RCC Floor Systems for Medium & long span Structures

Introduction: Reinforced concrete floor system in the RCC building influences almost all the major
design and planning issues like cost, speed of construction , optimization of space usage, ease to
accommodate services, etc. The overall objectives in building design in relation to floor system and
there benefits along with possible means of achieving the objectives, in the building project are listed
below.

Sr. Possible Means to achieve objectives

Objective Benefit for the project
no
A) Lesser building height for the
same number of storeys
B) Saving on vertical structural
A) Reducing over-all depth of
members, cladding etc.
Smallest possible the floor system by
1 C) Saving on mechanical risers,
floor to floor height eliminating beams or
lifts, staircases etc.
reducing its depth.
D) Saving on the air conditioning
by reducing the overall floor
volume.
Largest possible
A) Flexibility in use A) Constructing stiffer floor
2 column free spaces,
B) Maximum carpet area system
i.e. long span
A) Using light weight material.
A) Saving on the vertical B) Eliminating material from the
structural members and system which is not
Lowest possible
3 foundation. structurally required i.e.
weight of the floor
B) In seismic areas, saving on Introducing voids in the non
lateral load resisting system. performing areas of the floor
cross section etc
A) Simple standardised details
A) Improvement of
High repeatability for reinforcement
4 constructability and thus
from floor to floor B) Simple standardised details for
saving of time
formwork .
A) Saving of time A) High early strength concrete
B) Avoidance of clashes B) Simple reinforcement and
Quickest possible
5 between different trades. form work
floor cycle
C) Reduction in the required C) Simple details with high
number of form-work sets repeatability
A) Direct saving of formwork A) Use of self-supporting
installation time. formwork requiring support
No. Back Propping B) Saving of time by allowing near vertical structural
6
wherever possible building fit out to start earlier elements i.e. columns,
due to early access to the structural wall etc.
floor. B) High early strength concrete
All the variations of RCC floor systems discussed below are with the consideration to satisfy one or
numerous above stated objectives.
Actual floor systems in buildings come in all sizes, shapes, and forms. There are so many variables to any
floor system such as different spans, offset spans, cantilevers, and the extent of continuity, the effects of
beams, columns and walls on the slab system, etc that it is difficult to cover all situations with one
specific floor system. The floor systems employed in the actual building design will always be a
combination of several basic systems.

The RCC flooring systems can be;

1. Flat Plate
2. Flat Slab
3. Ribbed Slab
4. Waffle Slab
5. Band beam & Slab
6. Pre-stressed Slab

Flat Slab:

A flat slab is a one-way or two-way system with thickenings in the slab at the columns and load bearing
walls called 'drop panels’. Drop panels act as T-beams over the supports. They increase the shear
capacity and the stiffness of the floor system under vertical loads, thus increasing the economical span
range. This form of construction has become less popular in recent years because of the limit on
economical spans of about 9.5 m for reinforced slabs and about 12 m for pre-stressed slabs. Reinforced
flat slabs may need to be sensibly pre-cambered (not overdone) to control deflection. The plan
dimensions of the drop panels are a minimum of 1/3 of the span in the direction under consideration,
usually rounded to the nearest 100 mm. The overall depth of the drop panel is typically taken as 1.75 to
2 times the depth of the slab, again rounded to suit timber sizes or the nearest 25 mm. The principal
features of a flat slab floor are a flat soffit, simple formwork and easy construction. The economical span
'L' of a reinforced concrete flat slab is approximately D x 28 for simply supported, D x 32 for an end span
and D x 36 for an interior span. Pre-stressing the slab increases the economical span to D x 35, D x 40
and D x 45 respectively, where D is the depth of the slab excluding the drop panel.
FLAT SLAB

1 REINFORCED
2 PRESTRESSED
Advantages:
 Simple formwork
 No beams—simplifying under-floor services outside the drops
 Minimum structural depth
 Usually does not require shear reinforcement at the columns.

Disadvantages:
 Medium spans
 Generally not suitable for supporting brittle(masonry) partitions

 Drop panels may interfere with larger mechanical ducting

 Vertical penetrations need to avoid area around columns

 For reinforced flat slabs, deflection at the middle strip may be critical.

