COURSE OVERVIEW
STAT 203 – Statistical Analysis with Software Application
Course Facilitator: Engr. Emy Lou G. Alinsod
Course Description
▪ This course focuses on conceptual understanding of everyday
statistics, and basic statistical procedures.
▪ Topics include basic concepts of statistics, descriptive statistics,
inferential statistics, especially parametric estimation and
hypothesis testing, and illustrated and applied to practical
situations.
▪ Statistical Analysis, coupled with the use of technology, is
essential in making informed decisions as well as in conducting
research effectively.
▪ Use of statistical software like Excel and JASP to generate
tables and graphs or perform computations.
Recommended Readings &
Course References
▪ Microsoft Excel Data Analysis and Business Modeling
(Office 2021 and Microsoft 365) 7th Edition - Wayne
Winston
▪ Data Analysis with Microsoft® - Kenneth N. Berk Patrick
Carey
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Introduction to Statistical Concepts
a.Definitions and Terminology
b.Areas of Statistics
c. Qualitative and Quantitative Variables
d.Discrete and Continuous Variable
e.Levels of Measurement
2.
COURSE OUTLINE cont'd
2. Data Collection and Basic Concepts in
Sampling Design
a. Data Collection
b. Sources of Data
c. Methods of Collecting Primary and Secondary Data
d. Sample Size Determination
e. Basic Sampling Design
f. Sources of Errors in Sampling
1.
2.
COURSE OUTLINE cont'd
3. Descriptive Statistics
a. Data Presentation
b. Measures of Central Tendency
c. Measures of Variability
d. Normal Distribution and Areas Under a Standard
Normal Curve
4. Inferential Statistics
a. Hypothesis Testing
a. 1. Z-test
b.
2. T-test
3. ANOVA
4. Correlation
COURSE OUTLINE cont'd
4. Inferential Statistics
a. Hypothesis Testing
1. Z-test
2. T-test
3. ANOVA
4. Correlation
INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
Topic 1
What is Statistics?
The science of statistics deals with the collection,
analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.
Two areas of statistics:
a. Descriptive Statistics is collection, presentation,
and description of data
b. Inferential Statistics is making decisions and
drawings conclusions about populations.
Statistics
▪ Statistics is learning from data .
▪ A challenge is that when we collect data, we get
different answers for different subjects. Data comes
with variability .
▪ Statistics allows us to describe , understand and
control the variability insofar as possible and to take
this uncertainty into account when making
judgements and decisions.
Descriptive Statistics
▪ The term descriptive statistics refers to the act of
describing and summarizing data.
▪ Estimates of Central Tendency(Mean, Median, Mode)
Ex. Based on research conducted by DOH , 62% of those
found with diabetes were not aware that they have such
disease.
Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics are used to make conclusions, or
inferences, based on the available data from a
smaller sample population.
Inferential statistics techniques include:
oHypothesis tests, or tests of significance
oCorrelation analysis
oLogistic or linear regression analysis:
oConfidence intervals
Statistics
Statistical Paradigm
Population and Samples
▪ A population as a collection of persons, things, or
objects under study. To study the population, we select
a sample. The idea of sampling is to select a portion
(or subset) of the larger population and study that
portion (the sample) to gain information about the
population. Data are the result of sampling from a
population.
"There are 1100 freshmen college students in
PUPSRC, 100 of them were randomly asked if they
smoked cigarettes regularly."
Parameter and Statistic
▪ A parameter is a descriptive
measure from population data
▪ A statistic is a descriptive
measure computed from sample
data
For example, s a y you want to
know the mean income of the
subscribers to a particular
streaming app—a parameter of a
population. You draw a random
sample of 100 subscribers and
determine that their mean income
is P45,000 (a statistic).
Variable and Data
• Variables are the characteristics or attributes that
you are observing, measuring and recording data for.
• The word data refers to observations and
measurements which have been collected in some
way, often through research.
• "A researcher may be interested in the relation
between class size and academic performance for the
population of the grade 7 students."
Quantitative and Qualitative Variables
Quantitative Variables: Sometimes referred to as “numeric”
variables, these are variables that represent a measurable
quantity.
Examples include:
• Number of students in a class
• Number of square feet in a house
• Population size of a city
• Age of an individual
• Height of an individual
Quantitative and Qualitative Varia
Qualitative Variables: Sometimes referred to as “categorical”
variables, these are variables that take on names or labels and can
fit into categories. Examples include:
• Eye color (e.g. “blue”, “green”, “brown”)
• Gender (e.g. “male”, “female”)
• Breed of dog (e.g. “lab”, “bulldog”, “poodle”)
• Level of education (e.g. “high school”, “Associate’s degree”,
“Bachelor’s degree”)
• Marital status (e.g. “married”, “single”, “divorced”)
Quantitative and Qualitative Variables
Summarizing Quantitative & Qualitative Variables
We can use many different metrics to summarize quantitative
variables, including:
• Measures of central tendency like the mean, median, and
mode.
• Measures of dispersion like the range, interquartile range, and
standard deviation.
However, we can only use frequency tables and relative
frequency tables to summarize qualitative variables.
Variable Types and Examples
Variable Types and Examples
Levels of Measurement
Levels of Measurement
Levels of Measurement
Levels of Measurement
Levels of Measurement
ACTIVITY
Determine what the key terms refer to in the following study. A study was
conducted at a local college to analyze the average cumulative GPA’s of students
who graduated last year. Fill in the letter of the phrase that best describes each of
the items below.
1. Population ____
2. Statistic ____ a. all students who attended the college last year.
3. Parameter ____ b. the cumulative GPA of one student who graduated from the
4. Sample ____ college last year.
5. Variable ____ c. 3.65, 2.80, 1.50, 3.90.
6. Data ____ d. a group of students who graduated from the college last year,
randomly selected.
______________________________
e. the average cumulative GPA of students who graduated from the
college last year.
f. all students who graduated from the college last year.
g. the average cumulative GPA of students in the study who
graduated from the college last year.
ACTIVITY
Determine what the key terms refer to in the following study. We want to know
the average (mean) amount of money spent on school uniforms each year by
families with children at Knoll Academy. We randomly survey 100 families with
children in the school. Three of the families spent $65, $75, and $95,
respectively.
The population ______________________________________________
The sample _________________________________________________
The parameter ______________________________________________
The statistic ________________________________________________
The variable ________________________________________________
The data ___________________________________________________
ACTIVITY
Determine what the key terms refer to in the following study. We want to know the average (mean)
amount of money spent on school uniforms each year by families with children at Knoll Academy. We
randomly survey 100 families with children in the school. Three of the families spent $65, $75, and $95,
respectively.
The population is all families with children attending Knoll Academy.
The sample is a random selection of 100 families with children attending Knoll Academy.
The parameter is the average (mean) amount of money spent on school uniforms by families with children
at Knoll Academy.
The statistic is the average (mean) amount of money spent on school uniforms by families in the sample.
The variable is the amount of money spent by one family. Let be the amount of money spent on school
uniforms by one family with children attending Knoll Academy.
The data are the dollar amounts spent by the families. Examples of the data are $65, $75, and $95.
