Well Logging
Why we do well logging?
• To identify Productive Zones in the reservoir.
• To know reservoir characteristics.
• To identify the fluids of reservoir and the contacts.
• Lithology identification.
• Facies Identification and Paleo energy of sedimentation.
Caliper Log.
What does it measure?
• Measures the bore hole Diameter.
• Could be a separate tool or Part of other logging tools.
• The number of the Arms is directly proportional to the reading Accuracy.
Usage:
• Corrections for other logging units.
• helps in cement volume calculations.
• insure the stability of other logging units and their accuracy.
Conditions of run:
Must work in an Open hole.
Spontaneous Potential log.
• It measures the variation in electrical potential between a fixed electrode at the surface and a movable one.
• among the very first well logging tools to distinguish between Shale and non shale Formations.
• Usually, found in the same track with the Gama ray log and the Caliper.
Concept and Usages:
• The SP logging is based on the salinity difference between the Mud and the Pore hole Fluids resulting in the
potential difference.
• Any Positive or negative deflection resample a Permeable layer.
Limitations:
Only works in open holes
Only works with WBM’s
Won’t detect oil.
Not so reliable reading
Effect of Drilling Mud on the Well bore:
Resistivity logs
General information:
• There are many types of resistivity logs depending on which type of Mud is used and the target of
screening.
• All the Resistivity tools used in WBM have the same concept.
• The most common Resistivity log used is the “Dual LateroLog tool”.
• the Resistivity logs usually represented by three logs/ readings (Msfl, LLS, LLD,).
Usages:
• Hydrocarbon detection
• Determination of reservoir fluid’s contacts.
• Determination of the RT and RW.
• Determination of the SW from the RW and RT using charts and Archie Eq.
Concept:
• The resistivity is calculated by measuring the Voltage needed for a current to generate.
What are Gama rays?
• Gama rays is an electromagnetic radiations emitted from the nucleus
in an exited state.
• Gama rays have no charge or mass but it do posses energy.
•
• Gama rays are emitted from isotopes like ( Potassium – thorium-
Uranium).
What is GR logging?
It the measurement of the natural radioactivity of borehole formations.
Concept:
• Most of the Radioactive elements are found in shale and clay formations resulting in making the GR log an
excellent Shale indicator.
• We could easily differentiate between shale and non shale formations.
Difference between SP and GR logging?
1) GR is a universal log.
2) GR insensitive to Permeability.
3) GR is insensitive to salinity.
4) GR curve is directly proportional to paleo Energy of sedimentation.
5) GR log responses useful in Facies identification.
Limitation:
GR curve are only affected by shale content and hole condition.
Porosity logs:
1) Sonic log
2) Density log
3) Neutron log
1) Sonic log
• It is the measurement of slowness of the sound wave in a given formation ∆T which is the reciprocal of
sound wave velocity.
• the speed of the sound wave in affected by the formation Bulk density, and porosity.
• therefore, the sonic log is very useful as a porosity log only if the lithology is known
• using the following Equation.
2) Density log
• It is the measurements of Electron density.
concept:
Conditions affecting the reading:
• Hole rugosity
Neutron log
Archie Equation
