangle
Circumscribing a Circle

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

AREA OF A CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
𝐴= 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐 𝑠−𝑑 .
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
Where 𝑠 = , semi-perimeter of the
2
quadrilateral.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 EXAMPLES
#1, p54: What is the area of a circle with a
circumference of 18π cm? ANS: 254.47 cm2

#3, p55: A circle which has an area of 144π cm2

is cut into two segments by a chord that is 6 cm
from the center of the circle. What is the area of
the smaller segment? ANS: 88.45 cm2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 EXAMPLES
#4, p55: The tangent AB and the secant BCD are
drawn to a circle from the same exterior point B.
If the length of the tangent is 8 inches and the
external segment of the secant is 4 inches, then
what is the length of the secant?
ANS: 16 in

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 EXAMPLES
#6, p56: An equilateral triangle is inscribed in a
circle with an area equal to 81π square units.
Find the area of the triangle. ANS: 105 cm2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.1 EXERCISES
#9, p60: An equilateral triangle is circumscribed
about a circle of radius 10√3 cm. What is the
perimeter of the triangle? ANS: 180 cm

#13, p60: Determine the area of the segment of

a circle if the length of the chord is 15 inches
and located 5 inches from the center of the
circle. ANS: 42.2 in2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.1 EXERCISES
#16, p60: Given a circle in which the diameter AB
equals 4 cm. If two points C and D lie on the circle
and ∠ABC = 18° and ∠BAD = 36°, find the length of
the major arc CD.

#25, p61: The points C1 and C2 are centers of the

two equal circles shown in the figure. If the distance
between the centers is 3 cm, find the area of the
shaded region. ANS: 5.53 cm2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.1 EXERCISES
#27, p62: A circle has an area equal to 25π cm2. Its
diameter AB coincides with one of the sides of
triangle ACB in which the vertex C lies on the circle.
If the triangle has an area equal to 11 cm2, find its
perimeter. ANS: 22 cm
#31, p63 : Find the area of a cyclic quadrilateral
with two sides that measure 4 and 5 units and one
diagonal coincides with a diameter of the circle, the
radius of which is 2√3 units. ANS: 23.3 s. u.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.2 MISCELLANEOUS PLANES
• A star is a star-like figure which generally
consists of a polygon with triangles on its
sides.
• It is a regular star if the polygon involved is a
regular polygon
• The pentagram, also known as German or
witch star, is a five-pointed regular star. The
hexagram which is also known as David’s star
or Solomon’s seal is a six-pointed regular star.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.2 MISCELLANEOUS PLANES

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 ELLIPTICAL SECTION
Area: A = πab
a is the length of major segment (major radius)
b is the length of the minor segment (minor
radius)
1
Perimeter: 𝑃 = 2𝜋 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
2
Restriction: 0.36 < b/a < 2.94 (5% maximum
error)
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart
 ELLIPTICAL SECTION

a>b

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 ELLIPTICAL SECTION
Note that this formula conforms with the
formula of the circumference of the circle where
r = a = b.

1 2
𝑃 = 2𝜋 𝑟 + 𝑟 2 = 2𝜋𝑟
2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 PARABOLIC SECTION
Area of Parabola: A = ⅔bh
b = base, h = altitude
Area of Spandrel: A = ⅓bh
Perimeter of Parabola:
2 2 + 16ℎ2
1 2 𝑏 4ℎ + 𝑏
𝑃= 𝑏 + 16ℎ2 + ln
2 8ℎ 𝑏

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 PARABOLIC SECTION

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 IRREGULAR SHAPED FIGURES
Simpson’s Rule
If y0, y1, y2, … , yn (n is even) are the lengths of a
series of parallel chords of uniform interval d then
the area of the figure enclosed above is given
approximately by the following formula.
A = ⅓d[(y0 + yn) + 4(y1 + y3 + … + yn − 1) + 2(y2 + y4 + … + yn −2)]

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.2 EXERCISES
#2, p70: In a circle with diameter of 20 cm, a regular
five-pointed star touching its circumference is
inscribed. Find the area of the star.
ANS: 112.257 cm2
#3, p70: What is the area of a section bounded by a
closed elliptical figure in which the major and minor
segments measure 60 cm and 45 cm respectively?
ANS: 8482 cm2
#6, p70: What is the area of a parabola inscribed in
a rectangle 30 cm long and 22 cm wide?
ANS: 440 cm2
Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart
 2.2 EXERCISES
#12, p71: Using Simpson’s Rule and an interval
of d = 0.5, approximate the area of the shaded
region bounded by the curve defined by 𝑦 =
𝑥 + 2 and the x-axis. ANS: 6.3339 s. u.
Hint: Substitute each
value of xi in the given
equation to solve the
corresponding value of yi.

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 2.2 EXERCISES
#13, p72: Two semicircles are inscribed in a
square with side 8 cm as shown. Find the area of
the shaded region. ANS: 22.87 cm2

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart

 HOMEWORK 2
2.1 EXERCISES: #’s 5, 7, 15, 23, 29, & 33 pp. 59-
63

2.2 EXERCISES: #’s 8, 10, & 11 pp. 71-72

Reference: Solid Mensuration: Understanding the 3-D Space by Richard T. Earnhart