Vectorn Caulus

Intnoducion to Vekoy Caludus in EC and EE Enginceing aþpl"

Cvil Engincetng abþ"/ Mcdha nical Engincolrng abl"
Vecton Rifornfiaton
Scalax ficdds
a.g2) of a negion R tn space thone
corocsþonds a scalar ayz) hun func in callad a scalar
potnt func, sy that a sCalar field ¢ is defind in R.
Ex: ¢ =aty+z'. = yz'.
Veco fields
|H to ey boint (agz) of Megion R in sace thue
c¡oIesþonds a Veton A C,y, z) thun ¤ is calhd a Vecto þont
func and ut say that a vechox tdd A s deined fn R.
Ex: Ä=xi+yj tz*K, B=ayi +yj+Zz K.
Gradient of a scalax fdd
L+ (y.z) in a coninuousy difenentiable Scalar func", thun
he gradient of ¢ is defncd ko be V,
grad = V¢ = 0i+ + z K,
K. whne Vo ia a veckor quana a

Dinechiornal deni vahive

If ayz) in a Scala func' and d is a givon dinecio n, hon
TTo.^ b called as he dinecional drivative af along
hoe, Â= alled the unit noH mal Vecot
Unit nonmal veco : I H Cy,z) =c nepxcsnts a sutface then the
unit nonnmal vecton to the suwnface u defincd by.
n =

und of a veto fdd

If Ä(y, z) is a continuously diffenentiable vetox func then,
ausd of ¢ à defined to be VxA.
If ¤ =a,i taj+a,k, whne a,,a,, a, aru all funcM of y. then
we have,

)i -(2a -
ohene Vx A a veckot guaniy
Rivcgnce of a veko field
continuouss diforentoble vector fune", then the
di vorgence of A is defined o be VA
I ¤=a,i t a.j +a,k, whore fune of y.z Bn
wt have,
div it k) (a,itajtay k)
whoe div A oH V. ¤
w a scalat quaniy
Physical nkxpe taion of uwd
Cue mans Hotation. A vechor func VC,y.z) is said o be
"ivotahional
Lt subþose Hhat a nigid body is notaling about a fixed
w
axis Hhnough a point 0. It w in the const. angudar vel" and
vu the a" of a pahide at a þotnt P(ay.z) of the body
a

the þosiion vecbo then we Know that =w .

|hatingwd v =2 .
Thw und of the vedo uby vecton is cqual ko twice He anglar
anguia
vdn of so tation. Thia shows that wd in an alog ous bo totation
In grual, cud of any veckor þant func oill glve Ihe mua wte
of the ongulon veloay at any foint
Physicat inoþr clakon of diveqence
he Hale al which e ohgical guanty, the di vongnce ofat V
that
gvu þlgsical guanity onigiating
þoind þor unit volume.
Ld ww subþose hat a fluid is moving such thaf it's vel at any
pt. plxy.z) in givon by he vectot pomt func Vayz). (onsider
a smal þanaldobiþed of volume S Sy 6z thnough cohich the fuid
in þastng
I Vay.)= itVj tyk then div V= gives Hha bolal
8z
qain tn the volume of the fuid þor unit volume þup unit Hm.
div V= o a called as the fluid þex unit yolume þet unit tme.
Avecton V whose divogence b zoo ib called a " solenoidal vecto
Problems
OFnd he unit vector nonmal to (2) Find the dinecional deivalive a!
the suface 'y- 2xz +2y'z'=io he funch aye along.the din" of
at C2,I,). he nonmal b he sutface
Sol": Let = 2y- 22z t2y'z-io zy'tyz zz* -3 at the þont CI,1,1).
Vo Fa Ehe nomal vecko. Sol^: Let ¢= yz
i+24 az
k

(-21+ 8y'z)*71a) = it tK.