Flat Plate:
A flat plate is a one- or two-way system usually supported directly on columns or load bearing walls. It is
one of the most common forms of construction of floors in buildings. The principal feature of the flat
plate floor is a uniform or near-uniform thickness with a flat soffit which requires only simple formwork
and is easy to construct. The floor allows great flexibility for locating horizontal services above a
suspended ceiling or in a bulkhead. The economical span of a flat plate for low to medium loads is
usually limited by the need to control long- term deflection and may need to be sensibly pre-cambered
(not overdone) or pre-stressed. An economical span for a reinforced flat plate is of the order of 6 to 8 m
and for pre-stressed flat plates is in the range of 8 to 12 m. The span 'L' of a reinforced concrete flat-
plate is approximately D x 28 for simply supported, D x 30 for an end span of a continuous system, to D x
32 for internal continuous spans. The economical span of a flat plate can be extended by pre-stressing to
approximately D x 30, D x 37 and D x 40 respectively, where D is the depth of slab.

Advantages:
 Simple formwork and suitable for direct fix or sprayed ceiling

 No beams—simplifying under-floor services

 Minimum structural depth and reduced floor-to floor height.

Disadvantages:
 Medium spans

 Limited lateral load capacity as part of a moment frame

 May need shear heads or shear reinforcement at the columns

or larger columns for shear

 Long-term deflection may be controlling factor

 May not be suitable for supporting brittle(masonry) partitions

 May not be suitable for heavy loads.

 1 REINFORCED
2 PRESTRESSED

OPTIMUM SINGLE AND MULTISPAN FOR FLAT PLATE

Ribbed and waffle slab: Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between columns with
narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction. Normally the ribs and the beams are the same depth. A
thin topping slab completes the system.

RIBBED SLAB

They are either one-way spanning systems known as ribbed slab or a two-way ribbed system known as a
waffle slab. A rib thickness of greater than 125 mm is usually required to accommodate tensile and
shear reinforcement. Ribbed slabs are suitable for medium to heavy loads, can span reasonable
distances, are very stiff and particularly suitable where the soffit is exposed. Slab depths typically vary
from 75 to 125 mm and rib widths from 125 to 200 mm. Rib spacing of 600 to1500 mm can be used. The
overall depth of the floor typically varies from 300 to 600 mm with overall spans of up to 15 m if
reinforced, longer if post-tensioned. The use of ribs to the soffit of the slab reduces the quantity of
concrete and reinforcement and also the weight of the floor. The saving of materials will be offset by the
complication in formwork and placing of reinforcement. However, formwork complication is minimised
by use of standard, modular, reusable formwork, usually made from polypropylene or fibreglass and
with tapered sides to allow stripping. For ribs at 1200-mm centres (to suit standard forms) the
economical reinforced concrete floor span 'L' is approximately D x 15 for a single span and D x 22 for a
multi-span, where D is the overall floor depth. The one-way ribs are typically designed as T-beams, often
spanning in the long direction. A solid drop panel is required at the columns and loadbearing walls for
shear and moment resistance.

Advantages:
 Savings on weight and materials
 Long spans
 Attractive soffit appearance if exposed
 Economical when reusable formwork pans used
 Vertical penetrations between ribs are easy.
Disadvantages:
 Depth of slab between the ribs may control the fire rating
 Requires special or proprietary formwork
 Greater floor-to-floor height
 Large vertical penetrations are more difficult to handle.
Waffle slab
 Ribbed Slab

Band Beam: This system consists of a series of parallel, wide, shallow beams (known as band
beams or thickened slab bands) with the floor slab spanning transversely between the bands. The floor
slab is designed as a continuous slab, with the shallow band beams carrying all loads from the slab. Band
beams or thickened slab bands are a two-way slab system. Band beams are commonly used for longer
span structures often with the bands post-tensioned and the slabs reinforced. Sometimes, composite
concrete/metal decking is used for the slabs, provided the slab spans are not too large. The band beam
has a relatively wide, shallow cross section which reduces the overall depth of floor while permitting
longer spans similar to the traditional concrete beam. The concrete section simplifies both the formwork
and services which can pass under the beams.

Advantages:
 Relatively simple formwork
 Shallow beams to allow services to run under the floor
 Minimum structural depth and reduced floor-to floor height
 Long spans
 Good cost/time solution
 Allows the use of flying forms.
Disadvantages:
 Long-term deflection may be controlling factor and post-tensioning may be required

 May need service penetrations through beams which are difficult to handle.

