Reading and

Writing Skills
Quarter 4 – Module 8:
Composing Academic Writing

CO_Q4_Reading and Writing Skills SHS

Module 8

Reading and Writing Skills

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 – Module 8: Composing Academic Writing First
Edition, 2020

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Reading and Writing
Skills
Quarter 4 – Module 8:
Composing Academic Writing
 Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-bystep
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask
your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At
the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning.
Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in
using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided
to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help
you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read
the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you identify the unique features of and requirements in composing texts that are useful
across disciplines. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into five lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Book Review or Article Critique

• Lesson 2 – Literature Review
• Lesson 3 – Research Report
• Lesson 4 – Project Proposal
• Lesson 5 – Position Paper
After going through this module, you are expected to:

• identify the unique features, parts and requirements in writing a book review; and
• write a book review following the process approach to writing

To achieve these, you are expected to do tasks and activities independently which will help you
master the above-mentioned competency.

1 CO_Q4_Reading and Writing Skills SHS

Module 8
 What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. It is a sneak peak of the content of the book that includes relevant description as well as its
overall perspective and purpose.
A. book review C. movie Review B. newspaper review D. encyclopedia review
2. The following are the focus of reviewing a book, EXCEPT:
A. purpose of the Author C. content of the Book or Novel
B. relevance of the issues D. title of the Book or Novel
3. Which of the following parts of a review provides the author’s name, book article’s name,
source, and their statement?
A. introduction C. body B. conclusion D. synthesis
4. How long should a book review be?
A. 50 words C. strictly 500 words
B. 500 words or more D. strictly 100 words
5. The following skills are enhanced when one writes a book review, EXCEPT:
A. describing C. expressing
B. analyzing D. assessing
6. What is your best basis in creating titles for a book review?
A. background of the author C. book’s impression
B. book illustrations D. book’s sales and popularity 7. Which of the following are
identified first in writing a book review?
A. author and title C. page and number
B. publication house D. audience
8. Which of the following is a strong book review title?
A. Hilarious
B. Five Thumbs Up!
C. Student Reviewer Went Viral
D. Millennial Philosophy to the Highest Level
9. Which of the following shows a weak book review title?
A. Quite Tough C. A nerve-wracking thriller to date
B. She is a rose among thorns D. Pinoy frontliners honored insanely
10. In reviewing fiction books, what elements should be paid with most attention by the
reviewer?
A. setting and plot only C. language and audience
B. setting, plot and characters D. language and genre 11. Which should be
given treatment in reviewing nonfiction materials?
A. argument and sources C. style and diction B. content and
context D. audience and relevance
12. The following are categorized as fiction, EXCEPT:
A. poetry C. novel
B. biography D. sci-fi
13. Which of the following cannot be classified as nonfiction?
A. fantasy C. documentary
B. history D. autobiography
14. What do we mean by this book review warning, “Do not give away the story?”
A. avoid distributing the story C. avoid the story B. avoid telling the entire story D. avoid
reading the story
15. What should reviewers do first in revising the draft?
A. allowing time to elapse before revising
B. correcting grammatical mistakes and punctuation
C. verifying quotations for accuracy
D. checking the format of the references
Lesson

1 Book Review
Have you experienced frowning and arguing over a reading material as if it will respond and
defend itself from your judgment? I’m pretty sure you would like to know and understand what you
were doing in instances like that.

What’s In
In the previous module, you learned about determining textual evidence to validate assertions
and counterclaims made about a text read. This time, you will understand the requirements of
composing academic writing.

What’s New
Read the sample book review below and complete the matrix with information
about the text on a separate sheet of paper.

Handbook of Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Climate

Change and Natural Disasters
By Yingigba Akenyemi
Climate change is increasingly of great concern to the world community. The earth has
witnessed the build-up of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere changes in biodiversity,
and more occurrences of natural disasters. Recently, scientists have begun to shift their
emphasis away from curbing carbon dioxide emission to adapting to carbon dioxide emission.
The increase in natural disasters around the world is unprecedented in earth’s history and these
disasters are often associated to climate changes. Many nations along the coastal lines are
threatened by massive floods and tsunamis. Earthquakes are increasing in intensity and erosion
and droughts are problems in many parts of the developing countries. This book is therefore to
investigate ways to prepare and effectively manage these disasters and possibly reduce their
impacts. The book takes an in-depth look at climate change and its association to socio-economic
development and cultures especially in vulnerable communities; and investigates how
communities can develop resilience to disasters. A balanced and a multiple perspective approach
to manage the risks associated with natural disasters is offered by engaging authors from the
entire world to proffer solutions.
(Worldscientific 2020)

Main Idea
Purpose

Your Evaluation of the Text

Answer the following questions and write them on a sheet of paper:

1. What skills did you apply in the activity?
2. How were you able to come up with responses needed for the activity?

What is It
A book review describes and evaluates a work of fiction or nonfiction and offers the book’s
overall purpose, structure, and style of narration to the unknown readers. It tells not only what
a book is about, but also how successful it is at what it is trying to do. It is a sneak peek at a
book, not a summary.

As a reviewer, you bring together the two strands of accurate, analytical reading and strong,
personal response when you indicate what the book is about and what it meant to readers.
Hence, in writing a book review, you combine your skills of describing the content of the pages,
analyzing how the book achieved its purpose, and expressing your most personal comments,
reactions, and suggestions.

But before you start writing a book review, you have to read the book first and ask yourself these
questions: What are the author’s viewpoint and purpose? What are the author’s main points?
What kind of evidence does the author use to prove his or her points? How does this book relate
to other books on the same topic? Does the author have the necessary expertise to write the
book? What are the most appropriate criteria by which to judge the book? How successful do
you think the author was in carrying out the overall purposes of the book?

If it is a short review, you may not be able to fulfill your purpose. If it is too long, it may stray
too much of the plot or of the content, you may lose the interest of your readers. Take this general
guideline: the length of the review depends upon the length of the book itself, and a review should
not be less than 100 words. Longer books usually ask for more than 500 words.

