on sie + PHYSICS priv: 30S (Moving Charges and Magnetism + x u How do you convert a moving coil galvano- : S 7 meter into a voltmeter? (March-2015 TS) 7 gye and explain Boit-Savart law. le G ‘A+ Galvanometer can be converted into volimeter (May & Mar 17 AP, TS, Man, May-29)4, P by connecting high resistance in series, A. Statement: The magnetic induction field streng 1 R = G(n-1) where n = range of voltmeter dat a point due to a current carrying sma , : ; jortional t0 current + Anat is the relation between the permitivity element is directly a dl, sine of the an, a I ment dl, of free space cy, the permeability of free length of the ele jing’ element and dl a Space}iy and speed of light is 2 at tee Oe ad op the cles ea ‘ lo And speed of light in vacuum? Tine joining the mid point of the element ang A. Speed of light in Vacuum is C=! the given point and inversely proportional y Veo Ho the square of the distance between the mid poin Where 5 is permitivity of freespace of the element and the given point. Ho is permeability of free space Explanation:Consider a small element dl from 1a Jt conductor carrying current i, intensity at, A current carrying circular coil lies on a distance ‘' from the centre of the element i dg smooth horizontal plane. Can a uniform and 0 is the angle between the direction of the : magnetic field be setup in such a manner that i current and the line joining the mid point of tke loop turns about vertical axis. cle ach element and the given point. No. A uni agnetic i uniform magnetic field cannot be set up According to Biot savart law we can write in such a manner that the loop turns about the | vertical axis. The torque acting on the loop | %=(AxB) Since the area vector is along the vertical, the torque on the loop becomes zero. \ eae 14, A current carrying circular loop is placed in i Py a unform external magnetic field. If the loop vant is free to turn what is the orientation of stable GBoi dBe dl dB & sind equilibrium? ane! qpailsno A. The current loop will orient it self in such a way z= 2 that torque acting on it becomes zero. Thus in Giale 3 the equilibrium position the plane of loop will dB=k = be perpendicular to the direction of magnetic by field. here g = 99° So that t = BiAn cos@ is zero. where 7 is the constant of proportionality 15. A wire loop of irregular shape carrying : the i " current is placed in an external magnetic field. Mo is the magnetic permeability If the wire is flexible what shape will the loop Ho = 4m x 107 Him change to? why? apa ising A A. The loop will take ne ith i aoe plane normal to the field'in order to minimize Biot savart law in vector form the magnetic flux through it, More over for a apo laer) given perimeter a circle has.minimum-Area ae tia ‘Sr. IPE STUDY MATERIAL AKASH SUCCESS SERIES WK © scanned with OKEN ScannerPHYSIC [Moving Charges and Magnetism ee 5. 114 Derive an expression for the magnetic induction at a point on the axis of a current cafring circular coil using Biot - Savart law. Magnetic field at a point on the axis of a circular coil carrying electric current :- Consider a circular coil of radius R, carrying current i and having “n” turns. Let P be point on the axis of the coil at a distance ‘x’ from the centre ‘O" of the coil, Ata point P on the axis of circular coil as for every current element there-is a symmetrically situated opposite element, The component of the field B perpendicular to the axis cancel each other while along the axis add up . Mo pidlsine ” ie, B= faBsin® fal asin And as here angle@ between the element gy and Tis ‘m/2 every where and r is same for all ele- ment, u Also sin® =(R/r) so B= im Now if the coil has N turns, then Jats 2mRN and 1 =(x? +R?) Hy __2nNiR? 4 +R? Mo _NiR? 2 ote ‘The direction of magnetic field B is along the axis of the coil. : At the centre of the coil, the magnetic HoNi induction field B=" > Sr. IPE STUDY MATERIAL. 