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A Novel Approach for a Smart Early Flood Detection and Awareness System
using IoT

Conference Paper · April 2022

DOI: 10.1109/ICSSS54381.2022.9782286

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 2022 8th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS),
Chennai, India. 21-22 April 2022.

A Novel Approach for a Smart Early Flood

Detection and Awareness System using IoT
L. Saravanan W. Nancy K. Prabhu Chandran
Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Jeppiaar Institute of SITMS, Chittoor, Andhra
Chennai, India Technology, Chennai, India Pradesh, India
2022 8th International Conference on Smart Structures and Systems (ICSSS), | 978-1-6654-9761-9/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICSSS54381.2022.9782237

D. Vijayanandh J.R. Arunkumar R. Thandaiah Prabhu

Hindusthan College of Engineering and Sree Vidyanikethan Saveetha School of
Technology, Chennai, India Engineering College, Engineering, SIMATS,
Tirupathi, India Chennai, India

Abstract—Floods can cause extensive demolition, resulting in loss things like houses, vehicles and variety of dangerous objects
of human and animal's life and damages to railway tracks, road such as sharp wood that can cause someone hurt. Some have
transport, personal property and critical open health infrastructure. In been hit by with the swirling things. It is necessary to have
between 1998–2021, surges influenced more than 3 billion early warning system that will warn the residents about the
individuals around the world. Individuals who live in floodplains or
non-resistant buildings, or need caution systems and awareness of risk and threats when there is upcoming flood. There are
flooding risks, are most helpless to floods. Early detection and alert numerous technologies available to anticipate and avoid. It is
systems can offer assistance, save a lot of lives, and can be valuable truly believed that most of the citizens have tablets and
for governmental organizations for issuing flood alerts. With the smartphones at their fingertips. The smart IOT flood
development of the Internet of Things in recent years, it can offer monitoring system plays big roles during the flooding where
assistance in conveying information quicker and in turn help us save
more lives amid such natural calamities. Our aim is to develop a the high effective system will help government and society to
model which can be fixed to a dam or on the riverbanks for real-time manage situation of flood victims efficiently and hence, reduce
monitoring of various parameters like Water level, Temperature, the disaster effect. It is very important to make this system
Rain, and Humidity. Based on this information the data is compared simpler, easy to be operated; cost effective system and most
with a threshold value and an alert is displayed on a website and also importantly is to effectively alert society as earlier as possible.
sent as an SMS during abnormal conditions.
The proposed system will provide simple and basic monitoring
I. INTRODUCTION interface, sufficient data on flood level, and future short-term
Flood cannot stop by human but can be minimized by water level prediction.
proper management measures. Till demands for measurement According to previous related works, there are several
of planning efficiency, implementation and policy making Methods used to develop the system. Based on this research
decisions and utilization of modern scientific and paper [2] the web based IoT ‗Thingspeak‘ platform is used
communication tools for smooth functioning of the system. which has an open API service that store and retrieve the data
Floods are of critical concern in agribusiness, civil from the sensor and the sensed data output is displayed in
engineering, and Health. Human changes to the environment graphical form. In this project, sensors are used to implement
regularly increment the concentration and recurrence of the IoT Operation for sensing and monitoring the heat,
flooding, for illustration to utilize changes such as humidity, temperature, light intensity, rain sensing, air quality,
deforestation and evacuation of wetlands, changes in conduit barometric pressure and sea level. Then, the proposed system
course such as with levees, and bigger natural catastrophes in [4], an Arduino was used to control the entire system. It is
such as climate change and sea-level rise. interfaced to GSM modem and pressure sensor. The pressure
In India, floods are caused by a combination of natural and sensor is used to measure the water level and the Arduino is
human factors. Malaysians are historically a riverine people as used to calculate the height value of the water using Pascal‘s
early settlement grew on the banks of the major rivers in the Law. The level of water is calculated then will be equated with
peninsula. Coupled with natural factors such as heavy the threshold value that have been set. If the water level is
monsoon rainfall, intense convection rain storms, poor exceeded than the threshold value, the microcontroller will
drainage and other local factors, floods have become a alert the residence by sending SMS. Disaster is a surprising,
common feature in the lives of a significant number of calamitous occasion bringing remarkable damage, loss, and
Malaysians [1]. Flood is tremendously dangerous and has destruction and devastation to existence and belongings. WHO
tendency to blow the whole city and area of houses away. defines catastrophe as "any prevalence that reasons harm,
Flood also can cause huge property damage and loss of life. It ecological disruption, loss of human existence, deterioration of