A book review title should be based on your total impression of a book. Like creating passwords,
strong titles might be “Drew girl power to new height”, “A night owl that seldom sleeps even
during daytime,” “Beautiful illustrations with a story to match,” “Perfect for a weekend getaway”
while weak titles are: “State of the art book,” “Five stars,” “A breath of fresh air,” “Fast and
furious.”
How do you START writing a book review?
1. Identify the book by author, title, and sometimes publishing information.
2. Specify the type of book (for example: fiction, nonfiction, biography, and autobiography).
Help your readers to review with perspective.
3. Mention the book’s theme.
4. Include background, if necessary, to enable reader/s to place the book into a specific
context.
5. You may also use an interesting quote, an interesting fact, or an explanation of a concept
or term.
What do you DO with the content?
1. For nonfiction books like biography, history, and the like: pay primary attention to the
major points (the argument) the author is putting forth and to the sources the author
has drawn upon to back up his/her point of view.
2. For fictional works such as novels, chick lit, graphic novels, manga: Pay attention
primarily to the novel or book’s setting, plot, style, characters, theme/s, use of language
and voice. Caution: Do not give away the story for no one appreciates a spoiler!
3. Provide your reactions to the book.
4. Describe the book.
5. Respond to the author’s opinions and analyze it.
6. Explore issues the book raises.
How do you CONCLUDE?
1. Relate your argument to other books or authors.
2. Relate the book to larger issues.
3. Tie together issues raised in the review.
4. Briefly restate your main points and your thesis statement.
5. Indicate how well the book has achieved its goal, what possibilities are suggested by the
book, what the book has left out, how the book compares to others on the subject, what
specific points are not convincing, and what personal experiences you’ve had related to
the subject.
How do you REVISE the draft?
1. Allow time to elapse, at least a day, before starting your revision.
2. Correct grammatical mistakes and punctuation as you find them.
3. Read your paper through again looking for unity, organization, and logical development.
4. If necessary, do not hesitate to make major revisions in your draft.
5. Verify quotations for accuracy and check the format and content of references.
 What’s More
Following the process in book reviewing, write a rough draft on Dr.
Jose Rizal’s novel, “Noli Me Tangere.” Focus only on the author’s
portrayal of the main characters Ibarra, Maria Clara, Sisa, Padre
Damaso, and the like.

What I Have Learned

In your own words, write at least five pointers for writing a book review .

What I Can Do
Write a book review on a novel or a book that you like. You may choose to upload your output
to your class group chat or to your school’s Facebook page.

Book Review Rubric

Components Distinguished (5 Proficient (4 Apprentice (3 Novice
points) points) points) (2 points)

Introduction Book review “grabber” is Book review Book review No attempt

very interesting or “grabber” is mildly “grabber” lacks was made to
catchy. interesting. interest. catch the
reader’s
attention.
Plot Reviewer does a good Reviewer offers a Reviewer offers way Reviewer gives
Summary job of leaving the little too much plot too much plot away the
reader in suspense summary but summary, leaving ending.
about conflict paints a fair the reader little
resolutions while picture of what the reason to read the
painting a clear, novel is about. book or novel.
interesting portrait of
the novel or book’s
story.
Opinion/ Reviewer offers his/her Reviewer offers a Reviewer offers Reviews
Commentary opinion on the book’s little of his or her very little of consist of plot
aspects. Reviewer also opinion on the his/her opinion on summary
writes a book’s aspects. the book’s aspects. and offers no
recommendation to Reviewer writes a Reviewer also opinion of or
readers. recommendation to writes commentary on
readers. recommendation the book or
to readers novel.

Spelling/ No errors. Somewh Some errors. Error-filled all

Mechanics at errorless throughou t
. the text.

(Myenglishclass 2020)
 Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following are identified first in writing a book review?

A. author and title C. page and number
B. publication house D. audience
2. The following skills are enhanced when one writes a book review, EXCEPT:
A. describing C. expressing
B. analyzing D. assessing
3. Which of the following is a strong book review title?
A. Hilarious C. Student Reviewer Went Viral
B. Five Thumbs Up! D. Millennial Philosophy to the Highest Level
4. What should reviewers do first in revising the draft?
A. checking the format of the references
B. correcting grammatical mistakes and punctuation
C. verifying quotations for accuracy
D. allowing time to elapse before revising
5. What do we mean by this book review warning, “Do not give away the story?”
A. avoid distributing the story C. avoid the story
B. avoid telling the entire story D. avoid reading the story
6. It is a sneak peek of the content of the book that includes relevant description as well as its
overall perspective and purpose.
A. Fiction Review C. Movie Review
B. Newspaper Review D. Book Review
7. Which should be given treatment in reviewing nonfiction materials?
A. argument and sources C. style and diction
B. content and context D. audience and relevance
8. Which of the following parts of a review provides the author’s name, book article’s name,
source, and their statement?
A. introduction C. body
B. conclusion D. synthesis
9. What is your best basis in creating titles for a book review? A. background of the author C.
book’s impression
B. book illustrations D. book’s sales and popularity
10. In reviewing fiction books, what elements should be paid with most attention by the
reviewer?
A. setting and plot only C. language and audience
B. setting, plot and characters D. language and genre 11. Which of the
following cannot be classified as nonfiction?
A. Fantasy C. Documentary
B. History D. Autobiography
12. Which of the following shows a weak book review title?
A. Quite Tough
B. nerve-wracking Thriller to Date
C. She is a Rose Among Thorns
D. Pinoy Frontliners Honored Insanely
13. The following are the focus of reviewing a book, EXCEPT:
A. purpose of the author C. title of the book or novel B. relevance of the
issues D. content of the book or novel 14. The following are
categorized as fiction, EXCEPT:
A. poetry C. novel
B.biography D. sci-fi
15. How long should a book review be?
A. 50 words C. strictly 500 words
B. 500 words or more D. strictly 100 words
 What I Need to Know
This lesson was designed and written to help you identify the unique features of a
Literature
Review and its requirements that are useful across disciplines. It is here to help you create a
Literature Review following the properties of well-written text and process approach to writing.
Thus, in this lesson, you are expected to write a simple yet comprehensive literature review.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Which of the following does not describe the nature and purpose of a literature review? A. It
is a type of an academic essay.
B. It synthesizes and evaluates the relevant scholarly paper on a topic.
C. It contains some of the major concerns and debates within a discipline.
D. It attempts to develop a new argument.
2. Why should students write a literature review?
A. to show knowledge of the topic
B. to keep current or abreast with the times
C. to serve as steppingstone for further research
D. all of the above
3. This system provides a means of identification for managing information on digital networks.
A. DOI B. DTI C. STI D. FTI
4. Which of the following does not describe the literature review accurately?
A. It is a summary of existing literature
B. It is a synthesis of the arguments of others
C. It is a critical or analytical account of a finished research
D. It is an account of a selection of writing relevant to your work
5. This part of a literature review defines the topic and the scope being considered.
A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References
6. It offers the reviewer’s justification of the conducted research.
A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References
7. Which part is the organization of the evaluation of sources arranged chronologically?
A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References
8. This is the part that accurately contains in-text citations.
A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References 9. Relational
words and phrases are used in writing the literature to achieve _ _____________. A.
coherence B. cohesion C. inference D. reference
10. What literature review strategy should be applied when you state the arguments and
main points of the research?
A. summary B. synthesis C. analysis D. evaluation
11. This is a literature review strategy that combines ideas to form an integrated theory or
system through critical evaluation.
A. summary B. synthesis C. analysis D. evaluation
12. When one closely examines the elements or structure of the research, it is called
.
A. summary B. synthesis C. analysis D. evaluation
13. This is a literature review strategy that assesses the research based on criteria that you
chose.
A. summary B. synthesis C. analysis D. evaluation
14. It is simply a summary of what existing scholar knows about a particular topic.
A. Book Review B. Article Critique C. Literature Review D. Book
Report
15. The following are sources for a good literature review, EXCEPT:
A. databases B. websites C. textbooks D. Facebook
Lesson

