BUILDING UTILITIES 001

Architecture Qualifying Exam Reviewer

BS Architecture | A.Y. 2022-2023

HOW A PLUMBING SYSTEM WORKS • D - DRAINING GREY WATER

BY CHARLOTTE PIPE FOUNDRY this is the water from tubs
(BASICS OF A PLUMBING SYSTEM) sinks and washer.
• W - WASTE FROM WATER
DOMESTIC WATER SYSTEM - which delivers CLAUSES commonly referred
pressurized water into the structure for drinking, to as toilets or commodes
cooking, bathing, or other uses. It is constantly full waste from these fixtures is
of water. also called black water
• V - is for VENTING WENCH
1. it delivers from the city water main or a Will VENTS air into and out of the
system. the system.
2. As it enters the structure, the potable water is
cold.
-Once inside the structure however, the potable
water system divides into two sub systems hot and
cold.
- Cold water goes directly to the fixtures throughout
the structure but in order to provide hot water to the
fixtures the water itself has to first be heated.
- the cold water sub system will branch off and a
portion of the piping will be channeled through the
water heater the now hot water will then be DRAINPIPES - DWV hub consists of a
main stack and a secondary stack
distributed to the fixtures in the structure

• Main stack 3-4 inches in

Materials:
diameter
• Runs up through the roof
• Secondary stack is
smaller, 2-3 inches in
diameter
• Secondary stack serve
system branches
SANITARY WASTE SYSTEM - also
known as DWV (Drainage, Waste and
BRANCH DRAINPIPES
Vent) which uses gravity to remove
waste from the structure the most • Branch drainpipes are usually
common materials 1.5 - 2 inches in diameter
• Branch drainpipes provide
Materials: drainage from individual
fixtures to a stack.
DWV SYSTEM - is a gravity waste • Older drain stacks were made
elimination system it removes undesirable of cast iron
product from the home. Not constantly full • Cast iron stacks rust out over
of water. Only has waste in it time
 • Galvanized steel was the next
PLUMBING
iteration system

MAIN DRAIN LINE WASTEWATER - Kitchen, bathtubs, sinks,

• Water flows downward through showers, toilets, washing machine, and
the system to the main drain line dishwashers; used water - includes substances
• Drain lines lead to the municipal such as human waste, food scraps, oils, soaps and
sewage system or septic chemicals.
system SOIL WATER - sometimes referred to as the soil
• Porous main lines can be solution, contains dissolved organic and inorganic
impeded by tree roots substances and transports dissolved nutrients, such
as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, to
the plant roots for absorption.
SURFACE WATER – roof; any water that collects
from the surface of the earth. This includes
oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, or wetlands.

PLUMBING SYSTEM STARTS WITH WATER

METER

POSITIVE AIR PRESSURE - flushes

the toilet in front of the waste there is
air being pushed in the direction of fall
this is referred to as positive air
pressure will move anywhere it can get
to get out of the way of was
 PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEM
- Crucial components of every home or
structure
- Addresses inhabitant’s
cleanliness needs.
- 8-10% of building’s construction cost
- 40% - Architectural
- 30% - Structural
- 30% - General Requirements
(bakod, project management,
anything not related to the
PLUMBING AND SANITARY construction - mobilization, delivery
SYSTEM OF A BUILDING of materials, etc.
- Employment: Installing, repairing,
maintaining, and servicing plumbing
PLUMBING - the system of pipes, valves, equipment and fittings.
fixtures, and other apparatus of a water supply or
sewage system.
WATER SUPPLY - the supply of purified water to WATER DISTRIBUTION TO BUILDINGS
a community, usually including facilities for storing
and distributing this water, as reservoirs and RAW WATER - water that requires treatment
pipelines. before it can be used for drink
WELL - a hole drilled or bored into the earth to WATER TREATMENT - the actual phrases of
obtain water, petroleum, or natural gas. making water more potable or use pool, as by
AQUIFER - a geological formation containing or purifying, clarifying, or softening
conducting groundwater, esp. one capable of POTABLE WATER - water fit for human
providing water in usable quantities to springs consumption
or wells.
ARTESIAN WELL - a well in which water rises
under pressure from a permeable stratum
WATER TOWER - a tower into which water is
overlaid by impermeable rock.
pumped to a height sufficient to maintain a desired
DRAWDOWN - A lowering of the water surface
pressure for distributing the customers, or for
level as in a well, or the distance by which the
firefighting
groundwater level is lowered as a result of
WATER MAIN - a main pipe or conduit through
Pumping
which a public community water system conveys
CISTERN – A reservoir or tank for storing or building
water to all service connections
water or other liquid, as rainwater collected from
CORPORATION STOP/CORPORATION COCK –
a roof for use when required
a valve controlling the flow of water or gas from
RESERVOIR - A natural or artificial place where
amine to service pipe
water is collected and stored for use, especially for
CURB COCK/CURB STOCK - a control valve for
supplying a community, irrigating land, or
shutting off the water supply to a building in case
furnishing power.
upon emergency, installed in the water service pipe
and operated by means of a long key inserted
through a curb box
CURB BOX/BUFFALO BOX - a vertical enclosure
FUNDAMENTAL OF WATER
with a removable cover providing access to a curb
SUPPLY SYSTEM
cock
SERVICE PIPE - a pipe connecting a building to
a water or gas main, usually installed or under the SAAN NAKAKAKUHA NG TUBIG?
jurisdiction of a public utility
• Rain Water
SHUTOFF VALVE - any valve for shutting off the
• Natural surface water
flow of water or gas from a supply pipe
• Sea
WATER METER - a device for measuring and
recording the quantity of water that passes POTABLE WATER TANKS
through a pipe can either be made of:
• Fiber Glass,
• Polyethylene plastic,
• Corrugated steel,
• Bolted steel,
• Stainless Steel
• Carbon steel.

TYPES OF WATER
• SOFT WATER
• contains little or no dissolved
solids.
• It is often brownish or yellowish in
color.
• soft water lathers easily.

• HARD WATER
- Hard water, on the other hand, will
have a high calcium or
magnesium salt content.
• Hard waters do not form lather
readily which has shaken with soap
solution
TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ● The water then goes up through the riser
through the pipe branches going to the
INDIRECT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM (Used in different fixtures and equipment
Asia, developing countries)
- Municipal water supply pressure
is low
- Uses underground tank and
overhead tank
- The water will flow from
underground tank to overhead tank
w/ the help of pump
GRAVITY WATER SYSTEM / DOWNFEED
DIRECT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
SYSTEM
(used in USA and Europe)
● Also starts from the water main enclosed in
a tank that has a water pump that pumps air
to distribute the water and a pressurized tank
for added air pressure, the water then goes
up through the riser
- Then the water distribution starts on
the height sufficient enough to
supply pressure to the water going
throughout the water distribution
system.
- Pressure in Municipal water supply
line is sufficient
- Overhead tank is not required
- Less pipping, less maintenance

HOW WATER IS DISTRIBUTED WITHIN THE

BUILDINGS

PNEUMATIC WATER SUPPLY / UPFEED

SYSTEM
● The supply is distributed from a water main
enclosed in a tank that has a water pump that
pumps air to distribute the water and a
pressurized tank for added air pressure
 WASTE PIPE - Any pipe carrying the discharge
FUNDAMENTAL OF from plumbing fixtures other than water closets or
SANITARY & VENT SYSTEM urinals

INDIRECT WASTE PIPE - Waste pipe that is not

VENT PIPES
connected directly with a drainage system, but
• Venting the system eliminates
discharges into it through a properly trapped
water gurgling
plumbing fixture
• Vent pipes rise up through the
house through the roof BRANCH INTERVAL – a length of soil or waste
• Vent pipes help to eliminate waste stack corresponding to a story height but never
odor less than 8ft (2.4 m), within which the horizontal
• Drainpipes can connect directly to branch drains from one floor are connected
main or secondary stack pipe
• Some drain pipes can connect to a FALL – the downward slope of a pipe, conduit, or
revent pipe channel, expressed either as a percentage or in
• Wall vents may be used in some inches per foot
settings
• Cheater vents may be used to draw WET VENT – An oversized pipe functioning as a
air in from a room soil or waste pipe and a vent

DRAINAGE SYSTEM - System of pipes, traps, CLEANOUT - A pipe fitting with a removable plug
and other apparatus for conveying sewage, giving access to a soil or waste pipe for inspection
wastewater, or rainwater to a public sewer or a or cleaning
private treatment facility
SUMP PUMP – a pump for removing the
DRAIN - Any pipe or channel by which a liquid is accumulations of liquid from a sump
drawn off
SUMP – a pit or reservoir serving as a drain or
FIXTURE DRAIN - Drain extending from the trap of receptacle for water or other liquids
a plumbing fixture to a junction with a waste or
soil stack INVERT – the lowest point on the exterior of a
drainpipe or sewer where the liquid is deepest
BRANCH DRAIN - A drain connecting one or
more fixtures to a soil or waste stack BUILDING DRAIN - Lowest part of a drainage
system that receives the discharge from soil and
STACK - A vertical waste pipe or vent pipe waste stack inside the walls of a building and
serving 2 number of floors conveys it by gravity to the building sewer, also
called HOUSE DRAIN.
SOIL STACK - A vertical soil pipe
BUILDING TRAP - A trap installed in the building
SOIL PIPE - Any pipe carrying the discharge from drain to prevent the passage of sewer gasses
water closets or urinals to the building drain or from the building sewer to the drainage system of a
building sewer building. Also called HOUSE TRAP

WASTE STACK - A vertical waste pipe FRESH-AIR INLET – a vent pipe admitting fresh
air into the drainage system of the building,
connected to the building drain at or before the
building trap
 INDIVIDUAL VENT - Vent connecting a fixture
BUILDING SEWER - Drain connecting a building drain to a main or branch vent, also called
drain to a public sewer or private treatment facility, REVENT
also called HOUSE SEWER CIRCUIT VENT - Vent serving two or more traps
and extending from in front of the last fixture
SEWER - Pipe or other artificial conduit, usually connection of a horizontal branch to the vent stack
underground, for carrying off sewage and other
liquid waste to a treatment plant or other point of BACK VENT - A vent installed on the sewer side
disposal of a trap