6. | Obtain an expression for the magnetic dipole | moment of a current loop. ; We know that the intensity of magnetic induction field on the axial line of a circu. coil carrying current (i) at a distance x from jx, centre is 2 Monit’ TT 20? +x?) : | If-x>>r, the intensity of magnetic induction fiely 2 ni 2x* Multiplying and deviding by 2x pe Monin? ta ani) Ho 21 nx? 4n 3 B on the axis of the coil is B= x an x oS Since area of the coil, A= nr? Comparing this with the expression for the intensity of magnetic induction field on the axis of a short bar magnet p= Ho2M 4m x we find that the magnetic moment of the current carrying coil is M = niA. Where n = number of tums of the coil face area of the coil current through the coil M does not depends upon the geonietty of the coil of same area. A Derive an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, Consider an electron revolving in a circular orbit of radius r with a speed v and frequency n. In one revolution, the electron travels distance 2nr- The number of revolutions made by the electron ir p v in one second is n=—_, 2nr charge of the electron q Timetaken foronerevolution = 1 = Frequency x Charge of the electron ev est * Qnr Its magnetic dipole moment is M=iA= (ne?) oer nr 2 AKASH Sli¢eéce cence! © scanned with OKEN Scanner* Moving Charges and Magnetism ¢—————-_-_} pavsieg F iory If forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic field B, the middle finger the direction o of positive charge or current in the c of motion conductor then, the direction of force ® on the charge or on the conductor is indicated by the thumb. The Force on a current carrying conductor in @ magnetic field. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 2) 8) 116 Consider a straight wire of length 1, cross sectional area A and carrying a current i placed in a uniform magnetic field of indcution B. @ 7 The potential difference which causes the current to flow in a conductor accelerates the electrons. Due to the large number of collisions with fixed ions of the conductor, the electrons in effect move with an average velocity called drift velocity V, The direction of conventional current will be opposite to the direction of the drift velocity V,. We know that the magnitude of force f acting on the charge q in the magnetic field of induction B is f=qVjB sind (1) If n represents number of moving electrons per unit volume of the conductor, the magnitude of current in it is given by ie ngVy A eve(2) ‘The number of electrons in length of the conductor is N= nA (3) The total force F acting on the whole length of the conductor is F = £N = (qV,B sing) (lA) (nqv ,AVB sine) /eurrent: AF iB sing [-risngV Al In vector notation =i({i xB) Force between two parallel conductors carrying (2009-MAY) 1) Consider two long parallel conductors 1&1, carrying currents i, and i, separated by a 2) If ‘I’ is the length of the each conductor, The magnetic induction field strength developed by the conductor I at a distance ‘ris. Ho 4 Best 7 1 an r a Its direction is into the plane of the paper 3) The conductor II is in the magnetic field developed by the conductor I. So the conductor II experiences a force F,=i,f B, 2 from (1) and (2) Ho iin Qn or conductor 1 B, dueto Conductor I newton directed towards By dueto tr Conductor 4) The magnetic indiction B, at a distance ‘? from conductor II is given by p, = Ho, 2nr Its direction is out of the plane of the papet This magnetic field B, exerts a force ot conductor I.The force on conductor I is given by aH 2nr newton directed towards conductot Sr. IPE STUDY MATERIAL AKASH SUCCESS SERIES © scanned with OKEN ScannerAe 7 1) Wtcan be seen that |F|=[7,| = Mobil 2nr Ampere : When two infini conductors, "initely long parallel carrying the same current are 4 distance of one metre in vacuum er ani length on éach conductor ‘ml. Then the current flowing ach conductor is said to be one separated by if the force is 2 x 10- through e ampere. Obtain an expression for the torque on a loop Placed in a uniform magnetic field, Describe the construction and wo moving coil galvanometer? {@) Torque on a Current Loop or Coil in a Uniform Magnetic Field | Let a rectangular current loop ABCD having’ length AB = CD = / and breadth AD=BC=b and carrying current ‘i’ be suspended in a uniform mangnetic field of flux density B. Let the normal (ON) to the plane of the coil making an angle with the field direction, Forces i (bxB) on arms AD and BC act in opposite directions along vertical axis of suspension XY and hence cancel. rking of 2) 4) Forces on arms AB and DC, being perpendicular to field, are i ¢ B each and they act at the middle points P and Q as shown in Figure. ‘These forces form a couple of arm PR = PQ sing = b sing. As Torque = force x arm or perpendicular distance between the two 5) forces. T=il Bx b sine = i((b) B sin® =i(A)B sin@ Fei(bxB) be D |» 5 weet ae eS = i (bxB) b) Tee For a loop having n turns AB sing. aw If the plane of the loop makes an angle@ with direction of B. Then t ii AB cos@. 