is a natural disaster where dry land suddenly submerged under health and fitness services, on a scale sufficient to warrant a
water. Some floods can happen out of sudden and very fast. top notch reaction from out of doors the affected community
When a flood occurred, water will bring along and destroy or vicinity‖. It is a natural coincidence, which causes
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extremely good damage to life, belongings and structures cycle news might build even folks supplementary concerned
which cannot be reused. It may additionally be termed as ―a once those type of actions happen [8,9].
functioning of society disruption in a severe manner, Floods Typically, flood is the high-water level state together
instigating considerable fabric, environmental or human with the channel of river or on the coastal areas which leads to
victims that turn surpass the effected society potential to land inundation that was not submerged normally. The floods
manage with the utilization of their corresponding sources. might be sudden (Flash floods) or gradual.
The damage because of disaster depends on Geographical area
Floods are three types: 1) Flash floods–this kind occurs in six
of place, weather of the location, kind of surface of Earth and
hours of rainfall that are heavy- and is typically related with
degree of Vulnerability [1- 5]. 1.1 Types of Disasters 1.1.1.
cloud bursts, cyclones, and storms-immediate evacuation not
Natural Disasters Natural disasters area unit large-scale
possible all the times.2) Riverine Floods 3) Urban Floods.
geologic or meteoric or geologic measure having potential for
causing property or life loss. This kind of disaster styles Causes of floods Causes may vary from urban to rural area 1)
covers: Tropical Storms Floods Wildfires and Earthquakes Heavy rainfall 2) Heavy river bed siltation 3) Blockage in the
drains 4) Landslides 5) Construction of dams and reservoirs
Drought Severe storms and floods Tornadoes and severe
storms hurricanes area unit were the foremost styles of natural 6) Storm surges during cyclones Effects of floods a. Loss of
disasters that are reported commonly in US. Sometime this Life b. Loss of property c. Crop loss due to inundation d.
type of metric events area unit headed by presidential Change in soil characteristics.
―emergency declarations‖ necessitating native and state III. IMPLEMENTATION
scheming beforehand the occasion, like protection and
Methodology discusses about the approaches used to collect
evacuations of community possessions. The disaster distress
the data input and decision making to the public. Some
helpline offers area unit for taking those decisions or text
improvement is needed to develop a Smart IoT Flood
during, before, and after the commencement of natural disaster
Monitoring System. This will focus on the system that uses the
[6,7]. Natural disaster area unit large-scale geologic or
electronic based components for this project. The planning
meteoric occasions having the probable for purposing
flow of this project will be explained in details.
lifestyles or else belongings loss. These disasters varieties
encompass: Tropical Storms Floods Wildfires and Earthquakes A. Block Diagram
Drought Severe storms and floods Tornadoes and Severe From the block diagram in Figure 2, Ultrasonic HC-SR04
Storms Hurricanes area unit were the foremost styles of module sensor will be used to detect the water level of river.
natural disasters that are reported commonly in US. These The mbed NXP LPC1768 is a microcontroller that will collect
meteoric activities location unit every now and then proceeded all the data in this system. Buzzer will act as an alarm to alert
through constitutional ―emergency declarations‖ requiring the public and authority when there is upcoming flood and
state and native designing earlier than the event, like data will be updated to web server. The function of LCD and
protection and evacuations of community possessions. The LED are to display and indicate the level of water.
disaster distress helpline region unit supplied to talk to those
that decision or text earlier than, throughout, and once a herbal
catastrophe.
Artificial Disasters (Man/Human Made) Examples embrace
accidents related to industrial, terrorist acts, mass violence
incidents, and shootings act like natural adversities, these
traumatic events forms will cause property and life loss. They
will prompt evacuations additionally from indisputable zones
and devastate social resources of health in the communities
that were affected. In the consequence of tragic life loss which
occurs on September 11, 2001 the security and sentiments loss
and the well-being for the significant crucial ingredients on
behalf of healthy and cheerful life that affects the voters of U.S
in a dramatic manner. The employees of distress disaster
helpline were being trained for replying all sorts of calls or the
text messages that are associated with these kinds of disaster.
The incidents of mass trauma infection, mass violence,
community unrest incident, infectious disease outbreak, and
the different traumatic events forms might bring out the
emotions of folks in a sturdy manner. The occurrence of Ebola
hemorrhagic fever moving many countries in geographic
region, with restricted reported cases with in the US and Figure 1: Block diagram Smart IoT Flood Monitoring System
alternative countries, might result in spirits of confusion and This was presumably because of the cumulative smart
tension, for the purpose wherever it will inhibit with one‘s phones affordability, significantly within the markets that are
systematic monotonous. The reports of news and thus 24-hour developing wherever native makers of Smartphone have
created its approach noticeable within a market place. It has