SANITARY SEWER - Sewer conveying only the CONTINUOUS VENT - Vertical vent formed by a
sewage from plumbing fixtures and excluding continuation of the drain line to which it
storm water connects
FUNDAMENTAL OF
SEWAGE - The liquid waste containing animal or STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
vegetable matter in suspension or solution that
passes through a sewer STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
- Responsible for the collection and discharge of
stormwater to approved point of disposal
VENT SYSTEM - System of pipes supplying a - This system is a network of channels, pipes and
flow of air to or from a drainage system or structures that is required for roof areas, courts,
providing a circulation of air within the system to courtyards, and others
protect trap seals from siphonage and back pressure
SURFACE WATER - Any body of water that runs off
VENT - A pipe connecting a drain near one or over the surface of the ground; any body of water
more traps to a vent stack or stack vent above ground, including streams, rivers, lakes,
wetlands, reservoirs, and creeks.
STACK VENT - The extension of a soil or waste
stack above the highest horizontal drain connected SUBSURFACE WATER OR GROUNDWATER -
to the stack, also called SOIL VENT, WASTE VENT Water that stands in or passes through the ground

RELIEF VENT - Provides circulation of air STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

between a drainage and a venting system by • PONDS
connecting a vent stack to a horizontal drain 1. RETENTION PONDS
between the first fixture and the soil or waste stack - Or RETENTION BASIN or WET
POND
LOOP VENT - A circuit vent that loops back and - A basin that always has water
connects with a stack vent instead of a vent stack in it surrounded by vegetation
- RETAIN – some of water stays
COMMON VENT - A single vent serving two
fixture drains connected at the same level, also
called DUAL VENT

VENT STACK - A vertical vent installed primarily

to provide circulation of air to or form any part of
a drainage system
BRANCH VENT - Vent connecting one or more
individual vents with a vent stack or stack vent
 2. DETENTION PONDS
- Does not have water in it at all
times
- Covered with vegetation that
does well in dry and wet
environments.
- DETAINS - Holds water for a
little while, the releases it

• CISTERN

• CATCH BASIN

• BIOSWALE
- Directs and filters storm water
before recharging the natural
underground aquifer.
 DISINFECTION
• CHLORINE DISINFECTION
FUNDAMENTAL OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL • OZONE DISINFECTION
SYSTEMS, TREATMENT AND RECYCLING
• UV DISINFECTION

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT– where

water gets treated.

MAIN SEWER - 3-5 ft in diameter. 6-12 inches in dia

pipes connected to the houses

GRINDER PUMPS OR LIP STATIONS – gives

pressure

BAR SCREEN – Large vertical Bars. Stop larger

items to get into the plant
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT - Structures and
PRETREATMENT - remove the outliers in the
appurtenances for receiving the discharge of a
sewage and make the whole mixture a little more
sanitary drainage system and reducing the
homogenous or slightly less chunky
organic and bacterial content of the waste so as
to render it less offensive or dangerous.

SEPTIC TANK - A covered watertight tank for

receiving the discharge from a building sewer,
separating out the solid organic matter which is
decomposed and purified by anaerobic bacteria, and
allowing the clarified liquid to discharge for final
disposal
GRIT CHAMBER – allows particles of sand and
rock to settle out MINIMUM WIDTH
• HORIZONTAL GRIT CHAMBERS ● 90 cu. m.
• AERATED GRIT CHAMBERS MINIMUM DIMENSION OF MANHOLE
• VORTEX GREAT CHAMBERS ACCESS
● 508 mm.
PRIMARY CLARIFIER – settling velocity (speed MINIMUM LENGTH OF SECONDARY
COMPARTMENT OF A SEPTIC TANK
at which a particle settles)
WITH A CAPACITY OF MORE THAN 6
CU.M.
AERATION BASINS – significantly degrade the
● 1500 mm.
biological content of the sewage; AEROBIC
DIGESTION, breakdown of organic matter using
SCUM - A layer of sewage matter that rises to the
excess oxygen
surface of the sewage in a septic tank

SECONDARY CLARIFIERS – final removal of SLUDGE - Sediment that settles out of sewage,
solids and biological matter, 85% of all organic forming a semi-solid mass on the bottom of the
matter is removed septic tank
EFFLUENT - Liquid sewage that has been treated
in a septic tank or a sewage treatment plant PLUMBING MATERIALS

DOSING CHAMBER - A chamber of a large septic

tank employing siphonic action to automatically TYPE OF PUMPS
discharge a large volume of effluent when a
predetermined quantity has accumulated TRANSFER PUMPS - A transfer pump is a pump
you can use to transfer liquid from one place to
CESSPOOL - A covered pit for receiving the another place (or) the pump which is used to
sewage from a house, having a perforated lining transfer water from underground tank or ground
to allow the liquid portion of the sewage to leach into level to the overhead tank.
the ground while the sludge is retained in the pit to
undergo decompositions. MAIN BOOSTER PUMP - Pumping directly from
the series main to all building fixtures where the
SEEPAGE PIT - Pit that is lined with a perforated available pressure is not sufficient to reach water
masonry or concrete wall to allow effluent to all floors.
collected from a septic tank to seep or leach into the
surrounding soil, sometimes used as a substance for HYDRO BOOSTER PUMP - Use to maintain
a drainfield pressure for Upper floors of high- rise buildings.

HOT WATER CIRCULATION PUMP -

It is Used to circulate the hot water in central
heater system. A circulator pump is a specific type
of pump used to circulate gases, liquids, or slurries
in a closed circuit. They are commonly found
circulating water in central heater system.

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP -
A submersible pump, also called an electric
submersible pump, is a pump that can be fully
submerged in water. The motor is hermetically
sealed and close-coupled to the body of the pump.
A submersible pump pushes water to the surface by
converting rotary energy into kinetic energy into
pressure energy.

PRESSURE TANK:
The combination of the pressure tank, pressure
switch, and the pump is what allows water to flow
through your home. Pressure tanks, which also act
as reservoirs for the home, are generally set to keep
pressure within 20 pounds per square inch (PSI) of
your starting and stopping parameters.

CENTRAL WATER HEATER BOILER:

It is use to supply hot water to multiple
bathrooms with return circulation route. Maximum
capacity: 300liters
 joist
PIPE - A hollow cylinder of metal or plastic used
for the conveyance of water, steam, gas, or other SANITARY TEE
fluid material ● A tee having a slight curve in the
90 deg transition to channel the flow
PIPE FITTING - A standard part as an elbow, from a branch pipe in the direction of
union, or tee, for connecting two or more pipes the main

ELBOW WYE
● A Y-shaped pipe fitting for joining
- A pipe fitting having an angled, a branch pipe with a main, usually at a
usually 90 deg bend, also called ELL, 45 deg angle
EL CROSS
● A pipe fitting for making a four-
way connection

SANITARY CROSS
● Cross having a slight curve in
each of the 90 deg transitions to
channel the flow from branch pipes in
the direction of the main

CROSSOVER
● A U-shaped pipe for bypassing another
pipe
DROP ELBOW
● An elbow having lugs for
attachment to a wall or joist, also
called DROP ELL

VALVE
SWEEP FITTING ● Any device for controlling or stopping the
flow of a liquid or gas by a movable part
● A pipe fitting having a large radius of that opens, partially obstructs, or shuts a
curvature passage, pipe, inlet, or outlet

BONNET
● The part of a valve casing through which the
RETURN BEND stem passes and that forms a guide and
● A 180 deg bend in a pipe seal for the stem

SEAT
TEE ● The part of the surface of a valve on which
● A T-shaped fitting for making a the stem is closed to stop flow completely
three-way joint

DROP TEE
- A tee having lugs for attachment to a wall or
 GLOBE VALVE MATERIALS COMMONLY USED ON
● Valve with a globular body, WATERLINE PIPES
closed by a disk seating on an
opening in an internal wall POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC)
● Used to stop and/or control ● Used in both commercial and residential
the flow of fluids in a pipeline ● Plumbing, sewage and drainage system,
● Mostly used for faucets, drinking water distribution, irrigation
repeated use systems, chemical handling, fume, exhaust
and ventilation ducts, and recreation
GATE VALVE purposes
● A shutoff valve closed by
lowering a wedge-shaped gate COPPER
across the passage ● Used to deliver clean, safe domestic
● Used to stop and start the flow water, both hot and cold for drinking and
of the liquid and isolate sections of other potable and non-potable uses
water supply as required
● Mostly used for main BRASS
entrance ● Used for carrying water, chemicals,
flammable gasses, slurries, and other
plumbing substances
ANGLE VALVE
● A globe valve having an GALVANIZED IRON (GI)
outlet at a right angle to the inlet ● Used in both outdoor and indoor
● Used to regulate the flow of applications due to its anti-rusting
fluids or gasses through a pipe components
using a movable disc or plug that
controls the opening of a port PROPYLENE RANDOM COPOLYMER (PPR)
● Used for hot and cold water supply
ALIGNMENT VALVE systems in residential, commercial, and
● A washer less valve opened industrial buildings
by aligning holes in a disk, cylinder, or ball
CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (CPVC)
MIXING VALVE ● Used for hot water applications that can
● A valve for controlling the reach up to 200 fahrenheit
relative amount of hot and cold
water admitted from separate hot- CAST IRON PIPES
water and cold-water lines ● Used for transportation of water and
sewage before plastic pipes were
CHECK VALVE invented
● Valve for permitting a liquid
or gas to flow in one direction HIGH DENSITY POLYTHYLENE (HDPE PIPES)
only ● Used for water mains, gas mains, sewer
● Also to prevent backflow mains, slurry transfer lines, rural irrigation,
fire system supply lines, electrical and
communications conduit, and stormwater
and drainage pipes
CONCRETE PIPES
● Its strength and durability makes it ideal for LAVATORY
sewer lines, storm drainage, and culverts ● Bowl or basin with running water for
washing the face and hands
UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (UPVC
PIPES) SINK
● Used for supplying potable water in ● Basin, as in a kitchen or laundry,
bathrooms, kitchens, sinks, laboratories, connected with a water supply and drainage
etc. system for flushing

TRAP
PLUMBING FIXTURE ● A U-shaped or S-shaped section of drain
pipe in which liquid remains and forms a
seal for preventing the passage of sewer
gas without affecting the normal flow of
PLUMBING FIXTURE waste or sewage through it, also called AIR
● Any of various receptacles for receiving TRAP
water from a water system and discharging
the liquid waste into a drainage system

SANITARY WARE
● Plumbing fixtures such as sinks and toilet
bowls, made of vitreous china, porcelain
enamel, or enameled metal

WATER CLOSET
● A fixture consisting of a ceramic bowl with
a detachable, hinged seat and lid and a
device for flushing with water, used for
defecation and urination, also called
TOILET