2 Literature Review
Literature review is one of the components of the research process. Aside from that, a student-
researcher like you should have the ability to determine what you should read and include in
your study.

What’s In
In the previous lesson, you were introduced with the process of writing a book
review. However, in this lesson you will be required to read a lot and learn how to write a
literature review faithfully following a few guidelines and an attached rubric.

What’s New
List down the sources that you used in your Grade 10 Science Investigatory
Project.
Separate the sources taken from databases, websites, or textbooks.

What is It
A literature review (LR) is a type of academic essay that examines what has
already been written about a topic. As a collection of published research about your topic by
recognized scholars and researchers, it is a way for you to examine also what has already been
done regarding your research question or problem. Likewise, it summarizes and synthesizes the
conducted research driven by guiding principles. Although it is not a research paper, it provides
background for your problem and a rationale for your research (Abadiano 2016, 51-52).
Literature reviews consist of the following components and purposes:

• Introduction o defines the topic and the scope being considered

o notes intentional exclusions o states the general findings of
the review and the availability of the sources
• Main Body o Organizes the evaluation of the sources whether
chronologically or thematically

o showcases the critical summary and evaluation of the research premise, methodology,
and conclusion

o uses grammatical connectors, relational words or phrases, and transitional devices

• Conclusion o summarizes the key findings of the review

o offers the reviewer’s justification of the conducted research
• References o reflects the in-text citations o contains complete
and correct citations

Here are four literature review strategies:

 Summary Synthesis
State briefly the argument and main points of Combine ideas to form an integrated theory or
relevant research system through critical evaluation, compare/contrast,
etc.
Analysis Evaluation
Examine closely the elements or structure of Assess the research based on the criteria or rubric that you
the research choose, state, and explain.
Support it with another similar research.

What’s More
Read the literature review of your previous research outputs (like your Grade
10 science investigatory project or any research in English). Rate the said review based on the
rubric below.
Target Acceptable Not acceptable
The inquiry question was The inquiry question The inquiry question was
well established in the
broader context of an was established in the not established in the
educational topic. (2 points) context of an context of an educational
educational topic. topic. (0 point)
(2-
1point
At least five articles were At least five articles At least five articles were
selected and each were selected and selected; some minimally
specifically
related to the initial inquiry related to the initial related to the inquiry
question. (5 points) inquiry question. (5- question. (3-0 points)
4 points)

The findings/results of articles The findings of The findings of articles

Content
were thoughtfully compared, articles were were mentioned with little

contrasted and/or connected compared, and or no comparison or

to each other. (5 points) contrasted and/or connection to each other.

connected to each (3-0 points)
other. (4 points)
The conclusion of the review The conclusion of the The conclusion of the
summarized the knowledge review summarized review did not summarize
found from this review and the knowledge found the knowledge found from
related the knowledge gain from this review. (1 this review. (0 point)
to the inquiry question. (2 point)
points)

The references were cited The references were The references were not
using CMOS or the Chicago listed. (1 point) listed. (0 point)
Manual of Style. (2 points)
The review was organized using The review was The review was minimally
subheadings. The review was suitably organized organized, and writing
suitably organized considering considering the was difficult to follow
Organization
the contents of the selected contents of the throughout. (0 point)
articles. (2 points) selected articles. (1
point)
There were no grammatical, There was an There were many
spelling and/or punctuation occasional grammatical, spelling
errors and transitional grammatical, spelling and/or punctuation errors
Mechanics phrases were used to guide and/or punctuation that distracted the reader
the reader throughout the error that did not from the content of the
text. (2 points) distract the reader. (1 writing. (0 point)
point)
 What I Have Learned
1. The basic parts of a literature review are: .
2. The four literature review strategies are: _______________________.

What I Can Do
Improve the literature review that you have evaluated in What’s More. Please refer
to the previous rubric for your guidance. Don’t forget to include the output in your
portfolio.

Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Why should students write a literature review?
A. to show knowledge of the topic
B. to keep current or abreast with the times
C. to serve as steppingstone for further research
D. all of the above
2. Which of the following does not describe the literature review accurately?
A. It is a summary of existing literature
B. It is a synthesis of the arguments of others
C. It is a critical or analytical account of a finished research
D. It is an account of a selection of writing relevant to your work
3. It offers the reviewer’s justification of the conducted research
A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References
4.This is the part that accurately contains in-text citations
A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References
5. What literature review strategy should be applied when you state the arguments and main
points of the research?
A. analysis B. evaluation C. summary D. synthesis
6. When one closely examines the elements or structure of the research is called . A. analysis
B. evaluation C. summary D. synthesis
7. Which of the following does not describe the nature and purpose of a literature review? A.
It attempts to develop a new argument.
B. It synthesizes and evaluates the relevant scholarly paper on a topic.
C. It contains some of the major concerns and debates within a discipline.
D. It is a type of an academic essay.
8. This system provides a means of identification for managing information on digital networks
A. AOI B. FOI C. DOI D. FTI
9. This is a literature review strategy that assesses the research based on the criteria that you
chose.
A. analysis B. evaluation C. summary D. synthesis
10. The following are sources for a good literature review, EXCEPT:
A. databases B. websites C. textbooks D. Facebook
11. It is simply a summary of what existing scholar knows about a particular topic
A. Book Review B. Article Critique C. Literature Review D. Book Report
12. This is a literature review strategy that combines ideas in order to form an integrated theory
or system through critical evaluation.
A. analysis B. evaluation C. summary D. synthesis
13. Relational words and phrases are used in writing the literature to achieve