|v4t2i+(4+);t(4-9)k
6i+ -|2K
2 (3i +4j- 6K)
The unit nonmal vecton a,
A 2(3i+4j- 6K)
Vn= 3i +3j+3k =3litj+*) à
2(9+16 t36) the nonmal bo h givnsface
ad a,,).
3i+4j-6K)
|Th unit veckon along 3(itjt*)
:. n= 3i+4j-6K 3Citj+k) - itjtk.
6I 3-CitH) 3
Thus he nequined dictonal
duivahYe along the noh mat to
he given Sface ia, () Fnd he angle b<w He swfacca
Jeotyttz²-< and zeztty'-3
V3 V3 at (2,4,1).
3)Ln which lin He dictional SoL?: ThL angle blw the sunfaren in
dnivai Ve of a'y z s maimum equal o the angle blw thwin
at e.l,) and fnd he magnibude notmals.
of his maximum. Lee ,= *+y'+z*-9

ita K V¢, = 2zi+ 2yj t 2z k

- 2 (xityË+zk)
Vla= -4i -4j+l2 Kis the
|Lv¢Ja,) = 2l2i-j +2k)
tuquind dinn
dinn in which thu dineciona Lee . = -Z -3
duivaive maxtmum,
hüs, he magnibde is givun by. V¢, =2x i + 2yj-K
14(1+1+4) = 4{0.
Sineional cerivative is matmum | V . a 4 i -2j - k
v¢)
along the nomal Yecton.Ci.e. angle blw
Let e be Hhe angle thse
noxmal vectons Ehen
() he dinectional duivati ve f
¢= axy'+byz +cz' at b,)
has a mnaximum magni bude of 3unit (16 t4 4)
tn He dine hon parald bo H-aza.
J24t144)L6 +4+l
Fnd a, b, c.
Sol": ¢ = oyttbyz+ cz'
(6) Find Be value of the onsts. a
and b such that hu sufaceo
lV+ = (t20i t[2a t2lYljt(b -40K -byz = (at2) a and 4nty+z'=4
WKT, ¢ has a moaximum magnibude t onthogonal at thethept. Ci,-1, 2).
32 units fn he di" poxald to y-a14, Soln: To fAnd whethe, givenSufaces,
i.c, -2a t26 = 32 ’ -afb =6 (,-,2) lies on bo th he
at|2 Cz0 b-4c0 Substituke tn Bu given cqn fok
a= -l2C b= 4C surfaces.
-atb=l6 az-|2 be4 i.c, 4.’ an--by z- (a+2) =0
(2 +4)cell
C=|
 at (i,-,1) Vt2b --2= o |(9 f f and g a salan potnt
func of .yz þMove that
, at Ci,H,2) ’ -4+8-4 -0 -RHS.| vYg=f Vg ta f
The point (14,2) lics on both qYf-4Y4 wshane
the swnfacee , and , shun bel 9
We Know hat o, and , te

othogonal.,
-Z (+*0):
V4, = 2a. -(at)]i-bzj -by k
Lv,J= (2a-a-)i -2bj +bk
- a-2)i- 2bË +bk.
|V¢, - yi t4xj +3z* K
LveJ,= -8i +4; H2
12 K
|-Z():
V¢, V¢, = -8a+l68b+I2b
- ():
= -8 a t 4b tL6
- 8a. +4b+l6 =0
b=i] 8a
8a =f20 ’ a= 5/2 whene g#0
C A= 2x*i -34zj +xz' Kand
¤-V¢ and ( 9Hnd diy F and cw F hue
computk A·v¢ and
¢- 22- y . comþute
¤X VØ at (,,D.
Sol": V¢ -3*gi-+2K
P-T(tzy)
+

¤u.0= 2i +3j + k
A. V¢ = 6-3+2 = 5 2
K
2 3
(a*-ay)i+(ay-3zz)j tlsz-sa)k
2
t6z
3

i(6+) -j (4-3) +K(-2-) 6(+y +2)

wd F= VXF K
= 7i-¿- |K
 wwd F = VxF= (-3z+3Ji t K

ayt sy)+(-3z +32)k =0

(ue F = VxF 0.
(0)4 Fe (3ay-z)i+ (xz*y 20,í +2wt2w,K
2a'2 K, fñd grod ldiv F) d uud = 2 (w,itwsjtws K)
(a.-1,0).
Solo
Let v.F. (3) If ne2it ui +zK and Me IR]
grad ($] = V¢ = + k PT V(Hn) n .
ay Soln: H- ni tyi+zk
6y-l2x*z)i +6x+124j
-4x K R-y'*z'
gpread ldiv)| =coi +4j -3ak. 24 7e 21
) A-nz'i -ayzj +2yz' K,
find V. (vxA), at the pt.(L1),
Sol": Vx = K

-2yz 2yz'l V()= ( )