BIDET
● Basin like fixture designed to be straddled
for bathing the genitals and posterior
parts of the body

URINAL
● A flushable fixture used by men for
urinating

BATHTUB
● An oblong tub to be bathe in, especially
one that is a permanent fixture in a bathroom

SHOWER
● A bath in which water is sprayed on the
body from an overhead nozzle or
showerhead
 PUMP AND PUMPING SYSTEMS

WATER PUMPS
● Used whenever the water supply at its
natural pressure cannot be directly piped
to a building, tank or reservoir

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMP

● A very efficient pump that
eliminates the need to bleed
the air and moves fluid at the
same speed regardless of the
pressure on the inlet end

DYNAMIC PUMP
●Uses a rotating propellant
or centrifugal force to move
water into the pump and
pressure the discharge flow

PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEM LAYOUT

DETAILS OF P-TRAP
WATER SYSTEM
● System of pipes, valves, and fixtures for
distributing and using water in a building

BRANCH
● Any member of a piping system other than
a main, riser, or stack

RISER
● Vertical pipe, conduit, or duct in a utility
system

MAIN
● Principal pipe, conduit, or duct in a utility
system

PRESSURE DROP
● Loss of head or fluid pressure between
two points of a pipe or across a valve, due
to hydraulic friction.
FIXTURE UNIT PIPE SIZES:
● Unit for measuring the probable demand for WATER CLOSET = ⅜” dia
water by a plumbing fixture, or the probable
discharge of liquid waste from the fixture, LAVATORY = ⅜” dia
equivalent to 7 ½ gallons or one cubic foot BATHTUB = ½” dia
per minute
HOT WATER BOILER = ½” dia

NORMAL PRESSURE = 80 psi

HIGH WATER PRESS. = 160 psi

SIZE OF TRAPS:
BATHTUBS = 1 ½” dia
BIDET = 1 ½” dia
SINK, KITCHEN RESI. = 1 ½” dia
BATH SHOWER = 2” dia
FLOOR DRAIN = 2” dia
WATER CLOSET = 3” dia

PLUMBING SYMBOLS

WATER CLOSET
● 6 units
LAVATORY
● 1 unit
FLOOR DRAIN
● 1 unit
BATHTUB
● 2 units
SHOWER BATH
● 2 units
KITCHEN SINK
● 2 units
RESIDENTIAL SINK
● 2 ½ units
PLUMBING INSTALLATION AND
CONNECTIONS
 TYPES OF SANITARY SEWERS
ADDITIONAL INFO FROM REVIEWERS
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM TRIBUTARY SEWERS
● Termination point of individual units or
structure; contributing sewer
ADDITIONAL INFO FROM REVIEWERS
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM INTERCEPTING SEWERS
● Collecting sewers; termination point of
STORM WATER tributary sewers; trunk line sewer
● From rain
GRAY WATER GUTTER
● From lavatory, sink, shower, laundry ● Usually located along the entire
BLACK WATER perimeter of the roof
● From water closet, urinal
DOWNSPOUT
PUBLIC SEWER LINE ● Located every 8 to 10 meters and at
- Public sewage system operated and every corner of the roof (best to locate
maintained by the government them at every 4 to 6 meters)
consisting of a sewage treatment plant
that conveys the raw sewage from STRAINER OR ROOF DRAIN
building and houses to a disposal system
● Used to prevent clogging of pipes

- COMBINED PUBLIC SEWER

CATCH BASIN
- STORM SEWERS
● Delivers water from downspouts to the
- Carries only rainwater collected sewers in the streets via gravity; filters
from storm drains or from streets out debris
-
- SANITARY SEWERS
STORM LINE
- Carries regular sanitary waste
only ● Connects to each catch basin.

TYPES OF STORM DRAIN

- Inside storm drain
- Outside storm drain
- Overhead storm drain
 - To be passed to the municipality to get
PREPARATION OF
COC or Certificate of Occupancy.
CONSTRUCTION DRAWING
Plumbing Drawing - waterline layout, sewer line
Construction Drawing - dimensioned, graphical layout, drainage / storm drainage, line layout,
information (Technical / Work drawing) - be used by - Plumbing details: septic tank detail, catch
the contractor; complete details - size, materials, basin detail, trench drain detail, cistern detail,
etc. pipe connection detail, miscellaneous detail.
- Aligned with bill of materials and technical - Catch basin & area drain
specification. - Trench drain & area drain difference
- Cistern detail - water reservoir;
1. Architectural Drawing - signed by above or below lupa
Architect - Concrete, waterproof, tank of
2. Structural Drawing - signed by Civil / water
Structural Engineer. - Miscellaneous - ex: air chamber, floor
- ‘Pag 3 floors above - Structural Engr. cleanout detail, floor drain detail, etc.
- Not all the time, pinapapirma ang - Steel grating (grid) - ex of trench
Civil Engr., it will still depend on his drain.
expertise at sa laki ng project.
3. Electrical Drawing - signed by
WATER DISTRIBUTION IN
Professional Electrical Engr.
METRO MANILA
- Registered Electrical Engr. - E.E
passed the boards.
- PEE - pwedeng pumirma only. WATER DISTRIBUTION IN METRO MANILA -
4. Plumbing Drawing - signed by Sanitary MWSS (Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage
Engr. or Master Plumber System
- Sanitary Engr. - big scope ng project 1. Umiray River
(ex. STP) - Largest amount of water is coming
- Master Plumber - house and simple from this and will be distributed in
structures Manila.
- With license (5 years work - Separates Quezon Province and
experience) Aurora
- Master Plumber = Master 2. Angat Reservoir / Dam
Electrician. - From Umiray, sinasalo ni Angat Dam
5. Mechanical / Fire Protection - signed by 3. Ipo Dam
Mechanical Engr. 4. Aqueducts
- Distribution of water in the whole
Shop Drawing - details on how they fabricate or Manila.
install a particular component or element. 5. La Mesa Water Treatment Plant 1 & 2 and
- Proposed by the contractor Balara Water Treatment Plant 1 & 2
- During construction - Treatment - process of making
water more potable or useful -
As Built Drawing - finished product purifying, clarifying, softening.
- All changes on dimensions, Aqueducts - best innovation of Rome - water
specifications, provided and used system.
materials indicated. Cofferdam - construction in water.
- Created by the contractor (need: in house for
drafting)
 Water Heater
ZONES OF MAYNILAD
1. Unipoint / Single Point Water Heater - one
AND MANILA WATER inlet; for one fixture only.
2. Multipoint Water Heater - w/ outlet (for cold
60% Water Supply - Maynilad (West) water) the other one (distribution)
- Caloocan, Las Piñas, Malabon, Navotas, - Should have a mixing valve.
Muntinlupa, Parañaque, Pasay, Valenzuela,
along with most of the Manila City and Mixing Valve - a valve receiving water from both
portions of Q.C and Makati West of Metro a hot-water and a cold-water line and controlling
Manila Skyway. the relative amount of water admitted from each.

40% Water Supply - Manila Water (East) SANITARY SEWER

- Makati, Mandaluyong, Pasig, Pateros, San
Juan, Taguig, Marikina, most parts of Q.C - System of underground pipes that carries
and portions of Manila. sewage from bathroom, sinks, kitchen, and
other plumbing components to a wastewater
- Both derived their water from Angat Dam, for treatment plant where it is filtered, treated
Maynilad, they also started efficiently extracting and discharged.
water in Laguna De Bay. - Grey water; drain pipes.
- Waste water, Soil (human waste)
PLUMBING SYSTEM - Dumidiretso lahat sa filtered septic tank
- system of pipes, valves, fixtures, and other - Anything with soap, chemicals, grease, oil -
apparatus of a water supply or sewage need to be treated, that's why septic tanks
system. are required.
- Sewage System - anything - From septic tank → public sewer.
discharge na marumi
- Water Supply - potable; ginagamit Grease Trap - a reservoir made of stainless
natin - It is where the grease and oil go.
- Filtering first before being discharged to
WATER SUPPLY treatment
- Ex. ang makina ng frappe and diretso sa
- Supply of purified water; including facilities grease trap. Basically, 70% pwedeng
for storing and distributing this water as makapasok ang daga.
reservoirs and pipelines. - 2 inches diameter drain to grease
- Hot and Cold Water Supply (separated) trap.
- 70% cold; 30% hot (mixing valve) - Naglalagay na ng screen para iwas
- Hiwalay ang linya nila pests na.
- From electric (boiler) or solar heater
- Lavatory, kitchen, bathtub, shower STORM SEWER
- Hotels have centralized water heater
- Water heater needs an electrical - System designed to carry rainfall runoff and
supply; it has its own breaker. other drainage (water from aircon)
- Water heater requires a high - Designed to carry sewage or accept
ampere. hazardous wastes.
- Ampere: measure of the amount of - Runoff is carried underground pipes or open
electric charge in motion per unit ditches and discharges untreated into
time. local streams, rivers and other surface
water bodies.
- Ex. downspout - only filters and
carries rainwater.
 - Water from the aircon can be
included.

VENT SYSTEM
- Helps regulate air pressure in plumbing
systems, known as plumbing vent pipes.
- Or plumbing air vent - removes gas
and odors.
- Allows fresh air into the plumbing system to - One way
help water flow smoothly thru drain pipes. valve - one direction only
- No water runs through the plumbing vent
pipe.
- P-Trap - used para di bumalik ang amoy; - Union Patente - fittings na may roscas
may tubig. parehas.
- Renewed every time nagbubuhos; - To unite 2 pipes.
may naiiwan. - May Neo print sa loob - water type
- Walang seal; naoopen. seal
- Toilet bowl has a built-in p-trap.
- Pipe chase - all vertical drainage and sewer,
nandito.
- Proper Sloping of Pipe
- 1% - for every 1m - 1cm of inclination
- Pampabulusok - flush - sabay ang
water and waste.

Temporary Supply
WATER DISTRIBUTION
- For construction only
- After matayo ang bahay, for permanent
Water Meter
supply na

Main Water Supply

- ¾ to 1 inch pipe water supply
- Pagdating sa fixture, nagiging ½ na
(from ¾ to ½) - lumiliit na para
lumakas ang pressure.
- 20 PSI (average)

- Have 2 fittings: check valve and gate valve

- Some are digital na
- Gate valve - pinipihit
- PSI (Pounds per square
- Check valve - for no backflow of water
inch) - a measurement of
pressure
- PPR - Polypropylene Random - ginagamit na
tubo
 - Long lasting and can be used for Abang / Stub out
hot and cold. - Nakatiwangwang na pipe; during
- Winewelding - PPR fusion welding construction
- Not yet fully furnished; no walls and fixtures.
Air Chamber
- Water hammering - vibration; ‘pag
malakas ang pressure sa entrance ng tubo,
umaalog.
- Mas maigi na isecure ng screen or
pakuan ng pako roonsa wall.