A. coherence B. cohesion C. inference D. reference

14. This part of a literature review defines the topic and the scope being considered
 A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References 15. Which part is the
organization of the evaluation of sources arranged chronologically?
A. Introduction B. Main Body C. Conclusion D. References

This module will help you to identify the unique features, parts, requirements and how to write
a Research Report as a part of academic writing and professional correspondence. Thus, in this
lesson, you are required to prepare and write a research report on recent and relevant topics
such as natural disasters.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is a long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length that
presents the writer’s views and findings on a chosen subject?
A. Book Report C. Formal Report
B. Research Report D. Informal Report
2. It allows the readers to evaluate the quality of the research and provides the details by which
another researcher may replicate and validate the findings.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results
3. It contains the interpretation of data and perhaps a short introduction.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results
4. It is an overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results
5. It is where the results of the study are interpreted and evaluated against the existing body or
research literature.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results
6. This should reflect the content and emphasis of the project described in the report.
A. Abstract B. Title C. Introduction D. References 7. The abstract is limited to
number of words.
A. 50-100 B. 100 C. 150 D. 200-300
8. What is the other term for a research format?
A. type B. structure C. mechanics D. style
9. Which of the following is not the physical format of a research report?
A. margins B. length C. width D. vlog
10. Who should evaluate the research report best?
A. researcher B. teacher C. parent D. principal
11. Which of the following is not found in a research report?
A. Results B. Discussion C. Recommendations D. Abstract
12. The introductory part of a research report should aim to________ A. identify the
specific focus of the study.
B. provide a rationale of the study.
C. grab the readers’ attention.
D. all of the above
13. What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?
A. summarize what the research conducted already said
B. summarize the key findings
C. review useful contents
D.outline the methods
14. Which of the following could be considered as the biggest enemy of students in preparing
and writing of research reports?
A. time B. money C. commitment D. all of the Above
15. Who is the main intended audience of a research report?
A. unknown reader B. teacher C. personnel D. principal
Lesson

3 Research Report
Research has always been gradually explained to you by your subject teachers. You most
likely received activities or homework at school in which you are asked to surf online on concepts
related to the topics that you discussed and learned in class. In this lesson, you will be instructed
on how to write a research report.

What’s In
Previously, you learned about writing a literature review. This time you will
be introduced into the writing of a research report. Caution: This lesson
requires a tremendous amount of your patience and the application of your
reading skills.

What’s New
Surf a research report on the effects of ash falls in your barangay. Cite your sources
well. Then, read it in advance to supplement your knowledge in the next part of this
lesson.

What is It

Research Report is a long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length, which presents
the writer’s views and findings on a chosen subject. However, it is not just a long composition
which follows the principles of good writing. It is a scholarly work and not just a collection of
notes lifted from many different sources and strung together, one after the other.
The components of a research report are as follows:

Title
It reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the report.
Similarly, it should be as short as possible, including essential key words.
Abstract
It is an overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length
containing 200-300 words. Think of it as an executive and technical summary that gathers the
key elements of the remaining sections into a few sentences.
Introduction
It provides the key question that the researcher is attempting to answer and a review
of any literature that is relevant. In addition, the researcher will provide a rationale of why the
research is important and will present a hypothesis that attempts to answer the key question.
Lastly, it should contain a summary of the key question following the completion of the
research.
Methodology
 This is arguably the most important section for two reasons: (1) it allows readers to
evaluate the quality of the research, and (2) it provides the details by which another researcher
may replicate and validate the findings. Typically, the information in the methodology section is
arranged in chronological order with the most important information on top of each section.
Results
In longer research papers, the results section contains the data and perhaps a short
introduction. Ideally, the interpretation of the data and the analysis is reserved for the discussion
section.
Discussion
This section is where the results of the study are interpreted and evaluated against the
existing body or literature. In addition, should there be any anomalies found in the results, this
is where the authors point them out. Finally, it is an attempt to connect the results to the bigger
picture and show how the results might be applied.
References
This section provides a list of each author and paper cited in the research report. Any
fact, idea, or direct quotation used in the report should be cited and referenced.

How do you format a research report?

There is no one best format for all reports for a format depends on several relevant variables.
You must employ a suitable format to create a desirable impression with
clarity. Report must be attractive. While you should write systematically, you must use the
format (or often called structure) that best fits the needs and wants of its readers.

Below is an example of senior high school students’ research report:

Utilization of Used Electrical Wires as Accessories Rommel Abarte,
Ferdinand Genaga and Jana Mae Clemente Southville 1 Integrated
National High School
Abstract
This study aims to find out the utilization of electrical wires as accessories among Grade
12 TVL Electrical Installation and Maintenance (EIM) students for the school year 2019-2020.
The descriptive-developmental design was used to deal with the variables. Using
purposive sampling, the consolidated data were determined, employed to statistical analysis and
utilized as inputs to the development of the finished products – the accessories.
With an obtained weighted mean of 3.76 interpreted as Utilized, the findings revealed that the
students could use the materials and had mastery to create such products.
The research is a first in Southville 1 Integrated National High School for it
enlightened the respondents on the concept of designing with an attention to originality and
creativity.
The study covers one group of respondents composed of twenty-seven (27) Grade 12
TVL-EIM students with 25 male and two female participants respectively
Keywords: Utilization, Electrical Wires, Accessories

Introduction
The study focuses on the utilization of used electrical wires as accessories of Grade
12 Electrical Installation and Maintenance (EIM) students of Southville 1 Integrated National
High School. Making accessories with electrical wires is one way of reusing and recycling
electrical wires as future entrepreneurs. Likewise, the creation of accessories with such materials
is a recreational activity that enhances skills in the proper handling of electrical tools in order
to produce pieces such as earrings, bracelets, necklaces, rings and a crown enhanced by an LED
(Light Emitting Diode).
This in in cognizance to RA 10679, “An Act Promoting Entrepreneurship and Financial
Education among Filipino Youth” or “Youth Entrepreneurship Act of 2014” which declares that
it is the policy of the State to promote the sustained development of young Filipinos whose
aptitude and skill in the field of finance and entrepreneurship shall be encouraged and honed
through education and specialized training programs. Towards this end, the State shall
establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate, and integrated system of education and
training to encourage the entrepreneurial spirit among our youth as well as support and
promote the growth of young entrepreneurs nationwide.
The researchers conducted this study to determine whether accessories using electrical
wires are feasible to the EIM students during their free time and start a business out of it.