2) Moving coil galvanometer: Principle : "When a rectangular current carrying coil is suspended in uniform magnetic Jield, it experience a torque". Hence it rotates ‘and deflection in the coil is directly proportional to the current flowing trough it. hospi Bronze x ( iy ys G Construction: N s 1) A moving coil galvanometer consists of a strong horseshoe magnet with concave shaped poles N and S to get radial magnetic field. A rectangular coil of insulated copper wire wound on a light aluminium or brass frame is suspended between the poles of the magnet with the help of phosphor Bronze suspension. Phosphor bronze has high youngs modulus and very low rigidity modulus.It can easily be twisted but not elongated, 2) [AKASH SUCCESS SERIES > Sr. IPE STUDY MATERIAL 117 © scanned with OKEN ScannerPHYS; [Moving Charges and Magnetism a same, 11. The magnetic field induction B inside a long 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. solenoid carrying current 1 is given by B=upnl where, n is the number of turns per unit length. The magnetic field induction at the ends of . i solenoid is given by B= #0" The magnetic field induction B at a point inside the toroid carrying current I is given by B=ponl where, n is number of tums per unit length. The magentic field induction outside the toroid . is zero. rN Magnetic moment M = NIA where, A is the area and I is the current, The ration of magnetic moment (1) and angt- lar momentum (J) is a constant for a particle called gyromagnetic ratio ne 1 2m For electron ha88 x10!c kg! ‘The magnetic moment of an electron moving e around the nucleus is given by H=> I. where, J is the magnitude of angular momentum. The smallest value of} is called the Bohr magneton. wali) 2m\ 20. Hp = 9.2710 Am? —n 4am Prnin Torque on a current loop t=MxB=NIAB, where, M is the magnetic moment. Force between the two parallel currents carry- ing conductors i Ih r Ho 2h, rr 18. Current sensitivity = If the direction of flow of current ; each other If the direction of q, they attract. wo they repel. cach othe, of current is opposite, @_ NAB Fo where, kg couple per unit twist . Voltage sensitivity “97-7 R ia Me k is the couple per unit twist 0 What is the importance of Oersted's expe. A ..) When current flows through a conductor ment ? (Mar 17 TS, May-2014 magnetic field will be associated with it. The direction of magnetic field depends on the direction of current and is always normal to plane of conductor. fo. State ampere’s law and Biot sarvart’s law. Ampere’s law : The line integral of the intensiy of magnetic induction field around any closed path is equal toy times the net current across the area bounded by this path. $B.Ae=Hyi Biot savart law : The magnetic induction field strength at a point due to a current carrying small element is directly proportional to current ‘i length of the element dl, sine of the angle betweet the current carrying element and the line joinit§ the mid point of the element and the given poit! and inversely proportional to the square of tie distance between the mid point of the elemet! and the given point. apa Ho Hdlxr _ py id/sing aD an > _Sr. IPE STUDY MATERIAL AKASH SUGGESe < . / Write the expression Moving Charges and Magnetism] induction at any point o a the magnetic - Distinguish between ammeter and Voltmeter. mn the axis of a circular (May & Mar 17 AP, May-2014, Mar & current-car i - ying carrying coil. Hence, obtain ele Pression for the magnetic induction at the centre of the circular coil, a — < . An ammeter is used to | 1. voltmeter is used to measure A. Consider a circular coil of radius *:° and carry IF treclneneionaet| cacencnees neces ‘ie.c : - 2.Tocomven 0 convert galvanomete ino i ‘urrent i. The induction field strength on Reance i Gomected ee as : ‘ resisane is comnectedin | beeonneced in sens the axis at a distance x from the centre of the ptt ptononeer” | inh ° 8 circular coil. e 4 3. In a circuit, voltmeter must be 7 B- Mniv ‘connected in parallel between the i . {Omeasurecument =| poims where potentials be po—Hotir? (ae) {Rese otanitea | Rene nia vo _ alvae sistance ofan idea sistance of an ideal volmete afreax)y" amners ero is infinity What is the principal of the moving coil Where ‘n’ is the number of