In a single-span floor, the spacing of the band beams may coincide with the columns, or the bands may
be more closely spaced to reduce the thickness of the slab spanning between walls or beams. For single
span reinforced concrete floors the economical span 'L' of the band beam is D x 20 to D x 22 depending
on the width and spacing of the band beam, where D is the depth of the slab plus band beam.
Pre-stressing the band beam gives economical band-beam spans in the range of D x 24 to D x 28. In a
multi-span floor, the spacing of the band beams is fixed by the transverse spacing of the columns. For
initial sizing of the slab, the span-to-depth ratios from Section 6.3 can be used. For internal spans the
slab thickness is based on the clear span between band beams, and for an external bay is from the edge
of band to the column line of the external band. The depth of the band is typically 1.5 to 2 times the
depth of the slab and the minimum economical span for a band beam is about 7–8 m. In multiple spans
using reinforced concrete, the economical slab of the band beam 'L' is approximately D x 22 for 1200-
mm-wide band beams and D x 26 for a 2400-mm-wide beams at 8400-mm centres. Pre-stressing
increases the economical span 'L' to D x 24 to D x 28 for similar beam widths. D is the depth of slab plus
band beam in each case. The maximum span for reinforced concrete bands should not normally exceed
12 m. Above this span, bands should be pre-stressed. The slab band width should be between band-
spacing/3 to band-spacing/4 and, where possible, should be based on a module of a standard sheet of
ply of 2.4 m x 1.2 m. Vertical sides should be used if possible to simplify formwork. Sloping sides are
sometimes used where bands are exposed to view or where the effective span of the slab needs to be
reduced.
SINGLE SPAN BAND BEAM
MULTI SPAN BAND BEAM
Prestressed and post-tensioned RCC Slabs:

Review of Reinforced Concrete:

Reinforcement is Passive. It crosses the crack but does not prevent it.

How to not allow the concrete below neutral zone to go in tensile stress beyond the tensile strength of
concrete which leads to excessive deflection and cracking?

Option-1- Increase the depth of the beam.

Disadvantage- Increase in self-weight and material wastage.

Option-2- Provide additional steel along the vertical face of steel.

Disadvantage- Increase use of steel.

Option-3- Introduce compression stresses to counter the tensile stress.

Advantage: No extra material is required.

Disadvantage: Use of sophisticated equipment and requirement of specialised skilled labour.

As the spans increases or loading increases there is a necessity to enhance the strength of the concrete
structure (beams, columns and slab) by using high strength material and/or increasing the dimensions of
the structural members. Beyond a particular limit increase in the dimension of structural members
becomes unviable and there is a limitation to enhancing the material strength. The most viable option is
of introducing compressive stress to counter the tensile stress occurring due to self-weight and imposed
load.

Tension + compression = Net zero stress

Compressive stress can be introduced before or after the concrete member is cast and are termed pre-
tensioning and post-tensioning respectively.

Reasons for Prestressing:

Prestressed concrete has been developed to overcome some of the limitations of reinforced
concrete, namely:
1) In flexure of reinforced concrete member, concrete is cracked and functions only to hold the
reinforcing bars in place and protect them from corrosion, thereby giving excess weight
without structural action.
2) Deflection of a member is inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of its section –
cracking lowers the moment of inertia of the section, thereby increasing deflection.
4) Eliminate cracking at service loading conditions
5) Improve shear and torsion strengths
6) Add protection to the steel

Definition of Pre-stress:

Pre-stress is defined as a method of applying pre-compression to control the stresses resulting due to
external loads below the neutral axis of the beam tension developed due to external load which is more
than the permissible limits of the plain concrete. The pre-compression applied (may be axial or
eccentric) will induce the compressive stress below the neutral axis or as a whole of the beam c/s.
Resulting either no tension or compression.

Pre-stressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a suitable magnitude and
distribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting from the external loads are counteracted to a
desired degree.