Research Questions
1. What is the level of utilization of used electrical wires as accessories among Grade 12 TVL-
EIM students in terms of:
 1.1. usage of electrical tools and
1.2. skill mastery?
2. How do the Grade 12 TVL-EIM students utilize electrical wires as accessories in terms of:
2.1. creativity and
2.2. originality?
3. Based on the results of the study, what can be proposed?

Methodology
The methods used by the researchers are sampling, data collection and analysis. Likewise, they
employed the descriptive-developmental research to determine the utilization of used electrical
wires.
Results and Discussion
1. On the level of utilization of used electrical wires as accessories among Grade 12 TVLEIM
students in terms of usage of electrical tools shows that the highest mean of 4 is
achieved by indicator #1(Uses appropriate tools and equipment in making accessories)
interpreted as Utilized is followed by the mean of 3.92 gained by indicator #2 (Uses
electrical wires economically) interpreted as “Utilized”. The overall mean of 3.90
indicates that the level of utilization of electrical wires in terms of usage of electrical
tools is “Utilized”.
2. Apparently, the level of utilization of used electrical wires as accessories in terms of skill
mastery shows that the highest mean of 4.14 was gained by indicator #4 (Has the ability
to use tools and equipment properly) with an interpretation of “Utilized” is followed by
the mean of 3.77 gained by indicator #1 (Knows how to create innovative designs (with
same interpretation. On the other hand, indicator #2 (Creates accessories with enough
speed) gained the lowest mean of 3.37 interpreted as “Moderately Utilized” and the
overall mean of 3.71 which indicates that the level of utilization in terms of skill mastery
is “Utilized”.
3. In addition, the utilization of used electrical wires as accessories in terms of creativity
reveals that the highest mean of 3.74 is gained by indicator #3 (Shows spontaneous and
cognitive attitude) and indicator #4 interpreted as “Mastered” is followed by a mean of
3.70 for indicator #2 (Shows deliberate and emotional aptitude) with a similar
interpretation. With that, the overall mean of 3.69 indicates that the utilization of
electrical wires in terms of creativity is “Mastered”.
4. Finally, in terms of originality the participants rated the proponents with the highest
mean of 3.85 as revealed by indicator #1 (Designs are unique) interpreted as “Mastered”
followed by a mean of 3.81 as seen in indicator #2 (Designs cater to the millennials) with
a similar mean and interpretation. However, indicator #3 (Designs are personally
selected by the proponents) has the lowest mean of 3.62 interpreted
as “Mastered”. Interestingly, the overall mean of 3.76 indicates that the grade 12 TVL-
EIM students’ utilization of used electrical wires as accessories in terms of originality
was “Mastered”.
Conclusions
1. Based on the findings, the proponents are skilled enough to utilize electrical wires as
accessories. Their acquired skill can be useful if they plan to put up their own
accessories business applying it real-life business situations.
2. Although their developed products were approved by a school-based electrical engineer
and by a panel of research examiners, the proponents should obtain permission from a
local DTI representative, have it registered in the local SEC and then secure permits
from the barangay, the city hall, and the BIR. This is in case they aspire to venture into
the accessories business.
3. The results also indicated that the proponents demonstrated their competence in
utilizing electrical tools and equipment without the guidance of their EIM teachers. Their
initiative and independence satisfy the law on youth entrepreneurship which clearly
advocates the putting up of a microbusiness strongly honed while in school.
4. The grade 12 researchers are capable of creating original designs with an attention to
details and safety.

References
Babbie, E. (2018) The Practice of Social Research, 8th ed: Wadsworth Publishing.
Ghani, A. (2014) Experimental Research Methods for Students in Built Environment and Engineering.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274618610_Experimental_Research_Method
s_for_Students_in_Built_Environment_and_Engineering.
Lazatin, H (2019) The Best New Fashion and Accessory Brands You Should Discover in Manila
https://www.townandcountry.ph/style/fashion/new-fashion-and-accessory- brands-in-the-
philippines-a00184-20190726-Ifrm.
 What’s More
Read the sample student research report in What’s New. Then rate it using the rubric that
follows. Provide comments as well.

Scoring Rubric for Research Report

Name Date _________
Organization 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 points
The report is The report is The report is The report is
both accurate accurate and factual and generally
and compelling clear. shows evidence confusing and
of some work. hard to follow.

Elements of The writers The writers The writers The writers

Research provide facts provide facts provide facts provide a mixture
Reports and and quotations and quotations of
quotations from several from more than opinions, facts,
from a variety sources. one source. and statements.
of sources.

Grammar, There are few There are minor There are Numerous
Usage, or no errors in errors in numerous errors in
Mechanics, mechanics, mechanics, errors in mechanics,
and usage, usage, mechanics, usage, usage, grammar,
Spelling grammar, or grammar, or grammar, or or spelling may
spelling. spelling. spelling. hinder
comprehension.

(Wordpress 2012)

Comments:

What I Have Learned

Research reporting is one of the academic activities in senior high school. That is why, critically
thinking a problem, processing the problem, and proposing possible solutions to that problem
may offer a huge leap to effect positive changes to your school and to your community. Now,
recall the parts of a research report. Which of the parts is the most difficult to do, and why?

