Excr

eti
oni
nPl
ant
s
Iti
st heprocessbywhi chwast eproduct sofmet aboli
sm andot hernon–usef ul
mat eri
alsareeli
minatedfrom anor [Link] ialactivi
tyi
nl i
vi
ng
[Link] abol
ism i
st henamegi ventoal lchemi cal processest hatoccur
withinalivi
ngorganism i
nor dertomai ntai
[Link] ntoanabol i
sm and
cataboli
[Link] i
sm isthesy nt
hesi sofallcompoundsneededbyt hebody,while
cataboli
sm isthebreakdownofmol ecul
estoobt ainener gyf orbodyuse.
Met aboli
sm resul
tsinthepr oduct
ionofusef ul andusel esspr oducts,someofwhi ch
[Link] smayhar mt heor [Link] i
ving
organismsr emovetheset oxicwastesf rom t
hei rsitesofpr oductioni
nt heprocess
call
edexcr eti
on.
Excr
etor
yPr
oduct
sinPl
ant
s
The maj orexcretorypr oductsin plants ar
e carbon di
oxide,excess waterand
nit
[Link] bondi oxideandexcesswat erarepr oduceddur i
ng
respi
ration,whil
eni trogenouscompoundsar eproducedduringprotei
nmet abol
ism.
Exampl esofexcr etoryproductsi
nplantsareOxy gen,wat
ervapour,carbon–dioxide,
resi
n,tannins,gum, r
ubber,l
atex,
essential–oil
s,etc.
Excr
etor
yOr
gansofPl
ant
s
Stomat a:(
singul
ar=st oma):St
omai sapor efoundintheepi
der
misofleav
es,stems
andot herorgansthatisusedtocontr
ol gaseousexchangeandl
ossofwatervapour
.
Iti
sbor der
edbyapai rofspeci
ali
sedparenchymacellsknownasguar
d-cel
lst
hatare
responsibl
ef orr
egulati
ngthesizeofthestoma.
Hydathodes:Ahydathodeisat y
peofsecretor
yti
ssueinl eav
es,usual
l
yfoundi
n
angi
osperms,t
hatexcreteswat
erthr
oughporesatt
heleaft
ip.
Lenti
cels:A lenti
celisapor oustissueconsisti
ngofcel l
swithlar
gei nt
ercel
l
ular
spacesint hecov er
ingofsecondari
lythi
ckenedor ganssuchasthebarkofwoody
stemsandr ootsofdicot
[Link]
sarealsopresentonmanyfrui
ts.I
tfunct
ionsasa
poreforexcreti
ngexcesswat er
.
Cuti
cles:Acuti
clei
sthenon-
cel
lul
arwaxycoati
ngoft
heepi
der
misofal
lter
rest
ri
al
pl
[Link]
vesasporef
orexcr
eti
ngexcesswater
.
Mechani
smsofExcr
eti
oni
nPl
ant
s
Pl antslackawel l–dev elopedex cretorysystem l
ikethatinani mals,soexcr
etionin
plant sisnotsocompl [Link] bon–di oxideandoxy gen,twogaseous
wast e pr oducts produced by pl ants dur ing respir
ation and phot osy
nthesis
respect i
vely,t
akeplacet hrought hest omat alpor
esonl [Link] genisused
forr espi
rati
onwhi l
ecarbondi oxidei susedf [Link]
excr etedfrom theplantbodyt hrought hest omatalpor esont hel eav
esandf r
om
sur f
acesoff r
uit
sandl enticel
sont hest [Link] ocessofel iminati
onofexcess
wat eriscalledtr
anspir
ation.
Nit
rogenouscompoundssuchasgum,oil
s,l
atex,r
esi
ns,et
[Link]
edi nplantpar
ts
l
ike barks,st
ems,leav
es,[Link]
ual
ly,plant
s shed of
ft hese part
[Link] oil
producedfrom orange,eucal