Escutcheon
- the (typically) metal bit that hides the ugly
hole in the wall that the pipes come through

Male and Female Threads

Flexible hose

3 Types of Lavatory
1. Flush mounted
2. Undermount
3. Top mount
 • PLUMBING took a great leap at the turn of
LESSON 1: Plumbing and Sanitary System the 20th century with the arrival of the
Americans
• Health and hygiene became priority
when epidemics including cholera, leprosy.
PLUMBING - define as the art and science of schistosomiasis and other contagious
installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus diseases engulfed the Philippines.
to convey and supply water in building and to
• Governor General Harrison issued a
dispose and discharge wastewater and other
letter of instruction on proper waste
liquids, gasses and other substances out of
disposal in all municipalities
building in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary
• in 1902, the PLUMBING TRADE was duly
way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and
recognized by the government. The City of
property.
Manila was the model community. Master
Plumber John F. Hass became the first
Requirement for an effective water supply in Chief of the Division of Plumbing
the building Construction and Inspection.
• a plumbing code based on the Plumbing
• To provide a sufficient water supply to
Code of the United States was
all fixtures. incorporated into the Building Code for the
• To avoid back flow of used water into the City of Manila
water supply system. • In 1935, the National Master Plumbers
Requirement disposing waste in the building; Association of the Philippines
(NAMPAP) was organized and had it
• Fast removal of the waste with a
registered with the Securities and
minimum probability of leaking and
Exchange Commission
stoppage of drains.
• To prevent the entry gasses to enter to • On June 18, 1955, R.A. 1378, otherwise
known as the "PLUMBING LAW OF THE
the house from the piping system.
PHILIPPINES" was signed by President
Ramon Magsaysay.
The Drainage System: • On January 28, 1959, the National
Plumbing Code of the Philippines
• Solid Waste – waste discharge by water
prepared by the NAMPAP was
closet
promulgated and approved by
• Liquid Waste – waste are coming from
Malacanang.
various fixtures.
• NAMPAP also assisted in the passage of
Types of Drainage Piping: the law creating the National Waterworks
• Soil Pipe and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA).
• Waste Pipe DWV – meaning Drainage –
Waste – Ventilation

HISTORY OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES

• birth of the plumbing profession in the
Philippines is traced back to the 17th
century
• Walled city (Intramuros)
• Friar engineers incorporated European
standards in their plumbing installation
DEFINITION OF TERMS within which the horizontal branches from one floor
1. Air Gap – air gap in a or storey of a building are connected to the stack
water supply system, is 10. Branch Vent – a vent connecting one or
the unobstructed more individual vents with a vent stack or stack
vertical distance through vent.
the free atmosphere 11. Caulking – is plugging an opening with
between the lowest oakum, lead or other materials, that are
opening from any pipe of pounded into the place or opening.
faucet supplying water to
a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the 12. Circuit vent – a branch vent that serves two
flood level rim of the receptacle. or more traps, and extends from the front of the
last fixture connection of a horizontal branch to the
2. Back Flow – is the vent stack
flow of water or other
liquid mixture or 13. Continuous Vent - is a vertical vent that is a
substances into the continuation of the drain to which the vent
distribution pipes of connects.
a potable supply of 14. Combination Fixtures – is a fixtures
water from any source. Other than is intended combining one sink and tray or two or three
source. compartment sink or tray in one vent.
3. Back Siphonage 15. Common Vent – is a drain from two or three
– refer to the back fixtures connected to a single trap. It is also
flow of used called a dual vent
contaminated or
16. Cross connection – is any physical
polluted water from
connection between two otherwise separate
a plumbing fixture or
piping system, one contains potable water and
vessel into a water
the other from unknown or questionable
supply pipe due to a negative pressure in such a
safety, whereby, water may flow from one system
pipe.
to the other direction
4. Battery of Fixture –
17. Dead End – is the extended portion of a pipe
refers to any group of two
that is closed at one end permitting the
or more similar adjacent
stagnation of water or air therein.
fixtures which discharge
into a common horizontal 18. Developed Length – the length along the
waste pipe or soil branch. center of the pipe and fittings.

5. Bib – is synonymous with faucet, cock, tap, 19. Diameter – Diameter of a pipe or tube refers
plug, etc. the word faucet is preferred. to the nominal internal diameter (ID) of such
pipe, except brass and copper tube where the
6. Bind Flange – a flange that that closes the end
term refers to the outside diameter (OD) of the
of a pipe. There is no opening for the passage of
pipe.
water.
20. Drainage System – Drainage system
7. Blow Off – a controlled outlet on a pipeline
includes, all piping within the public or private
used to discharge liquid or detritus.
premises the conveys sewage, rainwater, ot
8. Branch – is any part of piping system other other liquid waste, to a legal point of disposal.
than the main, riser or stack. It does not include the mains of public sewer
9. Branch Interval – is the length of a soil or system private or public sewerage treatment or
waste stack corresponding in general to a disposal plant.
storey height, but in no case less than 2.4 meters
21. Dry Vent – a vent that does not carry water 34. Horizontal Pipe – means any pipe of fitting
or water borne wastes. which makes an angle of more than 45° with the
22. Effective opening – is the minimum cross vertical
sectional area at the point of water supply 35. Invert – is the lowest portion of the inside of
discharge, measured or expressed in terms of any pipe or conduit that is not vertical.
diameter of a circle, the diameter of a circle that is 36. Liquid Waste – is the discharge from any
equivalent to the cross sectional area. (This is fixtures, appliances or appurtenance in
applicable to air Gap) connection with a plumbing system which does not
23. Existing work – shall apply to that portion of receive fecal matter.
a plumbing system that has been alteration or 37. Local Vent Pipe – is a pipe on the fixture side
correction. of the trap through which vapor of foul air is
24. Fixture Branch – is a pipe connecting removed from a room or fixture
several fixtures. 38. Looped Vent – is the same as circuit vent
25. Fixture Drain – is the drain from the trap of except that is loop back and connects with a
a fixture to the junction of that drain with any other stack vent instead of a vent stack.
drain pipe 39. Lateral – in plumbing, it is a secondary pipe,
26. Fixture Supply – is a water supply pipe in sewage, a common sewer to which no other
connecting the fixture with the fixture branch common sewer is tributary. It receives sewage
27. Fixture Units – a quantity in terms of which only from building sewer
the load producing effects on the plumbing 40. Main – the main of any system of continuous
system of different kinds of plumbing fixtures are piping is the principal artery of the system to
expressed on some arbitrarily chosen scale. which branches may be connected.
28. Fixture Unit Flow Rate – is the total 41. Main Sewer – a sewer line or system directly
discharge flow in gallons per minute of a controlled by public authority.
simple fixture divided by 7.5 gallons that 42. Main Vent – the principal artery of the
provides the flow rate of that particular plumbing venting system to which vent braches maybe
fixture as a unit of flow. Fixtures are rated as connected
multiple of this unit of flow.
43. Plumbing Fixtures – are installed
29. Flood Level – is a device located inside the receptacles, devices or appliances which are
tank for the purpose of maintaining water level supplied with water, or which receives or
for effective flushing of the water closet. discharge into drainage system which maybe
30. Ferrule – a metallic sleeve called or directly or indirectly connected.
otherwise joined to an opening in pipe into which 44. Plumbing system – includes the water
a plug is screwed that can be removed for the supply distribution pipes, plumbing fixtures and
purpose of cleaning or examining the interior traps, soil, waste and vent pipes, house drain and
of the pipe. house sewers including their respective
31. Flush Valve – a device located at the bottom connections, devices and appurtenances within
of the tank for flushing water closets and similar the property lines of premises and water treating
fixtures or water using equipment
32. Grade – is the slope of fall of pipe in 45. Relief Vent – primarily function is to provide
reference to a fraction activated by direct water circulation of air between drainage and vent
pressure. system.
32. Group Vent – a branch vent that performs 46. Re-Vent Pipe – also called individual vent, is
its function for two or more traps. the part of vent pipeline which connects directly
with an individual waste or group of wastes
underneath or bacl of the fixture, and extend either that by means of proper fittings, vents may be
to the main or branch vent pipe. reduced to a minimum.
47. Riser – a water supply pipe extends 61. Stack Venting – is a method of venting a
vertically one full storey or more to convey fixture or fixtures through the soil or waste
water to branches or fixtures stack.
48. Rough-In – the installation of all parts of the 62. Sump – a pit or receptacle at a low point to
plumbing system and includes waste, drainage, which the liquid waste are drained.
vent and fixtures. 63. Trap – is a fitting or device so designed as to
49. Return Bend – an open return bend usually provide when property vented a liquid seal that
with inside threads, but applied also to 180° bend will prevent the back passage of air without
in pipe. materially affecting the flow of sewage through it.
50. Public Sewer – a common sewer directly 64. Trap Seal – is the maximum vertical depth
controlled by public authorities where all of liquid that trap will retain, measured between
abutters have equal rights of connection the crown weir and top of the dip of the trap
51. Sanitary Sewage – sewage containing 65. Vent Stack – a vertical pipe installed primarily
human excrement and liquid household waste. for the purpose of providing circulation of air to
It is also called domestic sewage. different parts of the drainage system.
52. Sanitary sewer – a sewer intended to 66. Vent System – is a pipe or pipes installed to
receive sanitary sewage with or without provide a flow or circulation of air to different
industrial wastes and without the admixture of parts of the drainage system.
surface water, storm water or drainage. 67. Vertical Pipe – a pipe installed in a vertical
53. Sewerage of Sewage work – a position or at an angle of not more than 45° with
comprehensive term including all construction or the vertical.
collection, transportation, pumping, treatment 68. Waste Pipe - a pipe that conveys liquid waste
and final disposition of sewage from fixture that is free of fecal matter.
54. Secondary Branch – a branch in a building 69. Water Distribution Pipe – water distributing
drain other than the primary branch. pipe in a building or premises, is a pipe that
55. Siamese Connection – is a Y connection conveys water from the water service pipe to
used on fire lines so that two lines of hose maybe the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets
connected to a hydrant or to the same nozzle 70. Water Supply system – consists of the
56. Standpipe – a vertical pipe usually used for water service pipe, water distribution, pipes
the storage of water, frequently under pressure. and necessary connecting pipes, fittings, control
57. Side Vent – is a vent connecting to the drain valves and all appurtenances in or adjacent to
pipe through a fitting at an angle not greater that the building.
45° or to the vertical.
58. Soil Pipe – any pipe that conveys the
discharge of water closets or fixture having
similar functions, with or without the discharge
from other fixtures, to the building drains (house
drain) or building sewer (house sewer)
59. Stack – is the vertical main of a system of
soil, waste or vent pipe.
60. Stack Group – is a term applied to the
location of fixtures in relation to the stack so
 2. Surface Water - Water that runs in streams or
is found in depressions, such as lakes,
LESSON 2: Fundamentals of Water Supply reservoirs, ponds, or oceans, is called surface
System water. Most areas ordinarily use surface water for
a potable water source. This source is the most
FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY plentiful. However, it is also the most easily
SYSTEM contaminated. Water must be treated prior to
• Water is constantly in motion by way of the any form of consumption. Depending on the
hydrologic cycle. Water evaporates as number of contaminants, this process can be quite
vapor from oceans, lakes, and rivers; is lengthy and costly
transpired from plants; condenses in the 3. Underground Water - The underground
air and falls as precipitation; and then surface beneath which earth materials, as in
moves over and through the ground soil or rock, are saturated with water is known as
into water bodies, where the cycle the water table. This level does not always
begins again. remain at the same depth. Depending upon the
• EVAPORATION > TRANSPIRATION > season or amount of rainfall, it may move up or
CONDENSATION > PRECIPITATION > down. Underground water from a well that has
SURFACE RUNOFF been properly located and constructed is the
• The water-use cycle is composed of the safest
water cycle with the added influence of
human activity. Dams, reservoirs, canals,
aqueducts , withdrawal pipes in rivers, and
groundwater wells all reveal that humans
have a major impact on the water cycle. In
the water-use cycle, water moves from a
source to a point of use, and then to a
point of disposition.
• The sources of water are either surface
water or groundwater. Water is
withdrawn and moved from a source to a
point of use, such as an industry, Deep Wells - are by far the most common
restaurant, home, or farm. After water is source of water. The object of a well is to make
used, it must be disposed of (or the water lying beneath the water table
sometimes, reused). Used water is either available for use. If the water table is close to the
directly returned to the environment or surface, wells are sometimes dug by hand. Dug
passes through a treatment processing wells are rarely deeper than 30 feet
plant before being returned
CATEGORIES OF WATER USE
3 MAIN SOURCES OF WATER 1. Commercial water use includes fresh water for
1. Rainwater - used in some areas where water motels, hotels, restaurants, office buildings,
levels in the ground are very deep or other commercial facilities, and civilian and
nonexistent. Water runoff from roofs is military institutions.
collected in cisterns and used for irrigation 2. Domestic use includes water that is used in
purposes. A cistern is a holding tank for the the home every day, including water for normal
rainwater. Although rainwater is usually relatively household purposes, such as drinking, food
pure, it may be contaminated by the atmosphere preparation, bathing, washing clothes and dishes,
or the roof flushing toilets, and watering lawns and gardens
3. Industrial water use is a valuable resource to FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY
the nation's industries for such purposes as SYSTEM
processing, cleaning, transportation, dilution, A. WATER TREATMENT METHOD: Drinking
and cooling in manufacturing facilities. Major water sources are subject to contamination and
water-using industries include steel, chemical, require appropriate treatment to remove
paper, and petroleum refining. Industries often disease-causing agents. Public drinking water
reuse the same water over and over for more than systems use various methods of water treatment
one purpose. to provide safe drinking water for their
4. Irrigation water use is water artificially applied communities. Today, the most common steps in
to farm, orchard, pasture, and horticultural water treatment used by community water
crops, as well as water used to irrigate pastures, systems (mainly surface water treatment) include
for frost and freeze protection, chemical 1. Coagulation and Flocculation - often
application, crop cooling, harvesting, and for the the first steps in water treatment. Chemicals with
leaching of salts from the crop root zone. Non- a positive charge are added to the water. The
agricultural activities include self-supplied water to positive charge of these chemicals neutralizes
irrigate public and private golf courses, parks the negative charge of dirt and other dissolved
particles in the water. When this occurs, the
particles bind with the chemicals and form larger
LESSON 3: Fundamentals of Water Supply particles, called floc.
System 2. Sedimentation - When water and flocs
undergo the treatment process, they go into
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY sedimentation basins. Here, water moves slowly,
In any source of public water supply, the following making the heavy floc particles settle to the
conditions shall be observed: bottom. Floc that accumulates on the bottom is
known as sludge. This is carried on to drying
1. Wells that are supplying water for public use lagoons. Direct Filtration does not include the
should be located at a minimum distance of 100 sedimentation step and the floc is just removed by
meters radius from the residential areas. filtration.
2. All residents within this zone limit shall be 3. Filtration - Once the floc has settled to
strictly required to have sanitary sewage the bottom of the water supply, the clear water on
facilities. top will pass through filters of varying
3. No concrete sanitary sewers existing within compositions (sand, gravel, and charcoal) and
the 15 meters radius of the well pore sizes, in order to remove dissolved particles,
such as dust, parasites, bacteria, viruses, and
4. No outdoor privy, cesspool, septic tank or
chemicals. Filters are regularly cleaned by means
drain field, shall be located within 45 meters
of backwashing
radius from the well.
4. Disinfection - Before water goes into the
5. The area shall be well drained to divert surface
distribution system, it is disinfected to get rid of
water from the well.
disease-causing bacteria, parasites and
6. All abandoned wells shall be close or viruses. Chlorine is also applied since it is very
sealed, to prevent possible contamination of the effective.
new well
Water disinfection treatment to protect drinking water mains that are located near the water users,
water against: which also supply water to individual fire hydrants.
• Bacteria including salmonella and ecoli A service line is a small diameter pipe used to
connect from a water main through a small tap to
• Viruses including hepatitis A, norovirus, and a water meter at user's location
rotavirus
• Parasites including cryptosporidium and giardia.
• And other pathogens Water Supply Distribution Method