What I Can Do
Write the complete components of a research report about natural disasters that have recently
affected your school. You may use the rubric in What’s More as a guide for this task.
 Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet.
1. It contains the interpretation of data and a short introduction.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results
2. This is where the outcome of the study is interpreted and evaluated against the existing body
of research literature.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results
3. Which of the following is a long formal essay with the length of five to fifteen pages presenting
the writer’s views and findings?
A. Book Report C. Formal Report B. Research Report D.
Informal Report
4. The abstract is limited to number of words.
A. 50 B. 100 C. 150 D. 200-300
5. Who should evaluate the research report best?
A. parent B. principal C. researcher D. teacher
6. Which of the following is not found in a research report?
A. Abstract B. Recommendations C. Results D. Discussion
7. Which of the following is not a physical format of a research report?
A. margins B. length C. vlog D. width
8. What is the other term for research format?
A. mechanics B. style C. structure D. type
9. The introductory part of a research report should have the aim to:
A. identify the specific focus of the study. C. grab reader’s attention
B. provide a rationale of the study D. all of the above 10. What is the purpose of
the conclusion in a research report? A. It contains a useful review of the research report.
B. It outlines the research methods.
C. It summarizes the conducted research.
D. It summarizes the key findings of the research report.
11. Which of the factors below could be considered as the biggest enemy of students in the
preparation and in writing research reports?
A. time B. money C. commitment D. all of the above
12. Who is the main intended audience of the research report?
A. personnel B. principal C. teacher D. unknown reader

13. It reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the study.
A. Abstract B. Title C. Introduction D. References
14. It allows the readers in evaluating the quality of the research which another researcher may
replicate.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results
15. It is an overview of the research study measuring two to four paragraphs.
A. Abstract B. Discussion C. Methodology D. Results
 What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet.
1. Which part of the Project Proposal provides the background necessary for understanding the
project?
A. Project Introduction C. Project Description
B. Project Methodology D. Project Revision
2. Which section gives specific information about the project itself?
A. Project Introduction C. Project Description
B. Project Methodology D. Project Revision
3. Which of the following presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the project?
A. Benefits B. Methods C. Schedule D. Budget
4. What part of the proposal reveals what the project intends to achieve in terms of results?
A. Rationale B. Objectives C. Benefits D. Introduction
5. Which shows what the reader target audience can gain from the proposal, like improvements on
systems or a change in behavior of the beneficiaries?
A. Introduction B. Rationale C. Benefits D. Objectives
6. Which document is written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or equipment
selling?
A. Research Report C. Project Proposal
B. Book Report D. Position Paper
7. Which details the different activities the project will take on that includes the manpower?
A. Budget B. Schedule C. Methodology D. Objectives
8. Which part of the project description discusses the task duration and expected start and end dates
of each activity in the project?
A. Budget B. Schedule C. Methodology D. Objectives
9. Which identifies the problem to be addressed and shows the need to solve it?
A. Rationale B. Objectives C. Benefits D. Introduction
10. Which guideline in writing the proposal do you collect data from primary and secondary sources?
A. gathering the data C. organizing the data
B. writing the proposal D. revising the proposal
11. In doing a project proposal, when do you use an outline to structure your discussion more
effectively?
A. gathering the data C. organizing the data
B. writing the proposal D. revising the proposal
12. What do you do when you review your proposal for accuracy and organization before you send it
out?
A. gathering the data C. Organizing the data
B. writing the proposal D. Revising the proposal
13. What do you do when you fill out the parts of the proposal with the relevant data?
A. gathering the data C. organizing the data
B. writing the proposal D. revising the proposal
14. In stating the proposal’s objective, you should clearly state the issue, the target group, time, and
place of the program.
A. specific C. measurable
B. achievable D. results oriented
15. What is a detailed description of a series of activities which aim to solve a certain problem?
A. Research Report C. Project Proposal
B. Book Report D. Position Paper
 Lesson

4 Project Proposal
Knowing how to convince people of your perspective is a valuable skill. More so if you are
equipped with the strategies suitable for a particular audience. A project proposal is a tool
which you can use to influence people to achieve what you want.

What’s In
A research report is a form of communication that describes, analyzes,
summarizes, criticizes/praises, or makes predictions about a subject. It is
based on an analysis of current or past events. In order to achieve its objective, it should be
properly formatted with the following parts:
• Title
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusion
• References

What’s New
Think of the barangay from where you are presently residing. Then do the following on a separate
sheet of paper:
A. Brainstorm and list down the different problems that exist in your barangay.
B. Select the top three problems which you think should be resolved.
Problems in the Barangay Description
 What is It

A project proposal is a document that is written for

problem solving, service provision, event planning, or equipment
selling. Generally, proposals are used to convince the reader to do what the
proposal suggests, such as buying goods or services, funding a project, or
implementing a program. Proposals in the professional world are used for internal (within an
organization) and external (from one organization to another) purposes. They are ways of generating
income for companies or seeking funding for projects. This is provided to the sponsor of the project for
approval.
A proposal stands out depending on its ability to clearly answer questions about what is being
proposed, how the plan will be carried out, when it will be implemented, and how much money will be
needed or spent. In other words, they are persuasive documents that need to do the following: highlight
reader benefits, prove your credibility in carrying out the project, and allow the reader to respond easily.
As a student, you have been familiarized with writing proposals - maybe even without you
knowing it. Whenever you envision, plan, and complete a project for your science class or your club
outreach, you are thinking about fulfilling a need for something. This process may involve writing a
paper or doing a presentation in front of an audience to get their approval. While proposal writing may
seem like an intimidating task, they can be made easier by following the guidelines in writing and
familiarizing yourself with the parts of a project proposal. (Projectmanager 2018)

Guidelines in Writing the Proposal

1. Gathering the Data. One of the characteristics of an effective proposal is being well- researched. It
needs concrete data to back up its claims so it can become more credible. You can gather data from
primary and secondary sources and apply the strategies that you learned in writing a research
paper in the previous lessons.
2. Organizing the Data. A proposal becomes more effective if the information on it is clearly organized.
You can use the parts of the proposal to guide you in your organization or use an outline to structure
your discussion more effectively.
3. Writing the Proposal. Fill out the parts of the proposal with the relevant data.
4. Revising the Proposal. Make sure to review your proposal for accuracy and organization before you
send it out. A good proposal will be comprehensive and will put your organization in the best light.
(Tiongson and Rodriguez 2016)

Formatting the Project Proposal

Proposals are primarily categorized according to their length. An informal proposal is
about 2-4 pages long. Meanwhile, a formal proposal has 5 or more pages. Regardless of their
purpose and audience, they have standard parts such as the following:

1. Introduction. This part provides the background necessary for understanding the project,
which is done by telling your reader the following:
• Rationale - this identifies the problem to be addressed and shows the need to solve
it.
• Objectives - these reveal what the project intends to achieve in terms of results. It
also gives the reader an idea of the intended solution. Good objectives are SMART
(Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Results-oriented, and bound within a realistic
Time frame).
• Benefits - these show what the reader or the target audience can gain from the
proposal, which may be improvements in processes or systems, an increase in
revenue, or a change in behavior of the beneficiaries of the proposal.
2. Project Description. This section gives specific information about the project itself. It
indicates how the project will address the identified problem through the following parts:
• Methodology – this entails the different activities; the project will take on, including
the manpower (i.e., the people involved and their duties), resources to be utilized
and the expanded output.
• Schedule - this discusses the task duration and expected start and end dates of
each activity in the project.
 • Budget - this presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the project, which
can be itemized or shown as a whole, depending on the needs of the project.