yptus,j
asmine;l
atexfr
om t
herubbertree,papayatree
andgumsf rom acaciaarediff
erentfor
msofst or
edwast
epr [Link],
plantsexcr
etewast eproduct
[Link]
eti
oni
naquati
cpl antstakesplace
throughdif
fusi
on.
I
mpor
tanceofExcr
eti
oni
nPl
ant
s
 I
tremov
eswast
epr
oduct
sfr
om t
hebodyofpl
ant
s
 Oxygeni
sthemostusef
ulex
cret
orypr
oductofpl
ant
sandi
sessent
ialf
or
l
if
eonearth.
 Phy
tochemi
cal
shav
emedi
cinal
andi
ndust
ri
alv
alues.
 Woodofpl
ant
sisusedf
ormaki
ngpaper
,fur
nit
ure,
etc.
Tr
anspor
tat
ioni
nHi
gherPl
ant
s
Meani
ngofTr
anspor
tat
ion
I
ti sthemov ementofmat er
ialsinsol ut
ionwi t
hinthebodyofal ivi
ngthi
[Link] ial
mat eri
alssuchasf ood,oxy genandhor monesar emov edfrom thei
rsour cest o
wher etheycanbeut i
l
izedorst oredwhi lewastepr oductssuchascarbon–di oxide,
urea,[Link] edtot heexcr etoryorganswher etheycanbeel i
minat
edoutoft he
body .I
nhi gheranimals,themedi um oft ransport
ationisthebloodwhileitissapi n
[Link] ransportati
oni nhigheranimalsaretheheartandbl ood
vessels(arteri
esandv ei
ns)whi l
et heor gansoft ransport
ati
oninhigherplant sare
thexy l
em andphl oem,jointl
ycal l
edt hev ascul
arbundles.
Mat
eri
alsThatar
eTr
anspor
tedi
nLi
vi
ngThi
ngs
Material
st hataretransport
edinhigherplant
sar ewater,mi
neralsal
ts,product
sof
photosynthesisandhor mones,whi
lematerial
sthatar
et r
anspor
tedinhigheranimal
s
areexcretoryproducts,di
gestedf
ood,hormones,heatandoxygen.
Reasonsf
orTr
anspor
tat
ioni
nLi
vi
ngThi
ngs
1.I
nhi
gherplant
sandanimals,theSur
faceArea(S.
A.)t
oVolumerati
oist
oo
l
ow,
ther
eforemat
eri
alscannotbemovedef
fecti
vel
ythr
oughdi
ff
usi
on.
[Link]
onofmat er
ialssuchashormonesanddi gestedf
ood
wit
hinthebodyarefarf
rom wheretheycanbeuti
l
[Link]
mil
arl
y,placeswhere
thewasteproductsareproducedarenotclosetotheexcr
etor
yor gansthat
canremovethem fr
om thebody.
[Link]
hemat
eri
alst
hatar
etr
anspor
tedar
ever
ylar
gei
nsi
zeandquant
it
y.
Or
gansofTr
anspor
tat
ioni
nHi
gherPl
ant
s
Wat erandsomemi neralnut
ri
entsaretranspor
tedbythexylem f r
om t
heroot
s
upwar dstoot herpart
soft heplant,whi
l
epr oduct
sofphotosynthesi
sandsome
organicnutr
ientsaret r
ansport
edbyt hephloem fr
om gr
eenleavesandtheroot
s
respecti
vel
y,tootherpartsoft
heplant.
Xy l
em ismadeupoft racheids,xylem element s,parenchymacellsandf i
br [Link]
arealldeadcel l
[Link] oem t issueconsi stsofsi evet ubes(sieveel ements)
,
parenchymacell
s(companioncel ls,albuminouscel l
s),fi
bresandsclerei
[Link] e
alll
ivi
ngcell
[Link] isf oundont heoutsideoft hexy l
em i
nmostpl ants.I
tis
theinnermostl
ayerofthebarkoft [Link]
anspor t
smat erial
sinal
ldirect
ionswi t
hin
theplantbody.