Pre-stress concrete requires concrete, which has a high compressive strength reasonably rapid
hardening with comparatively higher tensile strength than ordinary concrete. Higher the grade of
concrete higher the bond strength which is vital in pre-tensioned concrete, Also higher bearing strength
which is vital in post-tensioned concrete. Further creep & shrinkage losses are minimum with high-grade
concrete.
Generally minimum M30 grade concrete is used for post-tensioned & M40 grade concrete is used for
pre-tensioned members. 20 mm cover is required for pre-tensioned members.

The prestressing of concrete has several advantages as compared to traditional reinforced concrete (RC)
without prestressing. A fully prestressed concrete member is usually subjected to compression during
service life. This rectifies several deficiencies of concrete.
The following text broadly mentions the advantages of a prestressed concrete member with an
equivalent RC member. For each effect, the benefits are listed.
Section remains un-cracked under service loads
Reduction of steel corrosion
Increase in durability.
Full section is utilized
Higher moment of inertia (higher stiffness)
Less deformations (improved serviceability).
Indian IIncrease in shear capacity.
Suitable for use in pressure vessels, liquid retaining structures.
Improved performance (resilience) under dynamic and fatigue loading.

High span-to-depth ratios

Larger spans possible with prestressing (bridges, buildings with large column-free spaces)
Typical values of span-to-depth ratios in slabs 28:1
are given below. Non-prestressed slab
Prestressed slab 45:1

For the same span, less depth compared to RC member.

• Reduction in self weight
• More aesthetic appeal due to slender sections
• More economical sections.
Advantage of Prestressed Concrete

1. The use of high strength concrete and steel in prestressed members results in lighter and slender
members than is possible with RC members.

2. In fully prestressed members the member is free from tensile stresses under working loads, thus
whole of the section is effective.

3. In prestressed members, dead loads may be counter-balanced by eccentric prestressing.

4. Prestressed concrete member posses better resistance to shear forces due to effect of
compressive stresses presence or eccentric cable profile.

5. Use of high strength concrete and freedom from cracks, contribute to improve durability under
aggressive environmental conditions.

6. Long span structures are possible so that saving in weight is significant & thus it will be economic.

7. Factory products are possible.

8. Prestressed members are tested before use.

9. Prestressed concrete structure deflects appreciably before ultimate failure, thus giving ample
warning before collapse.

10. Fatigue strength is better due to small variations in prestressing steel, recommended to
dynamically loaded structures.

Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete

 1. The availability of experienced builders is scanty.

2. Initial equipment cost is very high.

3. Availability of experienced engineers is scanty.

4. Prestressed sections are brittle

5. Prestressed concrete sections are less fire resistant.

Classifications and Types

Prestressing of concrete can be classified in several ways. The following classifications are discussed.
1. Source of prestressing force
This classification is based on the method by which the prestressing force is generated. There are four
sources of prestressing force: Mechanical, hydraulic, and electrical. Hydraulic Prestressing
This is the simplest type of prestressing, producing large prestressing forces. The hydraulic jack used for
the tensioning of tendons, comprises of calibrated pressure gauges which directly indicate the
magnitude of force developed during the tensioning. Mostly used for post tensioning in buildings.
a) Mechanical Prestressing
In this type of prestressing, the devices includes weights with or without lever transmission, geared
transmission in conjunction with pulley blocks, screw jacks with or without gear drives and wire-winding
machines. This type of prestressing is adopted for mass scale production.
b) Electrical Prestressing
In this type of prestressing, the steel wires are electrically heated and anchored before placing concrete
in the moulds. This type of prestressing is also known as thermo-electric prestressing.

2. External or internal prestressing

This classification is based on the location of the prestressing tendon with respect to the concrete
section.
a) External Prestressing
When the prestressing is achieved by elements located outside the concrete, it is called external
prestressing. The tendons can lie outside the member (for example in I-girders or walls) or inside the
hollow space of a box girder. This technique is adopted in bridges and strengthening of buildings.
b) Internal Prestressing
When the prestressing is achieved by elements located inside the concrete member (commonly, by
embedded tendons), it is called internal prestressing. Most of the applications of prestressing are
internal prestressing.

3. Pre-tensioning or post-tensioning
This is the most important classification and is based on the sequence of casting the concrete and
applying tension to the tendons.
a) Pre-tensioning: In which the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is placed, tendons are
temporarily anchored and tensioned and the prestress is transferred to the concrete after it is
hardened. The pre-compression is transmitted from steel to concrete through bond over the
transmission length .
.
Post-tensioning: In which the tendon is tensioned after concrete has hardened. Tendons are placed in
sheathing at suitable places in the member before casting and later after hardening of concrete. The
pre-compression is transmitted from steel to concrete by the anchorage device (at the end blocks).