Note: Organizations usually provide interested parties with a required format for
project proposals, so make sure that you follow the prescribed format.
(Brighthubpm 2009)

What’s More
Conceptualize a solution related to the number one problem listed in What is It. Then, write a Project
Proposal outline. Highest point for each criterion is indicated below.

Description Highest Point

Has appropriate quality of well-organized points to support 5 points
the topic.

Has a clear and specific detail. 3 points

Grammar, spelling and punctuation marks are correct. 2 points
Total 10 points

What’s More
Complete the following statements to summarize what you have learned in this
lesson:
1. A project proposal is a which aim to solve a certain problem
2. Proposals are used to convince the reader , such
as buying goods or services.
3. The introductory part of the proposal provides the background necessary for
understanding the project, which tell the reader of the ,
, and .

What I Can Do
Supply the necessary details of the Project Proposal format below, you may use the
ideas/details of your Barangay’s topmost problem. The rubric in What I Have Learned may
still apply to this activity.
Project Title:

Part of the Introduction Content

Rationale (What prompted the project? Is there an existing
concern or potential problem that you want to address?)
Objectives (What does the project hope to achieve?)
Benefits (Who are the project beneficiaries? How will they benefit?)

II. Project Description

Methodology (Who are the people involved in the project? What are
their duties? What are the resources needed? What is the expected
output?)

Schedule (What is the date of implementation and its duration?)

Budget (What is the estimated amount of budget

requirement? Budget sources?)

(Sampletemplates 2020)

Assessment
1. Which of the following presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the project?
A. benefits B. methods C. schedule D. budget
2. Which part of the Project Proposal provides the background necessary for understanding
the project?
A. Project Introduction C. Project Description
B. Project Methodology D. Project Revision
3. Which document is written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or
equipment selling?
A. Research Report C. Project Proposal
B. Book Report D. Position Paper
4. Which identifies the problem to be addressed and shows the need to solve it
A. Rationale B. Objectives C. Benefits D. Introduction
5. What do you do when you review your proposal for accuracy and organization before you
send it out?
A. gathering the data C. organizing the data B. writing the proposal D. revising
the proposal
6. What is a detailed description of a series of activities which aim to solve a certain problem?
A. Research Report B. Project Proposal C. Book Report D. Position Paper
7. What do you do when you fill out the parts of the proposal with the relevant data?
A. gathering the data C. organizing the data
B. writing the proposal D. revising the proposal
8. In stating the proposal’s objective, you should clearly state the issue, the target group,
time, and place of the program.
A. specific B. measurable C. achievable D. results-oriented
9. Which details the different activities the project will take on that includes the manpower?
A. budget B. schedule C. methodology D. objectives
10. In doing a project proposal, when do you use an outline to structure your discussion
more effectively?
A. gathering the data C. organizing the data
B. writing the proposal D. revising the proposal
11. Which shows what the reader target audience can gain from the proposal, like
improvements on systems or a change in behavior of the beneficiaries?
A. Introduction B. Rationale C. Benefits D. Objectives
12. What part of the proposal reveals what the project intends to achieve in terms of results?
A. Rationale B. Objectives C. Benefits D. Introduction
13. Which section gives specific information about the project itself?
A. Project Introduction C. Project Description
B. Project Methodology D. Project Revision
14. Which guidelines in writing the proposal do you collect data from primary and secondary
sources?
A. gathering the data C. organizing the data
B. writing the proposal D. revising the proposal
15. Which part of the project description discusses the task duration and expected start and
end dates of each activity in the project?
A. budget B. schedule C. methodology D. objectives
 In the previous lesson, you have learned what a project proposal is. In this one, you will identify
the unique features, parts, requirements and how to write a Position Paper as a part of academic writing.

What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which composition highlights the opinion of the author or specific entity
about an issue? A. Research Report B. Article Critique C. Project Proposal D. Position Paper
2. The following criteria are considered in choosing the issue on problem to be discussed,
EXCEPT:
A. universality B. argument C. urgency D. demonstrability
3. Which of the following is the supporting evidence that is valid and verifiable?
A. factual knowledge C. statistical inferences
B. informed opinion D. personal testimony
4. Which knowledge relies on evidence instead of limited personal experience?
A. factual knowledge C. statistical inferences

B. informed opinion D. personal testimony

5. What is called the first-hand experience of the writer on knowledgeable parts?
A. factual knowledge C. statistical inferences
B. informed opinion D. personal testimony
6. Which is referred as the conclusions drawn from data gathered?
A. factual knowledge C. statistical inferences
B. informed opinion D. personal testimony
7. Which component of the position paper contains the main argument which can be further
broken up into sections?
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary
8. Which part of the position paper restates the key points and suggests resolution to the issue.
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary
9. This identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the author’s position on that issue.
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary
10. Which part of the paper suggests a course of action?
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary
11. Which part of the paper defines the issue and discusses its background?
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary
12. What is an idea that disagrees or contradicts with your given position?
A. Argument B. Counter-argument C. First Claim D. Support
13. Why is a topic like “The pandemic Covid-19 shakes the world” not a good idea for a position
statement?
A. It’s too controversial.
B. There is nothing to debate about.
C. It’s a long, complicated topic.
D. It’s a good topic for a position statement
14. Which of the following statements is false?
A. A position statement can be based upon your opinion
B. You will need to choose a side when writing a position statement
C. You don’t need to offer any options when writing a position statement D. You should
always write a conclusion that sums up your position
15. Which of the following is not included in the introduction of the position paper?
A. counter-argument C. background of the topic
B. relevance of the topic D. position statement
Lesson

5 Position Paper
You most likely received activities or homework at school in which you are asked to explain a concept
or prove a point. In this lesson, you will be taught on how to win an argument over an issue or a problem
with the help of your writing skills.