turns in the coil,” galvonometer? ‘The induction field strength at the centre of the 4, Current c: rying coil behaves as a magnetic circular coi ing x = 0 i 7 oil is obtained by putting x = 0 in the shell and it experiences torque in the magnetic above . ; ee oa field, Hence it rotates Moni of ‘What is the force on a charged particle of a 2r charge strength q moving with velocity v in a uniform magnetic field of induction B? When is it maximum? vs) ‘The direction of Bis perpendicular to the plane of the coil. ‘A circular coil of radius ‘r' having N turns 4 We have What is its magnetic carries a current " moment ? F = Bqy sin® A. Magnete moment M=niA usloer cervaOl Ufa charged particle travels perpendicular to the Be acm? [lod th-rogs « direction of the field @ = 90°, F = qvB D~ (maximum) 9. What is the smallest value of current that can be measured number of turns in the coil in What is the force on a conductor of length AiO" A Die smallest value of current that can laced in a magnatic field be measured with a moving coil galvanometer a moving coil galvano- ; ph carrying current ‘i placed in am of induction B? When is it maximum? When 19, How do you convert a moving coil galvano- % (peter into an ammeter? 2 Hts mininam® (Mar-2014, June-2015 AP) AL We haveF = i(1*8) ‘A. Galvanometer can be converted into ammeter by connecting small resistance parallel to the pene galvanometer called shunt resistance. 90°, force is maximum. F=Bil 5 — where n = range of Ammeter imum. F=0 if @=0° force is ™ Tal AKASH SUCCESS SERIES Sr. IPE STUDY MATERIAL © scanned with OKEN Scanner[Moving Charges and Magnetism x u How do you convert a moving coil galvano- meter info a voltmeter? (March-2015 T$) A+ Galvanometer can be converted into voltmeter by connecting high resistance in series, R= Go-l) where n = range of vottmeter hhat is the relation between the permitivity of free space cy, the permeability of free Space ty and speed of light in vacuum? A. Speed of light in Vacuum is c=! Yeon Where 5 is permitivity of freespace Mo is permeability of free space 13. A current carrying circular coil lies ona Smooth horizontal plane. Can a uniform ‘magnetic field be setup in such a manner that loop turns about vertical axis, A. No. A uniform magnetic field cannot be set up in such a manner that the loop tums about the Vertical axis. ‘The torque acting on the loop t="AxB). Since the area vector is along the vertical, the torque on the loop becomes zero. 14. A current carrying circular loop is placed in unform external magnetic field. If the loop is free to turn what is the orientation of stable equilibrium? A. The current loop will orient it self in such a way that torque acting on it becomes zero, Thus in the equilibrium position the plane of loop will be perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. here 9 = 99° So that t= BiAn cos@ is zero. A wire loop of irregular shape carrying current is placed in an external magnetic field. If the wire is flexible what shape will the loop change to? why? ~ A. The loop will take the“circulayShape with its plane normal to the fieldin order to minimize the magnetic flux through it. More over for a given perimeter a circle has.minimum-Area 15. [12 * 1. A. +> PHYSICS} xgSHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 34 State and explain Boit-Savart law. (May & Mar 17 AP, TS, Mar, May-2014, Statement: The magnetic induction field strengy, at a point due to a current carrying smal element is directly proportional to current + length of the element dl, sine of the angle between the current carrying element and the line joining the mid point of the element and the given point and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the mid point Of the element and the given point. . Explanation:Consider a small element dl from @ conductor carrying current i, intensity at @ distance ‘r’ from the centre of the element is dB and @ is the angle between the direction of the current and the'line joining the mid point of the element and the given point. According to Biot savart law we can write. aBeei dB « dl GB ce sind idl sino oe SS 1 Be > = aB F r sind gy _ Ho idlsin@ Tao ax pp Ho where, the constant of proportionality Hy is the magnetic permeability Hy = 4m x 107 Him Biot savart law in vector form Hy de) ap = Ho MOCXt). an > _Sr.IPE STUDY MATERIAL AKASH SUCCESS SERIES | © scanned with OKEN Scanner