Disinfection with Chlorine - Chlorination is The piping system varies from one area to another
the process of adding chlorine to drinking water depending on the size and characteristics of the
to disinfect it and kill germs. Different processes area. Among the factors that affect the main
can be used to achieve safe levels of chlorine in piping system are:
drinking water. Chlorine is available as 1. Physical condition of soil and contour of
compressed elemental gas, sodium hypochlorite distribution areas,
solution (NaOCl) or solid calcium hypochlorite 2. The distance between distribution area and
(Ca(OCl)2 . While the chemicals could be harmful the main pipe,
in high doses, when they are added to water, they
all mix in and spread out, resulting in low 3. The ability to balance the needs of
levels that kill germs but are still safe to drink consumers with water production
4. The number and types of users’

B. WATER STORAGE SYSTEM: It is essential for 5. The ability of water supply during peak
meeting all of the domestic, industrial and demands
commercial demands of most public water 6. Water loss in terms of friction
systems. The type and capacity of water storage
required in a distribution system vary with the size
of the system, topography of the area, how the Water Main – refers to the public water
water system is laid out and various other connection which are laid underground along
considerations. Water storage tanks can be used the streets where the house service is connected
for either operating storage or emergency
storage. An operating storage tank generally
Public Water Distribution Is Classified Into:
“floats” on the system. In other words, the tank
is directly connected to distribution piping, and the 1. Direct Pressure Distribution - This type of
elevation of the water in the tank is determined by water distribution obtain its supply of water though
the pressure in the system. Water flows into the a large intake pipe, installed in the lake basin
tank when water demand is low, and it empties extended down the water. Water is drawn from
from the tank when demand exceeds supply the lake, to a receiving well by force of gravity,
passing through the filtration plant
2. Indirect Pressure Distribution - When the
C. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: A water
water drawn from drilled distribution is done by
distribution system consists of pipelines, storage
indirect pressure. For this type, a machine pump
facilities, pumps, and other accessories. Pipelines
is employed mounted on the top of the stand pipe
laid within public right of way called water mains
extended down to the well below water table
are used to transport water within a distribution
system. Large diameter water mains called
primary feeders are used to connect between
water treatment plants and service areas.
Secondary feeders are connected between
primary feeders and distributors. Distributors are
Household Water Supply 4. The used of fittings, stops, and other devices
Water is a prime necessity in all types of connected to the distribution lines, should be
households. It is conveyed from the main to the minimized.
household or buildings by means of pipes 5. All fittings and joints must be connected
classified as: properly
1. Household Service – refers to the pipe
connection from the public water main or any PRESSURE – in plumbing system, pressure is the
source of water supply to the building serve. force required to move the water inside the pipe.
2. Riser – refers to the vertical supply pipe which It is the only means necessary to overcome
extend upward from one floor to the next. friction. The pressure exerted by the water at rest
3. Branches – are horizontal pipes that serve the called Static Pressure. The pressure exerted by
faucets or fixtures water at the base of a service pipe when the water
is not in motion is one example of static pressure.

Building Water Supply System: Normal Pressure – refers to the pressure range
1. Cold Water System measured over a period of 24 hours. Normal
2. Hot Water System pressure for residential house ranges from 30 psi to
40 psi. Lower than this value may result to
Type of Cold-Water Distribution: insufficient flow of water, especially, during
Cold water distribution in the building is classified simultaneous use of the fixtures. If the water
into three types: pressure is greater than 50 psi may cause pipe
1. Normal Water Pressure – from public water is hammering or even bursting of pipe joints
normally inadequate to serve buildings - An excessive water pressure can be
2. Overhead Feed System – Supplies water to minimized, by providing a PRESSURE
plumbing fixtures by means of gravity. The water is REDUCING VALVE. This will keep the
pumped to a large tank on the top of the building pressure constant to 40 psi or can be rest
and distributed the water to the different fixtures to any other pressured desired
3. Air-Pressured System - water distribution
system is a new concept in water distribution where Air Chamber pipe - Water vibration and
compressed air is used as the delivery agent hammering, can be checked by installing an Air
Chamber pipe at the back of the faucet. The
compressed air inside the pipe chamber serves
Friction In Water Supply and Distribution
as cushion to prevent water hammering
System
Friction – when alluded to in the plumbing system
Water hammer - is a phenomenon that can occur in
refers to the resistance produced by the flowing
any piping system where valves are used to control
water with the fittings and interior surface of the
the flow of liquids or steam. Water hammer is the
pipe. In water supply distribution, friction is defined
result of a pressure surge, or high pressure
as the resistance between the molecules of
shockwave that propagates through a piping
water.
system when a fluid in motion is forced to change
Friction in water supply and distribution system can
direction or stop abruptly
be minimized under the following conditions:
1. All water pipes should be installed straight and
Critical Pressure – refers to the maximum and
direct as possible.
minimum pressure at which proper function of
2. The use of turns, offset, and traps, should be
the water supply can be maintained
minimized if cannot be avoided.
3. Pipes with plain and smooth surface should be
Head Loss by Friction or Friction Head Loss – is
used.
the loss in the rate of flow, due to friction
between the water and the walls of the pipe.
Pressure Loss - refers to the variation in pressure D. WATER SERVICE FITTINGS AND DEVICES
between the water main and the outlet end of the
water service. Pressure loss generally caused by Valves – is necessary to avert serious damages of
friction the installation in case of service breakdown.