What’s In
Project proposals have elements which construct the proposal’s foundation. Match the descriptions
from the left to the elements on the right. Write the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. institution information, title, author, date A. Introduction

2. background, rationale, objectives B. Schedule

3. date of implementation, duration, start date C. Title Page

4. gain, increase in revenue, improved processes D. Project Description

5. methodology, schedule, budget E. Benefit

What’s New

“Maharlika”, a word originally meaning warrior class, is proposed to replace the name of our country
Philippines. Given its history and its meaning, do you agree that our country should be renamed
Maharlika? What is your stand on this matter? Write your answer on a separate sheet.

What is It
The position paper is a composition that highlights an opinion of an author or specified entity about
an issue. As a debate, it presents one side of an arguable opinion and persuades the readers or audience
that the author has a well-founded knowledge about the issue.

In writing the Position Paper, your goal as a writer is not only to state and defend your position on the
issue but also to show how your stance relates to other position. Do remember that arguments should
be supported with reasons and evidence?

Writing Center of the University of Hawaii, stated that in choosing the issue or problem to be discussed,
you may ask yourself the following questions as issue criteria to ensure that you will be able to present
a strong argument:
1. Is it the actual and real issue?
2. Can you clearly identify two positions?
3. Are you an advocate of one of these positions?
4. Is the issue narrow enough to be manageable?
After choosing the argument to take, you must present relevant supporting evidence like:
1. Factual knowledge, which are valid and verifiable information
 2. Statistical inferences, which are conclusions drawn from data gathered
3. Informed opinions, which are based on knowledge of the facts and carefully considered
principle, and rely on evidence instead of limited personal experience
4. Personal testimony, which are personal or first-hand experience of the writer or
knowledgeable party
(Rutgers 1998)
Now, here are the components of a position paper.

I. The Introduction – identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the author’s position on
that issue.
A. Introduce your topic with background information
B. Build up your thesis statement which asserts your position
• Fast food restaurants are bad for our health.
• Fast food packages should contain warning labels.
II. The Body – contains the central argument and can be further broken up into sections: A. Possible
objections to your position (counter argument)
• Whose job is it to determine which restaurants are bad?
• Such labels would affect the profits of major corporations.
B. A discussion of both sides of the issue, which addresses and refutes arguments that contradict
the author’s position (your argument)

• It would be difficult and expensive for any entity to determine which restaurants should
adhere to the policy.

• Nobody wants to see the government overstepping its boundaries.

C. Explain that your position is still the best one, despite the strength of counterarguments. This
is where you can work to discredit some of the counterarguments and support your own.

• Restaurants might improve the standards of food if warning labels were put into place.
• The role of the government is to keep citizens safe.
III. Conclusion – restating the key points and when applicable, suggest resolution to the issue
(Thoughtco 2020).
A. restate your position
B. provide Plan of Action

What’s More
Your position paper should have a clear and relevant claim or argument. Choose
between A and B which you think is the better thesis statement.
1.
A. Milk tea is delicious.
B. Milk tea tastes better than other drinks because of its creamy and refreshing flavor.
2.
A. The governor is a bad and ungrateful man.
B. The governor has continually done the community a harm by failing to listen to his
constituents.
3.
A. Reading to babies is the best predictor of academic success.
B. Babies are born with the ability to swim.
4.
 A. Drug use is disadvantageous to society. B. Illegal drug use is dangerous
because it encourages gang violence.
5.
A. We should vote for candidates who are willing to make the necessary changes because our
education system is in need of reform.
B. In this essay, I will persuade you to vote for candidates who support education reform.

What I Have Learned

Is social media helpful or harmful? Brainstorm and list down your claims using the
format below.
Issue/argument:

Helpful Harmful
(Include details/evidence) (Include details/evidence)

What I Can Do
Do you feel ready to try writing it on your own now? Create an outline showing your position on the
topic: Children below 10 years old should not be given access to social media.
Please be guided by the score sheet below.
Description Highest Your
Point Score

Has appropriate quality of well-organized points to 5 points

support the topic

Has clear and specific details 3 points

Grammar, spelling, and punctuation marks are correct 2 points
Total 10 points
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.
1. Which of the following is not included in the introduction of the position paper?
A. counter-argument C. background of the topic
B. relevance of the topic D. position statement
2. Which of the following statements is false?
A. A position statement can be based upon your opinion
B. You will need to choose a side when writing a position statement
C. You don’t need to offer any options when writing a position statement
D. You should always write a conclusion that sums up your position
3. Why is a topic like “The pandemic Covid-19 shakes the world” not a good idea for a position
statement?
A. It’s too controversial. C. It’s a long, complicated topic.
B. There is nothing to debate about. D. It’s a good topic for a position statement.
4. What is an idea that disagrees or contradicts with your given position?
A. argument B. counter-argument C. first claim D. support
5. Which part of the paper defines the issue and discusses its background?
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary
6. Which part of the paper suggests a course of action?
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary
7. This identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the author’s position on that issue.
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary
8. Which part of the position paper restates the key points and suggests resolution to the issue.
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary
9. Which component of the position paper contains the main argument which can be further
broken up into sections?
A. Introduction B. Body C. Conclusion D. Summary
10. Which is referred as the conclusions drawn from data gathered?
A. factual knowledge C. statistical inferences
B. informed opinion D. personal testimony
11. What is called the first-hand experience of the writer on knowledgeable parts?
A.factual knowledge C. statistical inferences
B. informed opinion D. personal testimony
12. Which knowledge relies on evidence instead of limited personal experience?
A. factual knowledge C. statistical inferences
B. informed opinion D. personal testimony
13. Which of the following is supporting evidence that is valid and verifiable?
A. factual knowledge C. statistical inferences
B. informed opinion D. personal testimony
14. The following criteria are considered in choosing the issue on problem to be discussed,
EXCEPT:
A. pervasiveness B. argument C. urgency D. demonstrability 15. Which composition
highlights the opinion of the author or specific entity about an issue?
A. Research Report B. Article Critique C. Project Proposal D. Position Paper

Additional Activities
Write a five-paragraph essay and try to win your readers’ vote by clearly stating your claim and
providing strong evidence. Choose one among the topics below:
1. Can smoking be prevented by raising the price of cigarettes?
2. Are we too dependent on computers?
3. Do young people’s behavior better or worse than it was years ago?
Please be guided by the score sheet below.

Description Highest Point Your Score

Has a clear, arguable thesis statement 3 points
Has strong and relevant claims and evidence 5 points

Grammar, spelling, and punctuation marks are 2 points

Correct

Total 10 points