4. Linear or circular prestressing

This classification is based on the shape of the member prestressed.
a) Linear Prestressing
When the prestressed members are straight or flat, in the direction of prestressing, the prestressing is
called linear prestressing. For example, prestressing of beams, piles, poles and slabs. The profile of the
prestressing tendon may be curved.
b) Circular Prestressing
When the prestressed members are curved, in the direction of prestressing, the prestressing is called
circular prestressing. For example, circumferential prestressing of tanks, silos, pipes and similar
structures.

5. Full, limited or partial prestressing

Based on the amount of prestressing force, three types of prestressing are defined.

a) Full Prestressing
When the level of prestressing is such that no tensile stress is allowed in concrete under service loads, it
is called Full Prestressing.
b) Limited Prestressing
When the level of prestressing is such that the tensile stress under service loads is within the cracking
stress of concrete, it is called Limited Prestressing.
c) Partial Prestressing
When the level of prestressing is such that under tensile stresses due to service loads, the crack
width is within the allowable limit, it is called Partial Prestressing

6. Uniaxial, biaxial or multi-axial prestressing

As the names suggest, the classification is based on the directions of prestressing a member.
a) Uniaxial Prestressing
When the prestressing tendons are parallel to one axis, it is called Uniaxial Prestressing. For example,
longitudinal prestressing of beams.
b) Biaxial Prestressing
When there are prestressing tendons parallel to two axes, it is called Biaxial Prestressing. For example
prestressing of slab on both sides.
c) Multiaxial Prestressing
When the prestressing tendons are parallel to more than two axes, it is called Multiaxial
Prestressing. For example, prestressing of domes.
 Prior to pre-stressing

Effect of pre-stressing ignoring self-

weight

pre-stressing plus self weight

pre-stressing plus self weight and

live load.

Behaviour of Pre-stressed concrete element

Method of Pre-stressing: The most widely used method for prestressing of structural concrete elements
is longitudinal tensioning of steel by different tensioning devices.

Pretensioning: Steel tensioned before casting concrete

In pretensioning the prestressing tendons (wires, strands) are stretched to a predetermined
tension and anchored to fixed bulkheads or molds. The concrete is poured around the tendons, cured,
and upon hardening the tendons are released. As the bond between the tendons and the concrete
resists the shortening of the tendons, the concrete is compressed. Pretensioning is the method most
often used for the production of precast prestressed concrete elements, because it offers great potential
for mechanization.
(2) Post-tensioning:
In post-tensioning the tendons are stressed and anchored at the ends of the concrete member after the
member has been cast and attained sufficient strength. Commonly, a mortar-tight metal pipe or duct
(also called sheath) is placed along the member before concrete casting. The tendons could be
preplaced loose inside the sheath prior to casting or could be placed after hardening of concrete. After
the concrete has attained the required strength the tendons are stressed using prestressing jacks at the
ends of the concrete member (from one or both ends simultaneously) and anchored. After stressing and
anchoring, the void between each tendon and its duct is filled with a mortar grout which subsequently
hardens. Grouting ensures bonding of the tendon to the surrounding concrete, improves the resistance
of the member to cracking and reduces the risks of corrosion for the steel tendons Tendons are made
of;
 Wires
 Strands (individual or group)
 Bars (tensioned one at a time)

Bonded tendons: Use grout as explained above.

Unbonded tendons: Use grease or bituminous material instead of grout, or put outside the RC section.

This technique is widely used in slab systems of residential and parking structures with several bays(up
to 10 bays), because of its efficiency an economy.
Post-tensioning is primarily an in situ operation - used in large projects such as continuous long span
slabs of buildings or bridges etc.