Other Causes of Pressure Loss Different types of valves used in water supply
1. Simultaneous use of water system:
2. Height
3. Fluctuation of water pressure 1. Gate Valve
4. Inadequate pipe size • Used to completely closed or completely open
5. Reduced interior pipe diameter due to mineral the line but not necessarily to control the flow of
elements of water water.
• Connected to the main supply and pipeline
Water supply from public water main is also affected wherein operation is infrequent.
by water pressure fluctuation caused by: • Have a gate like disk that move across the flow.
1. Peak Load
2. Emergency Draw Types of Gate Valve
3. Breakdown of lines a. Wedged Shaped or Tapered Disk Type
4. Insufficient water level at the reservoir - is used where the stem must be installed pointing
downward.
Maximum Demand – refers to the maximum water b. Double Disk Valve Type – it closes as the
discharge of fixtures in terms of fixtures units. The same manner of wedged shaped but the parallel
Maximum Demand of water is equal to the Total faces drop in a vertical position, and are forced
Fixture Units in the plumbing system, where one apart by the disc spreader
unit is valued at 8 gallons of water discharge per
minute interval. 2. Globe Valve
• Is actuated by a stem screw and hand wheel,
FIXTURES UNITS VALUE suited on installation that calls for throttling.
• Affords Greater resistance to flow than the gate
FIXTURES UNITS
valve because of the change in flow direction.
Lavatory or Washbasin Types of Gate Valve
Floor Drain 1
a. Plug Type Disc Valve - a wide bearing
180 square feet of roof drained
surface producing good resistance to the cutting
Kitchen sink
effects of scale, dirt other foreign matter found inside
Bathtub
2 the pipe.
Laundry tub
Shower bath b. Conventional Disc Valve – has a
Combination fixture pressure tight bearing between the disc and the
3 seat. Recommended for cold water and other
Slop sink
Urinal 5 temperature service.
Water Closet 6 c. Composition Disc Valve – used for
various types of services on oil, gasoline, steam,
hot and cold.

3. Angle Valve
• Operates in the manner as the glove valve with
similar range of disc and seat design.
• Used making 90° turn in a line to reduce the
number of joints.
4. Foot Valve 2. Overhead Feed and Gravity System
• Is located at the lower end of the pump used to Is a efficient type of hot water distribution generally
prevent loss of priming the pump. used in building of extreme heights.
• Sometimes referred to as Retention Valve. The operating principles are as follows:
• Hot water rises up to the highest point of the
5. Check Valve plumbing system and travels to the fixtures via
• Main function is to prevent the reversal flow of gravity.
gas or liquid in the line. • Water will circulate, even if there may be defect
• It is principally used in industrial piping in the mechanical construction
connections for gas, water, steam air and other
general vapor service Pump Circuit System - is a mechanical device
used to circulate hot water to the plumbing
6. Safety Valve fixtures. It is recommended for large building where
• Is used on cold water system, heating systems, difficulty of providing natural circulation of hot water
compressed airlines, and other pipelines with is encountered
excessive pressure
HOT WATER TANK – The purpose of a hot water
tank is to serve the domestic hot water system.
The tank should be strong enough to resist the
Water Services Fittings & Devices: high pressure of boiling water stored in it.
• Corporation Stop - connected to the water main
and serve as a control of the water service. Hot Water Tank is Classified into Two Types
• Meter Stop – a controlling stop of the entire 1. Range Boiler – a small water tank and generally
water supply in the building. made of copper or stainless steel sheet. It is built
• Water Meter – a device to measure the amount into cylinder shape with concave ends, welded or
of water that passes through the water service. riveted to assure strength and durability. Sizes from
300 to 600 mm diameter and a length nor more than
1800 mm long. Installed in either vertical or
horizontal position.
Hot Water Supply In Building
A source of hot water for residences and public and
2. Storage Boiler – a heavy duty steel sheet of
industrial enterprises to satisfy domestic and
diameter varying from 600 to 1300 mm and not
production needs; also, the complex of equipment
more than 5000 mm long. Standard metal gauge is
and structures that provide it. Hot water supply
used with a working pressure limited not to exceed
systems consist of heat sources, water treatment
85 psi. If more than 85 psi, it required an extra
apparatus, water heaters, pipelines to transport
heavy duty tank.
the water, and devices to regulate and control
the water’s temperature.
Size of Hot Water Tank
1. Kind of building serve
2. Number of occupants or users
Hot Water System Distribution has Two Types
3. Heating capacity of the supply device
1. Up-Feed and Gravity System - is commonly
Hot Water Consumption
used in residential and other industrial
Kindi of Buildings Gallons per person per hr
installation with the following service feature:
Office Buildings 4 to 5
• it provide constant circulation of hot water. School buildings 2 to 3
• Hot water is quickly drawn to the fixture anytime Apartment Bldgs. 8
desired. Hotel 8 to 10
• Provide economical circulating return to unused Factories 4 to 6
hot water. Residential 10
• Eliminate waste of water
Working Load of Hot Water toilets, sinks, and showers. As the water runs down,
1. School, office & Industrial type buildings, the proper venting is required to avoid a vacuum
average maximum consumption of hot water /person from being created. As the water runs down air
is about 25%. must be allowed into the waste pipe either through
2. Apartments and Residences, average working a roof vent.
load is about 35 %.
3. Hotel is about 50% working load rated Solid Waste - is discharged by the water closet
consumption per person only to either the Soil Branch, Soil Stack, Soil
Pipe, or House Drain. Any pipe that receives and
Protection of the Hot Water Tank conveys human wastes is affixed with the word
Pressure and temperature if not controlled may “Soil” such as mentioned above.
cause rupture or explosion of the tank. Protect
the tank with Temperature Pressure Relief Valve Soil Branch – a horizontal pipe affixed by the word
soil. The word soil connotes a pipe receiving
discharges from the water closet. On the other
hand, if this soil branch does not receive from the
LESSON 4: Sanitary Drainage System water closet but from fixtures only, it will be
(Waste Pipe, Soil Pipe, House Drain & House classified as Waste Pipe
Sewer)
Soil Stack – vertical pipe installation where the soil
branches terminate. The pipe is called a stack
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
being installed vertically.
1. WASTE PIPE - often a smaller diameter pipe
that carries waste water from your sinks, washing General Conditions for a Good Waste Pipe
installation
machine, shower, bath and any other appliance
a. Right choice of Materials
you may have that uses water. It can be narrower
than a soil pipe as the waste pipe is only designed Selecting a right materials must be consider when
installing the waste pipe, any waste pipe line
to carry water. Wastewater does not typically
generate harmful gas so does not need to be vented conveys large amount of acid and material must
specify an acid resistant materials. But not all
high above ground level.
domestic waste contains acids
b. Use correct fittings
The drainage installation of the plumbing system
compromises three major components (DWV) Refers to the right choice of a right kind of fittings
for particular changes of directions, turns or
1. Drainage Pipe – refers to an installation that
offsets. Injudicious use of fittings should not be
receives and conveys discharges from water
closets with or without waste coming from the allowed in plumbing installation. Short cuts that will
not allow smooth passage of waste should be
fixtures.
2. Waste Pipe – any pipe in a drainage installation avoided
c. Right location of clean-outs
that receives the discharges of any fixtures except
the water closet and conveys the same to the soil - The waste pipe installation must be provided with
branch, and soil pipe of the house drain. an ample number of clean-outs, strategically
located, to be opened in case of pipeline trouble.
3. Vent Pipe – to give an air passage or conduit to
Clean –out is a receptacle of the plumbing system
ventilate the drainage and waste pipe.
accessible on floor, walls or ceiling. It is equipped
In modern plumbing, a drain-waste-vent (or DWV) is with a plug or flush plate so designed as not impair
part of a system that allows air to enter a plumbing the aesthetical view of the room.
- The location of clean out must be indicated in the
system to maintain proper air pressure to enable
plan. It should be sized equal to the diameter of the
the removal of sewage and greywater from a
dwelling. Waste is produced in fixtures such as
waste pipe, where it connected. This is to avoid Waste Pipes and Other Fixtures
interference in the rodding or cleaning process.
- Clean-out must be readily accessible to the Two Type of Waste Types depending the kind of
plumber in case of waste pipe problem. fixtures it will serve:
d. Provide the right slope or grade of the pipe
lines 1. Direct Waste – is one terminal directly
The ideal position of horizontal waste pipe, were connected to the plumbing system.
those installed at 2% slope.
1. No slope – water and solids stay inside the Different Types of Fixture Served by Direct
pipe. Waste
2. 2% slope – both liquid and solid drains out. a. Urinals
3. + 2% slope - liquid drain too fast, solids left b. Bathtub
behind. c. Lavatories
e. Using the correct size of pipes d. Sink
The size of the waste pipe intended to receive waste e. Shower
from the fixture must be of sufficient diameter. This f. Drinking fountain
is to accommodate the velocity of flow, making g. Laundry
them as nearly scouring as necessary to prevent the h. Laboratory
silting of the pipe. Scouring means to flush or wash i. hospital fixture
out, to remove dirt or grease by flowing through.
f. Right manner of pipe joining 2. Indirect Waste – refers to a connection with
Pipe joining in plumbing system have a different type terminal not connected to the plumbing system.
of connections. But each kind of pipe has its own
manner of recommended and specified by the Fixture Served by Indirect Waste
manufacturer. For example, PVC pipes are using a. Soda Fountain
plastic solvent cement or a connector. For cast iron b. Refrigeration
pipes are joined by using the oakum and lead at the c. Bar Waste
hub and spigot connections d. Drinking Fountain
g. Correct position and rigid support
A pipe support or pipe hanger is a designed element Recommended Size of Waste Pipe
that transfer the load from a pipe to the 1. Sink Waste – the minimum size of waste pipe for
supporting structures. The load includes the sink is 38 mm or 1 ½”.
weight of the pipe proper, the content that the pipe 2. Slop Sink – is tapped either on floor or walls.
carries, all the pipe fittings attached to pipe, and the Traps on the floor shall be 75 mm or 100 mm and 50
pipe covering such as insulation. The overall design mm for traps installed on walls with a cleanout plug.
configuration of a pipe support assembly is 3. Scully Sink 50 mm
dependent on the loading and operating conditions. 4. Pantry Sink 38 mm
5. Factory wash up sink 50 mm
6. Bathtub 38 mm min. To 50 mm
7. Lavatories 50 mm
8. Shower Bath 50 mm
9. Urinal 50 mm
10. Laundry Tub 38 mm to 50 mm
2. SOIL PIPE – pipe that receives and conveys
discharges of water closets, bidet and urinal
with or without discharge from other fixtures to the
house drain or house sewer
- At least one vertical stack in the plumbing
system must extend full size through the roof for
the purpose of ventilation, siphonage & back
pressure.
- The soil stack or stack vent extends to the roof
not less than 300 mm and the minimum size of
the pipe is 75 mm or 3” in diameter.
Soil Stack – soil pipe installed vertically.
Soil Branch – Pipe installed horizontally.

