EVOLUTION

1. The primate which existed 15 mya was (a) Homo habilis (b) Australopithecus (c) Ramapithecus (d) Homo erectus
2. a) How is Hardy-Weinberg’s expression “(p2 + 2pq+q2 ) = 1”derived? (b) List any two factors that can disturb the genetic
equilibrium
3. Evolutionary convergence is development of a (a) common set of functions in groups of different ancestry (b) dissimilar set
of functions in closely related groups (c) common set of structures in closely related groups (d) dissimilar set of functions in
unrelated groups
4. An experiment ‘X’ provided evidence in support of ‘Y’. In this experiment, four gases were circulated ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C, and ‘D’ in an
air tight apparatus and electrical discharge from electrodes was passed at 800°C. The mixture of gases were passed through a
condenser. After a week, the chemical composition of the liquid inside the apparatus was analysed. The results provided
evidence through which ‘Y’ was more or less accepted. (i) Identify gases A, B, C, D. (ii) Which theory of origin of life is supported
by the above experiment? (iii) Draw a diagrammatic representation of experiment X. (iv) What does A, B, C and D together
produced in the experiment X?
5. Replacement of the lighter-coloured variety of peppered moth (Biston betularia) to its darker variety (Biston carbonaria) in
England is the example of (a) natural selection (b) regeneration (c) genetic isolation (d) temporal isolation
6. With the help of an algebraic equation, how did Hardy-Weinberg explain that in a given population the frequency of
occurrence of alleles of a gene is supposed to remain the same through generations?
7. An isolated population of humans with approximately equal numbers of blue-eyed and brown-eyed individuals was
decimated by an earthquake. Only a few brown-eyed people remained to form the next generation. This kind of change in the
gene pool is called (a) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (b) blocked gene flow (c) genetic drift (d) gene migration

8.
(a) Write your observations on the variations seen in the Darwin’s finches shown above. (b) Explain what conclusions did he
draw and how

9.
(i) What do these pictures ‘a’ and ‘b’ illustrate with reference to evolution? Explain. (ii) How does industrial
melanism support Darwin’s theory of natural selection? Explain
10. (a) Describe Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. (b) List any four factors which affect genetic equilibrium
11. Assertion : The given structures X and Y show convergent evolution. Reason : Structures X and Y are modified stems
that perform different functions.
12. Write two differences between Homo erectus and Homo habilis
13. Which of the following appeared during ice age between 75,000 - 10,000 years ago? (a) Cro-Magnon man (b)
Neanderthal man (c) Modern Homo sapiens (d) Heidelberg man
14. “Australian marsupials exhibit adaptive radiation but they along with placental mammals show convergent
evolution” . Justify the statement.
15. (a) Select the homologous structures from the combinations given below : (i) Forelimbs of whales and bats (ii) Tuber
of potato and sweet potato (iii) Eyes of octopus and mammals (iv) Thorns of Bougainvillea and tendrils of Cucurbita.
(b) State the kind of evolution represent by the homologous structures(c) What are analogous structures? How are
they different from homologous structures? Provide one example for each.
16. Human evolution is a lengthy evolutionary process within the history of primates. The stages given here show the
order of evolutionary history of man

a) Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y (b) What was the brain capacity of ‘X’? (c) Give some important features of ‘Y’. (d) When was
‘X’ discovered?
17. Which of the following statements is true? (a) Wings of birds and insects are homologous organs. (b) Human hands
and bird’s wings are analogous organs. (c) Human hands and bat’s wings are analogous organs. (d) Flipper of
penguin and dolphin are analogous organs.
18. (a) Name the primates that lived about 15 million years ago. List their characteristic features. (b) (i) Where was the
first man-like animal found? (ii) When did modern Homo sapiens appear on this planet?
19. The forelimbs of man, cheetah, whale and bat have the same basic structural plan. Such organs have similar
developmental pattern and they develop in related organisms, but these do differ morphologically. (a) What type of
evolution is exhibited by these organisms? (b) What can you infer about these structures? (c) The forelimbs of
cheetah, whale and bat are used for X , Y and Z , respectively. Identify X, Y and Z here. (d) Give one example of
similar structures in plants
20. (a) State the hypothesis which S.L. Miller tried to prove in the laboratory with the help of the set up given above. (b)
Name the chemicals found in samples drawn from X
21. Evolutionary convergence is characterised by (a) development of dissimilar characteristics in closely related groups
(b) development of a common set of characteristics in groups of different ancestry (c) development of
characteristics by random mating (d) replacement of common characteristics in different groups
22. Single step large mutation leading to speciation is called (a) founder effect (b) saltation (c) branching descent (d)
natural selection

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24. Assertion: Jave Ape man, Peking man and Heidelberg man are the fossils of Homo erectus. Reason: Homo erectus
evolved from Homo habilis
25. Dark coloured Peppered Moth is able to survive in industrial areas as compared to light coloured form because of (a)
Natural selection in smoky environment (b) Mimicry (c) High fecundity (d) Lethal mutation
26. What is meant by the term Darwin fitness? (a) Healthy appearance (b) High aggressiveness (c) The ability to survive
and reproduce (d) Physical straight
27. Explain adaptive radiation and convergent evolution by taking example of some of Australian marsupials and
Australian placental mammals. o
28. Australian Marsupials and placental mammals are suitable examples of adaptive radiation and convergent
evolution. Explain giving reasons
29. Atmosphere of earth just before the origin of life consisted of: (a) CH4 , NH3 , H2 and water vapours. (b) CO2 , NH3 ,
and CH2 (c) water vapours, CH4 , NH3 and oxygen. (d) CH4 , O3 , O2 and water vapours.
30. Who proposed that the first form of life come from pre-existing non- living molecules? (a) Darwin and Lamarck (b)
de Vries and Sturtevant (c) Oparin and Haldane (d) Louis Pasteur and Miller
31. Name the ancestors of man based on the features given below: (i) Human like, meat-eater with 900 cc brain, lived in
Java. (ii) More human with brain size 1400 cc, lived in central Asia, used hides and buried their dead. (iii) Human like,
vegetarian, with brain capacity between 650 cc and 800 cc
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