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semiconductor diode for shoppers switch since their hardware components which includes of ARM board,
elementary feature receivers to possess the robust ultrasonic sensor, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, stepper motor,
Smartphone‘s. Many applications that are utilized by users‘ stepper motor module, buzzer, LCD, LED breadboard,
area unit at its good phones area unit applications of Social resistors, potentiometer, and some jumper wires as
media. Currently, it's now not employed as habits so as to stay connection for whole circuit.
connected to family, colleagues and friends. it's utilized C. ARM Mbed
currently in the crisis times. Data generation and activities
Arm Mbed IoT device platform offers the operating
dissemination Citizen-side area unit more and more taking part
system, and many cloud services. based Internet of Things
in a significant part in preparation of disaster, recovery and
(IoT) solutions. Mbed LPC1768 and application board was
response warning. As a result of the general public area unit
used as the microcontroller in the Smart IoT Flood
exploitation communal media throughout events that are
emergency, most managers in emergency might begin to Monitoring System. It is the LPC176x family of
include their use additionally for their own activities microcontrollers. It also drag and drop programming, with
the board represented as a USB drive and easy to use online
B. Flow Chart tools.
D. Hardware Design Implementation
Figure 3 shows the circuit diagram and each component
connect each other. The ultrasonic sensor, stepper motor, Wi-
Fi module, LED, LCD, buzzer is connected to ARM
microcontroller. Ultrasonic sensor and stepper motor need at
minimum 5V. to generate data meanwhile Wi-Fi module
requires 3.3v only. The stepper motor interface with ARM
microcontroller through driver module that connected to
PWM pin. Other than that, the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module
interface with SPI RX and TX pin interface.

Figure 3: circuit connection of the hardware

IV. RESULT
Figure 2: Flowchart of the System Firstly, new Wi-Fi SSID and PASSWORD must be setup.
Based on flowchart in Figure 2, Smart IoT Flood Then, need to check if the Wi-Fi setup is working
Monitoring System is developed to alert the public closest to successfully. If the setup is success, it will get a valid IP
the area when there is upcoming flood. The process is address from a Wi-Fi router SSID and PASSWORD that
starting when ultrasonic sensor measures level of water in the have been set up. After WiFi setup gets a correct IP address =
river. The collected data from the sensor are gathered and [Link], we make that IP address in the terminal
will be forwarded to microcontroller and data will be application communicate to ESP8266 WiFi module. The
displayed at web server. Then, data will be analysed and browser does not have Domain Name System (DNS) because
compared. As a user, he/she can control the stepper motor we need to pay for a registered domain. To control ARM
and buzzer wirelessly. Flood status dangerous will be wirelessly, it must be connected to the server which the
determined based on that collected data. Thus, water level server has it own IP address. So, when it connects to the
status will display on LCD and web server. LED will be turn server through that IP address, the server detects that user
on to indicate the water level. Furthermore, the stepper want to connect, it will reply with the web server. Figure 4
motor will be turn on for the passage of excessive flood when shows the Smart IoT Flood Monitoring System web server
it reached at the highest threshold value and the alarm will be that display water level. Moreover, user can also control the
triggered immediately to alert the public. Hence, the citizens buzzer that act as a warning signal to the public and stepper
will be well prepared for evacuation before the flood motor that act as gate to let go the excessive water that
occurred. As shows in figure 7, this system is using ARM caused by flood. User can control of these wirelessly as long
microcontroller board. This circuit is consisting of several there is an internet connection. They need to select the radio
buttons that control digital out pins and they need to click