Plumbing code on Soil Pipe Installation

provides that:
1. Soil pipe shall be properly concealed or
embedded in columns, walls or partitions,
installed prior to the construction of the building.
2. The entire installation in building such as the
location of fixtures, thickness of partitions, location
of doors and windows, drop ceiling, electrical
layout, and their relations with each other shall be
considered in the pre-planning stages prior to
the rough-in work.
3. Soil branch that will directly receive waste from
water closets shall be short and direct as
practicable.
4. Soil pipes joints shall tight and free from liquid
or gas leak. Installation workmanship shall be
strictly in accordance with the standard practice of
plumbing.
5. Soil pipes not embedded in concrete wall,
columns or partitions shall anchored rigidly by
means of metal hanger.
 Soil Branch Prohibited Fittings and
Connections
National Plumbing Code:
Fittings and connections of Soil Pipes provide
that:
A. Prohibited Fittings:
1. Double Hub, Double Tee, Double Y
branch should not permitted on Soil Pipes or
Horizontal Lines.
2. Drilling and tapping of house drain,
soil pipe and waste or Vent pipes and the use of
saddle hubs or bends are strictly prohibited.
B. Dead End Fittings:
Dead End connections in any drainage
installation should not be permitted. This portion
will accumulate waste and sludge.

4. HOUSE DRAIN – is that portion of the plumbing

3. SOIL BRANCH – a pipe that is installed system that receives discharges of all soil and
horizontally with lateral or vertical connection waste stacks within the building and coveys to the
that receives the discharges of water closet with house sewer.
or without additional plumbing fixtures.
House drain is also called as the Collection Line of
General Conditions in Installing Soil Branch: a Plumbing System. It can installed underground
1. Concealed in floors, partitions or lowered ceiling, of suspended below the floor or inside the
accessible provided with cleanouts. ceiling. In high rise building, house drain is usually
2. Cleanouts shall be installed when changes of suspended from the basement ceiling to avail of
directions the gravity flow of waste to the Main Sewer.
3. Cleanouts are the same diameter as the soil
branch. Four Types of House Drain
4. Location of cleanout should be at the farthest end a. Combined Drain - this is the oldest type of
and away from the soil stack. house drain that received discharges from sanitary
5. Avoid using short sanitary Tee, ¼ bend and short waste and storm water. The combination drains
L in making a change of direction. terminates to the main/public sewer line and this
6. A long radius fitting shall be used for horizontal type of house drain is already phase out or not
to horizontal or vertical to horizontal change of longer permitted.
direction. b. Sanitary Drain - a type of house drain receives
7. Slope or gradient of soil branch pipe. the discharges of sanitary and domestic waste
and directly conveyed to the public sewer or septic
tank, by the house sewer. Storm water is not
allowed in the sanitary drain.
c. Storm Drain – Conveys all storm clear water or
surface rain water except sanitary wastes. Storm
drain run to the storm sewer line
d. Industrial Drain - a house drain that receives
discharges from industrial equipment that contain
some objectionable acid wastes. This house drain
terminates to a separate drainage basin
 Grade or Slope of House Drain:

The House Drain must produce the necessary

velocity and discharge capacity at a certain
inclination to attain scouring action.

Recommended is a 2% slope for the house drain.

There are instances, where less than 2% slope
was adopted under the following circumstances.

a) When depth of the sewer line in relation with

Sizing of House Drain the depth of the basement floor is low.
Before finding the size of house drain, check first the b) Long sewer line would require lower pitch but
purpose whether is for Sanitary Waste or Strom should not be less than 1% slope.
Drain. c) In case the sewer line slope is very tight,
installation of the pipe should be guided by leveling
a) For sanitary waste, the fixture unit load discharge instrument for accuracy to prevent sags or trapped
will be the basis of computation, Table 1 for piping.
reference.
b) For storm drain, the roof area and the major House Drain Hardware
rainfall is the basis to determine the size of pipe. House drain appliances includes the following:
Refer to Table 6 and Table 7.
1. House Trap is the main clean out for both inside
National Plumbing Codes provide that: and outside your home. It is usually located at the
a) No water closet shall discharge into a drain less very front of your home or basement. It is U
than 75 mm or 3” pipe diameter. shaped and has 2 clean out plugs. If the caps are
b) No more than two water closets shall be not on properly odors can escape into your house,
discharge into any 75 mm horizontal soil branch, or waste water can escape as well. If objects enter
house drain or house sewer. your drain pipes, they will usually get caught inside
the belly of the trap, hence the name trap.
2. Back Flow Valve – a mechanical device that are
designed to allow the flow of water in one direction
only: away from your house drain. The device that
is used in sanitary sewer scenarios works like this:
• The valve is normally in an open position: the
"gate" (or "flap") is open.
• When a backflow condition occurs, floats under
the gate lift up and start to block the backflow.
• If the backflow condition increases, the gate
closes against a gasket and creates a seal which
does not allow water to pass in the backwards
direction.
• When the backflow condition ends, the gate falls
back down due to gravity and returns to the open
position to allow normal outflow of sewage from the
home's plumbing system.
3. Area Drain – An area drain, like its name seems 5. HOUSE SEWER – a horizontal drainage which
to apply, collects water from a specific area. starts from the outer face of the building and
Typically an area drain is installed for a driveway, terminates at the main sewer in the street of
back yard, or in a basement. An area drain can septic tank. The code state that House Sewer is the
also be known as a yard drain, driveway drain, horizontal drainage system which starts 900 mm.
trench drain, or floor drain. From the outer face of the building. Other term is
4. Yard Catch Basin - a receptacle used to catch Building Sewer.
surface water drained from cemented courts,
driveways and yards. House Sewer Connection to Main Sewer:
5. Garage Catch Basin – is a device designed to House sewer is connected to main sewer by
collect waste from garage, wash rack, grease pit boring a small hole through the concrete pipe.
and repair floors in to the house drain. Waste The hole will receive the sleeve and connect
coming from these areas contain objectionable entering at 45 degrees angle and directly from the
elements like grease, oil, grit and gasoline that are top or higher than the waste level
detrimental to the drainage installation as well as the
sewage disposal system General conditions in Installing Sewer Pipes
6. Grease Basin or Grease Trap – is a device (a 1. Secure permit from the sewerage authority.
type of trap) designed to intercept most greases 2. Verify the depth of the house drain outlet.
and solids before they enter a wastewater 3. Determine the of the connection with the main
disposal system. Also known as grease sewer in the street and the grade of the house
interceptor, grease recovery device, grease capsule sewer.
and grease converter. 4. The depth is found by measuring the length of
7. Sump Pit – is a hole where the drain water being the longest branch of the house drain multiplied
collected and by itself outflow towards to the by the pre-planned.
nearest drain, outflow has a slope say 2 % slope. 5. Add the required 30 cm ground covering from
• Sump Pump is an equipment(e.g. electric the top of concrete floor or 40 cm of ground
or engine driven pump) install inside the sump pit, covering without concrete floor.
it is located below the ground ,the function is to 6. Verify the depth of the connection to be made
pump out all collected drain water to the nearest with main sewer. Remove the manhole cover on
drain outlet, the pump itself has a complete control both ends and measure the depth.
systems, to energized the pump automatically when 7. The grade of the house sewer could be found
the water on high level with sensor inside the sump through the difference between house sewer and
pit, and the pump will deenergized when the water the depth of the main sewer.
on the low level.
8. Sewage Ejector pit – is a hole where the waste Size of the house sewer
water being collected from a bathroom, laundry The old practice is to use 150 mm or 6 inches
room or any other type of plumbing fixture is located diameter cement of vitrified clay pipe. If plastic pipe
below the level of the main sewer or septic line the diameter can be reduce to 100 mm diameter.
flowing from the house.
• Sewage Ejector Pump - also called a To consider the total discharges in terms of fixture
pump-up ejector system, is used pump out the unit. The overall lapping of discharges and the
waste from the Sewage Pit up to the main sewer simultaneous use of the fixtures are also included in
line. the calculations.
 Size of Storm Drain
Size of storm drain is determined under the
following consideration:
1. Gauging the rainfall over a given period.
2. Considering the varying roof areas, the slopes
and the distance of water travelled it reaches the
conductor of the roof.
3. Water drain faster on high pitch roof.
4. The height of the building, contribute largely to
the velocity of water falling inside the pipe.
LESSON 4A: Storm Drainage System 5. Use of improper fittings and short offsets that
will affect the flow of water must be avoided.

6. STORM DRAIN – is that unit of plumbing system

that conveys rain or storm water to a suitable
pipe. Storm water is normally discharge into
street gutter conveyed by public drain system
and carried to some natural drainage like canals,
lakes, rivers and the like.

Splash Pan Is a collector of water coming down

from the downspout leading the accumulated
water away from the house.

Catch Basin is a device or receptacle at the ground

which catches the rain water from the roof that
runs to the downspout. And drain out to the main
storm water line.