()
VKA= 0z'+2n*i +jrzj-442 K :)
- (vxA)=2 (2zf+2x'y) +2 (37z)
(-4ye) ):
44 - 4ny =0
.:. V. (vXÂ) -0. nxi
2) If ¼-ßxn þove that V(n)
ue v = 2 whve wi a
con stant vedo.
Soln: Lt ß= wit o,j tw,k and and voity that v (v¢)'= y¢.
Sol = 2~z"
V(v¢) =12xytz". +4z*
LHS = l2 ay 4z424yz
+ (wy.- W,x) K ay•zi
4x'z+24 *yz
RHS e |22y'z+LHS RHS
(s) ST F= Aityj. is both
Solenoidal and thotaionaf.
Lt fty2)= yz
Sol?: F = Ai+yi

20 P in aid to be a onsuvative

:. F is solenoidal
Jotce fild, if cu F =0 o

|() If P= (X+y +a)i +(b1+y-2))

K

2 + (a4y t+ 2z) Kfnd a,b,c

Such that we ¾ =0 and thun fad

K
Sol": Cu F=VxF
K
=| i
0

:. P o imotati onal.
69iotalionaf.
ST F=*z)i Also+(z+x)j+ Cuty)K n VX?= (+):- G-a)j+ (o -) k -ß
find a sale C+l=O |-a=0
functton Such that F= V. a=| b=l
Sol^: uw F=0 for F t be buotation al Considu vò =f
K
VXF =| i + Q+y+z) +
G+2) (2t) (r4)| a
(i-Di- (-)j +(-) K
TXE =o
:. F is inotaional.
a =7-y+2z’=3z-y+ztfyy
Let ws onsidt V¢ = F
|Let fbyz)- y+z'-yz
= Y+z
: = ty'+z´ aty-yz +z
’=yz+y+4(42)
6) Find the diHctional crivai ve of (29 Find the dinecdional divaltve
(mt= 'yz+4xz at thu point ytyz at (1,-)
(,-2,-1) long 2ij- 2k. along t + j
Sot": Rinecionat donivative of along Sol^:

K
V¢ y'? t (2xy+z)j +ayzk
V¢ - (ryz +4z:)) + azj t (4,4,) ‘+-3 -3K
8xz) k
+(*y +
3
81-j -0K
V2,-) :. Dinecional dwivatve,
2‘- -2k (r-j-ak) - (t-3f-3k) ( )(î+2j +2X)
4(-6-6)
:. Sinecional durivative ,- V¢-d 3

- 8i-j-loR)4 (2t--2k) 3

(l6+ +20) (2) Find the angle beheen he sunfaes

37 ( ) aty-z'= 4 and z=*y-3
3 at (2,i,2).
1) Find the dinectonal durivative Sol^ Ll , = ty-z'=4
at the þotr
f-2j +R.
(1,-1, ) tn the dne dion of
az
= 2 (2? +HÍ -zk)
V =
- (az) (2 4+
gov]o 2(2?+j-2f)
K |Let t, = '+y'-z-13
V, = 2x t
v¢l.4,) e of tj+ek v4,J, = 4î +j-X
6
Ld o be the angle bluw theoe
honmal veckorA, hn
:. Binc cttonal duivaive = .d
V4, V¢
o8
L6 + 4-4
2{6
Ji6 +4 tI4 6t4+1

h-) = -3
246
(22) I F = V(1y'z?,jind divF 24) f u V
y- 3z then
(im and aud F at the potnt (,4,1) ( )find
And . ((Vux )
Sa: Let =
+

Fa-i +3j - 2k
Vv= y?txË- 6zk
(ux )
2yz xz *y
divF = o + 62y2t 2y -62
div F,) = -6
-6 -2
- 2 = -8 2

<
(ux )= (-6a*z- ty)î -k2yz'
-(Vux ) = Cinz- 3ry) -
ly'z (i2xz-21y) t 2y
3-240z2

Cmhen ST F. cuslF =0.

(23) Frnd dir A, wd Ä,div (unlA)

Soln: A=aytty'zj +z'k

diy A= v.A=(2i +gi*). kty t) (a4y)|
= 0
divà = 22y +24z +2?
+ anz
= 2y + ayz+ (26) Find a and b Such Hhat the
eon snfaces arty tz
tZ |2 and
5x- byz =r ihton sect
at Cl,-l, 2). onlhogenaty
Solo: Let d, > axytz 42 =o
¢,> 5*-byz
- z° -a'R (1.2) ’ - a +2-2 =0 . a=l6
div (unt A)'= 0 be2
2a.4.2) ’ 5 +2b-9-0,.