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―send‖ button. Then, data will be send to server and server
will read the data and control the motor and buzzer.
IoT implementations use different technical
communications models, each with its own characteristics.
Four common communications models include: Device-to-
Device, Device-to-Cloud, Device-to-Gateway, and Back-End
Data-Sharing (Vermesan & Friess, 2013). These models
highlight the flexibility in the ways that IoT devices can
connect and provide value to the user. Further, for the IoT to
function three major components are required: Devices,
Communication Network and Computing and Storage
machines. IoT platforms connect the sensors and data
network to one another, integrating with back-end
applications to provide insight into large volumes of data. For
example, healthcare with IoT networks can trigger an alarm
automatically when a device with a particular sensor, senses
something wrong with the person wearing it. The mbed NXP Figure 4: Complete circuit of Smart IoT Flood Monitoring
LPC1768 will collect data from ultrasonic sensor every System
second. It measured 3 different water level distance ranged
from 0 to 13 cm which is from normal, moderate and high. The major concerns related to IoT are (Rose, Eldridge, &
All the collected data will be display on Smart IoT Flood Chapin, 2015):
Monitoring Web Server and LCD. Infrastructure: The availability of high end infrastructure is
Once the user log‘s in providing the details the user has to essential for implementing IoT. The devices and the wireless
give his mobiles location access to the app. The Location network should be reliable for actual realization.
permission is asked because we want to store the location Physical location: As the Internet of Things is strongly
coordinates of the user on the map. If user gives the rooted in the physical world, the notion of physical location
permissions to the app the app works else, it won‘t. This and position are very important, especially for finding things,
location coordinates are used to show the user on the map if but also for deriving knowledge. Therefore, the infrastructure
the user provides any information on the map then we can has to support finding things according to location.
see the coordinates where he is located and can get alerted. Security and Privacy: Major security concerns include
When user clicks the top right dots, he can see the user identification, confidentiality, integrity, authentication and
list along with their location on the map. User can expand the authorization. With the increase in hacking incidents, the IoT
maps if he wants and can route to any area he wishes. How application to be developed should be reliable.
this map is going to help people? When someone gets an Network Issues: The widespread use of IoT depends on the
information‘s that the area is flooded or affected with another wireless network it uses for communication. The networking
kind of disaster then maps shows not only one route we use challenges need to be addressed to enable using the
polylines to provide various routes to the user such that he technology efficiently.
can avoid the route on which the affected area falls and can
[Link]
choose another route to reach his destination safely as shown
in the below figure. The user can then move to Google maps Although the government has set in mitigation plans, it
through our app and can get the dynamic data about their provides alert that will help the people to avoid the flooded
route. When user select a point on the map then routes regions. An application by which the user can send the
between those two locations will be displayed on the map, information/alerts about a location to the people so that the
then user can choose their preferred routes. In Bottom right people who are planning to go that location can avoid visiting
corner there are two icons they‘re used to show direction it for some time. Once the location coordinates are shared the
directly on Google maps and provide navigation. Here users can view it on the map using the link and our app will
navigation is shown according to the user preferred routes help them to reroute. And help them to reach their destination
previously on the App, User can navigate accordingly to his fast.
REFERENCES
choice as location is fixed previously on the application [1] S. M. Metev and V. P. Veiko, Laser Assisted Microtechnology, 2nd ed., R.
As shows in figure 4, this system is using ARM M. Osgood, Jr., Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1998.
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microcontroller board. This circuit is consisting of several Developing Countries‖, Asian Journal of Computer and Information
hardware components which includes of ARM board, Systems (ISSN: 2321 – 5658) Volume 01 - Issue 04, December 2013.
ultrasonic sensor, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, stepper motor, [3] Sheikh Azid, Bibhya , ―SMS Based Flood Monitoring and Early Warning
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connection for whole circuit. Monitoring System Using IOT and Wireless Sensor Networks‖,
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