Pl
ate1:
Cross-
Sect
ionofaDi
cotRootshowi
ngt
hephl
oem andxy
lem.

(
Avai
l
abl
eonl
i
ne@
i
l
e:/
//E:
/Books/
Anat
omy
%20of
%20a%20Ty
pical
%20Di
cot
%20Root
%20_
%20Tut
orv
ist
[Link].
htm)

Mechani
smsofTr
anspor
tat
ioni
nHi
gherPl
ant
s

Material
sthataret
ranspor
tedarewat
er,
product
sofphotosy
nthesisandminer
al
nutr
[Link]
olvedi
ntr
ansport
ingt
hesemateri
alsdif
fer
,andare
expl
ainedasf ol
l
ows

Mechani
sm ofTr
anspor
tat
ionofWat
eri
nHi
gherPl
ant
s
Wat erisabsor bedbyt her oothairsfrom thesoilt hroughosmosi sandi tmov es
withint herootcellsbyosmosi suntilitreachest hexy l
em v esselsinthest em.
Mov ementofwat erwithinthexylem vesselsisalongaconcent r
ationgradi
entina
passivepr ocessgov er
nedbycohesi on,adhesionandt r
anspirati
onpul l
.Cohesionis
thef orcebetweensi milarmoleculeswhileadhesioni st heforcebet weendiffer
ent
mol [Link]
rati
onpul li
sasar esultoft r
anspirati
on( l
ossofwat ervapourin
plants).

Wat erisapol armol ecule,andformshy dr

ogenbondsbet weenpositiv
ely–charged
+ -
hydrogeni ons( H )andnegat i
vely–chargedoxy genions(O).Hydr
ogenbondshav e
tensionbet weent hem,sowat ermol ecul
esst i
cktogetherasacol umnandmov e
togetherupwar dsi nthexy l
em vessel
[Link] r
anspir
ati
onoccursintheleav
es,the
restoft hewat ermol eculesinthexyl
em v essel
swi l
lbeundertensi
onandar ethen
pull
edupt hest em,likewat ermov i
ngupast r
[Link]–
t
ensi
ont
heor
y.
Mechani
sm ofTr
anspor
tat
ionofPr
oduct
sofPhot
osy
nthesi
sinHi
gher
Pl
ant
s
Mov ementofpr oductsofphot osy nt
hesist
hroughthephloem iscall
edt r
anslocati
on.
Thepr oductsofphot osynthesisar emov edfrom greenleavest ov ari
ousnon–
photosynthet
icpartsoft hepl ant
.Sinceagr eenleafisthesi
teofphot osynthesis,i
t
i
scal l
edasugarsour [Link] ganssuchasr ootscanalsobesugarsour cesif
theyarer el
easingsugar s,suchasaf t
erthewi nt
[Link]
oem makesi t
sdel i
veri
est o
sugarsinks(placesthatdonotpr oducesugars)inamulti–dir
ectionalpatt
ern.
Thesievetubeel ement softhephl oem lineupendt oendl i
keanev erl
astingt r
affi
c
j
[Link] eveel ementsloadsugar satt hesugarsour cesinapr ocesscal l
ed
phloem l
[Link] i
ngthisprocess,solutesar eact i
vel
ytransport
edintot hecellsof
+
thesieveelement susingHy drogeni ons( H) /AdenosineTr i
oPhosphat e( ATP)
[Link] t
erphl oem loadi
ng,wat ermov esi ntot hecel
lsoft hesieveelement sby
[Link] low ofwat ercausest urgorpr essuretobuildupf orcingt hesieve
elementstomov [Link] hesugar sar ri
veatt hesinks,thephloem unl oadsits
contentthr
ought hefl
owofwat eroutoft hesi [Link] ercar r
iesthe
sugars.
Mechani
sm ofTr
anspor
tat
ionofMi
ner
alNut
ri
ent
sinHi
gherPl
ant
s
Macr o–andmi cr o–nut r
ient
sar etransport
edt hroughthev ascularbundl
esaswel l
.
Roothai rsabsor bthesenutri
entsfrom thesoi l
;inorgani
cmi neralnutri
ent
smov eup
thepl antthrought hexy l
em v esselswhi l
et hephl oem takescar eoft heorgani
c
mi ner
alnut r
[Link] neralnutri
entsar edeliveredinthear east hatneedthem
suchasnewl eav [Link] neralnutri
entsmov ebydi f
fusi
onoractiv
e
transportwit
hint hexylem andphloem.