Process of post tension

- Cast a duct, containing the desired number of strands, in the concrete at location where
prestressing steel is required
- Use metal sheath to form a duct or alternatively use a plastic duct since steel tends to corrode
- Locate duct in formwork by attaching to stirrups and longitudinal nonprestressed
reinforcement
- It is important to ensure that the duct is properly secured to avoid shifting in position during casting of
concrete
- Duct should be watertight to avoid leakage of wet concrete into the duct and plugging it
- After concrete attains required strength anchor tendon at one end using a mechanical anchor
- At other end of tendon attach a prestressing jack to the tendon, tension it and then anchor it.
To avoid tension, it is necessary to reduce the eccentricity so that the centroid of the
prestressing steel at the end of the beam is within the middle third for a rectangular section.
This is achieved by using harped or blanketed strands in pretensioned beams, and draped tendons in
post-tensioned beams to maintain emax at mid-span, while having a smaller eccentricity at the ends.

In post-tensioning we use a small number of large tendons as opposed to a large number of individual
strands in pretensioning.
Reasons for this are:
1. In pretensioning we rely on bond between concrete and steel, and thus we wish to
maximize bond surface, whereas in post-tensioning where we rely on mechanical
anchorage at end of a tendon bond is not an issue.
2. Fewer larger tendons results in less labour, and thus less cost, in terms of the stressing
Operation.
In post-tensioned concrete, steel tendons are usually grouted after anchoring to prevent corrosion.
The prestressing steel is under a relatively high level of stress and is susceptible to stress corrosion.
Cement (or epoxy) grout > bonded member
Grease (or no grout) > unbonded member
Grout is pumped into duct under pressure to ensure that duct is completely filled with grout.
The behaviour of bonded and unbonded members is the same as long as concrete is not cracked -
once cracking occurs there is a distinct difference in behaviour.

Pretensioning > Factory operation - precast industry

Post-tensioning > Insitu construction mainly

 Steel held at length longer than what it wants to be—Tension

 Concrete compressed shorter than what it wants to be—Compression
Differences of Pre-stressed Concrete Over Reinforced Concrete :

1. In pre-stress concrete member steel plays active role. The stress in steel prevails whether external
load is there or not. But in R.C.C., steel plays a passive role. The stress in steel in R.C.C members
depends upon the external loads. i.e., no external load, no stress in steel.

2. In pre-stress concrete the stresses in steel is almost constant where as in R.C.C the stress in steel is
variable with the lever arm.

3. Pre-stress concrete has more shear resistance, where as shear resistance of R.C.C is less.

4. In pre-stress concrete members, deflections are less because the eccentric pre-stressing force will
induce couple which will cause upward deflections, where as in R.C.C., deflections are more.

5. In pre-stress concrete fatigue resistance is more compare to R.C.C. because in R.C.C. stress in steel is
external load dependent where as in P.S.C member it is load independent.

6. Pre-stress concrete is more durable as high grade of concrete is used which are more dense in
nature. R.C.C. is less durable.

7. In pre-stress concrete dimensions are less because external stresses are counterbalance by the
internal stress induced by pre-stress. Therefore reactions on column & footing are less as a whole the
quantity of concrete is reduced by 30% and steel reduced by about 60 to 70%. R.C.C. is uneconomical
for long span because in R.C.C. dimension of sections are large requiring more concrete & steel.
Moreover as self-weight increases more reactions acted on columns & footings, which requires
higher sizes.
Comparative Study: Pre-tension Vs Post-tensioned Member

Pretension member Post-tensioned member

1. In pre-tensioned pre-stress concrete, steel is 1. Concreting is done first then wires are
tensioned prior to that of concrete. It is released tensioned and anchored at ends. The stress
once the concrete is placed and hardened. The transfer is by end bearing not by bond.
stresses are transferred all along the wire by
means of bond.

2. Suitable for short span and precast products 2. Suitable for long span bridges.
like sleepers, electric poles on mass production.

3. In pre-tensioning the cables are basically 3. The post tensioning cables can be aligned in any
straight and horizontal. Placing them in curved or manner to suit the B.M.D due to external load
inclined position is difficult. However the wire’s system. Therefore it is more economical
can be kept with eccentrically. Since cables cannot particularly for long span bridges. The curved or
be aligned similar to B.M.D. structural advantages inclined cables can have vertical component at
are less compare to that of post-tensioned. ends. These components will reduce the design
shear force. Hence post-tensioned beams are
superior to pre-tensioned beams both from
flexural and shear resistances point.

4. Pre-stress losses are more compare to that of 4. Losses are less compare to pre-tensioned
post-tensioned concrete. concrete.