Classification of Storm Drain

1. Inside storm drain – sometimes located under
the basement floor or within the wall of the
building. This type of storm drain is commonly found
Roof Leader – also known as water conductor or
in buildings constructed along the congested
downspout either concealed of exposed type. It
business district, or building that occupies the
connects to the roof terminal to the storm drain.
entire lot.
2. Outside storm drain – is installed outside the
foundation wall of the building. This type of
drainage is possible on location where the lot is not
totally occupied by the building.
3. Overhead storm drain – is adopted when the
street drainage is higher in elevation then the
basement floor of the building.
 or below the sea level would be subjected
to minus or plus pressure as the total
volume of air above it is lesser or greater
accordingly.
- Compressibility is one of the properties of the
gas. Air can be compressed, or withdrawn
from a space or container. When
compressed, pressure greater than one
atmosphere is developed. When
withdrawn from a space or container is it
called a vacuum or partial vacuum
LESSON 5: Plumbing and Ventilation and
Traps depending upon the volume of air removed.

2. Trap Seal Loss – the most common and

A. PLUMBING VENTILATION serious problem being encountered in a drainage
- One of the most important parts of plumbing is system. Because of inadequate ventilation of the
ventilation. You may have heard that the water in trap and the subsequent minus and plus
your pipes will drain faster if the pipes are pressures inside the plumbing system.
ventilated. While this is sometimes true, that’s not - The trap seal is the vertical distance
always the case. The real reason why ventilation is between the dip and the crown weir of a trap.
important for all ages and types of plumbing is that Also, it is the water in the trap between the dip and
it keeps the house safe. the crown weir
- All plumbing fixtures need to be ventilated, with
the possible exception of floor drains. Usually, the Trap Seal Loss may be attributed to any of the
way the fixtures are ventilated by running them following factors:
through the attic and out through the roof. Often, a. Siphonage - generally occurs under two
vents from around the house connect in the attic conditions, the water may be siphoned out of the trap
so that they create fewer holes in the roof. This is if there is sufficient negative air pressure (think
better for the stability and safety of your roof, suction) on the drain side to draw the water out of
allowing it to last longer the fixture’s trap. Negative air pressure can occur
- Ventilating a drainage system requires a as the water flows rapidly downward through a
thorough knowledge of the principles governing drain stack.
the natural laws of nature such as: Siphonage is classified into Two Types:
• The principles governing the atmosphere • Direct or Self Siphoning occur in
• The principles of gravity unventilated traps which serves as oval bottom
• The principles of siphon, pressure, and fixtures like lavatories or slop sink. Self siphonage is
vacuum created when a rapid flow of water passing
Ventilation of the plumbing system is that portion of through the pipe siphon down the water seal
the drainage pipe installation, designed to maintain inside the traps with no vent provision
a balance atmospheric pressure inside the • Indirect or Momentum Siphoning is the
system to prevent problems like: result of a minus pressure in the pipe created by a
• Trap seal loss heavy discharge of water from a fixture installed on
• Retardation of flow a line serving another fixture at a lower floor.
• Deterioration of the materials
b. Back Pressure - this condition is caused by
1. Atmospheric Pressure and Drainage System a plus pressure which blows the water out(of the
- The surface of the earth is subjected to an fixture. It happens usually when a large flow of
atmospheric pressure valued at about 65.47 water drops and forms as a slug and
Newtons at sea level. Any elevation above compresses the air inside the pipe. The
compressed air will find its way out through a purpose is to protect the trap seal against back
weather point. The trap seal will give way and blow pressure and siphoning are called:
out of the fixture a. Individual or back vent
c. Evaporation - This process is a minor b. Unit Vent
problem and less probable to drain the water c. Circuit or loop Vent
inside the trap. Evaporation happens only on floor d. Wet Vent
drains not regularly used to admit water but are e. Looped Vent
exposed to extreme temperatures.
d. Capillary Action - This kind of trap seal loss 1. Main Soil & Waste Vent –This is the portion
seldom happens and is rarely experienced by of the soil pipe stack above the highest installed
homeowners. The condition is caused by a fixture branch extended through the roof. It
suspension of a foreign object such as a string, serves as the terminal for the main vent and other
rags, or strands of hair extended over the outlet arm vents of the plumbing installations.
of the trap.
General Conditions in Installing the Main
3. Retardation of Flow Soil and Waste Ventilation
• The result of improper atmospheric conditions, 1. It must be installed as direct as possible.
because of insufficient ventilation of incorrect 2. Short radius fittings should be avoided
installation of fittings. because it reduces the flow of air.
• Increase pressure causes retarded flow in the 3. As much as possible, long horizontal
vertical stack and also affects the discharge lines must be avoided.
capacity of its branches. 4. Generally, it should have the same
diameter as the soil and waste pipe.
4. Ventilating The Drainage System
2. Main Vent – Is that portion of the vent pipe
Types of Ventilation in the Plumbing System system which serves as a terminal of the smallest
1. Main Soil and Waste Vent forms of units and grouped fixture trap ventilation.
2. Main Vent The main vent is connected full size at its base to the
3. Individual Vent main soil or waste pipe at or below the lowest
4. Unit Vent fixture branch and should extend undiminished in
5. Circuit or Loop Vent size above the roof or should be reconnected with
6. Relief Vent the main soil vent at least 1.00 meters above the
7. Yoke Vent highest fixture branch.
8. Wet Vent
9. Looped Vent 3. Individual Vent – Sometimes referred to as a
back vent. It is that portion of the vent pipe that
Each type of ventilation has a definite function to serves a single trap. It should be connected as
perform in a complete plumbing system that may be close to the trap as possible, it should be located
grouped into two major classifications: underneath and back of the fixture and it must be
1. The vent pipe used to ventilate the soil and waste connected to the main vent above the overflow line
pipes are the Main Soil & Waste Vents. of the fixture.
2. The main vent and another subsidiary form of
relief vents are classified to the function they perform Distance of trap seal to vent:
and they are called Relief vents and Yoke vents. 1. No trap seal shall be placed more than
This type of ventilation only serves the fixture trap 1.50 mts horizontal development length from its
indirectly. Their main function is to maintain the vent.
balance atmospheric pressure inside the waste 2. The distance shall be measured along the
pipe system. Other types of ventilation whose main center line of the waste or soil pipe from the
vertical inlet to the trap to the vent opening.
 3. The vent opening from the soil or waste the same time receives and conveys liquid waste
pipe, except for water closets and similar fixtures, discharge from the fixtures. Widely used for small
should not be the dip of the trap. groups of bathroom fixtures particularly on a one or
two storey residential houses.
4. Unit Vent - This is the portion of the vent pipe that
ventilates two fixture traps. Usually used in 9.Looped Vent – Used on fixtures in a room away
apartments arranged back to back. from partitions. Common to beauty parlors,
barbers shops and dental clinics, and surgical
rooms.

B. TRAPS FOR PLUMBING FIXTURES

- Plumbing trap is a part of the drainage system. It is
developed or designed in such a way that it retains
a small quantity of wastewater from the discharge,
of the fitting to which it is attached, as a barrier to
prevent foul gases or air from entering the
building.
- Plumbing traps are an important component of the
5. Circuit or Loop Vent - This is employed where
sewage system. They prevent the entry of foul air,
two or more fixture traps are installed on a
insects, and parasites from the sewers into the
horizontal soil or waste branch. The use of a
building and resist the spread of diseases.
circuit vent generally reduces the cost of the
- Traps are constructed so that they retain a body
plumbing installation.
of water which acts as a water seal. Traps should
be of the self-cleaning type. They should generate
enough speed from the available flow to create a
self-cleansing effect, i.e. a smooth finish and a full
identical opening.
- Maintaining the water seal is critical to trap
operation; Traps might dry out, and poor venting
can suction or below water out of the traps. This
is usually avoided by venting the drain pipes
downstream of the trap; by being vented to the
atmosphere outside the building, the drain lines
never operate at a pressure much higher or lower
6. Relief Vent– a vent that provides circulation than atmospheric pressure”.
between a drainage and a venting system by - Water closets and in some cases, urinals are
connecting a vent stack to a horizontal drain provided with integral traps. All other fixtures
between the first fixture and the soil of waste stack; shall be provided with external traps with adequate
Where changes of direction are made, a relief water seals. The diameter of the trap shall in no case
vent is a must be smaller than the diameter of the outlet of the
fixture, to which it is connected. Traps should be of
7. Yoke or By-pass Vent - On a long vertical soil self-cleansing design with a uniform bore and shall
pipe a relief vent is installed at 3 to 5 floor not be dependent on internal partitions or other
intervals. In this case, the relief vent is referred to movable parts for retention of water seal. The
as the YOKE or bypass ventilation. connection of a trap to another trap should not
be practiced. The diameter of the outlet pipe from a
8. Wet Vent- Refers to the vertical pipe of the floor trap shall not be less than the size of the trap
plumbing system used as ventilation of the outlet
plumbing, installation, and fixture traps which at
Water Sealed P-Traps are classified into Two: 4. P-trap shall be installed within 600 mm
of the fixture it serves it shall be accessible for
1.Common Seal P-Trap - 50 mm deep water seal cleaning through the bottom opening closed by a
between the overflow and the dip, that will offer screw plug.
resistance against abnormal conditions, only to 5. All traps are subject to stoppage, hence,
the amount of pressure a 50 mm water will develop. shall be provided with a cleanout so designed that
2. Deep Seal P-Trap - has from 75 mm to 100 mm could be assembled and disassembled with little
column of liquid content between the overflow and effort.
dip. This trap may be used under normal 6. Long Run Horizontal Pipe could be used
conditions but it was purposely designed for only near the drain of the floor area or yard. It is also
abnormal such as: called Running Trap not provided with hand-hole
• Extreme heat condition cleanout.
• Increase & decrease in atmospheric 7. The dip portion of the trap shall be as
condition shown possible to avoid retarded flow of water.
• Circumstances where total ventilation The horizontal leg connection to the waste pipe shall
cannot be obtained be reasonably short for effective ventilation.
8. Overflow pipe from the fixture shall be
connected to the inlet side of the trap.
9. Each fixture shall have its own trap. The
following fixtures are exceptions to the rule:
a. Two laundry trays and a kitchen sink are
connected to a single trap.
b. Not more than 3 laundry trays using 1 trap.
c. 3 lavatories on a single trap.

3. Drum Trap A drum trap is also classified as a

water seal device. The name was derived from its
size being large in diameter. A drum trap consists
of an enlarged ‘vessel' that holds a large volume
of water. It has the following special features:
1. Drum trap is intended for fixtures that are
set on the floor like bathtub, foot and sitz bath, and
other similar fixtures.
2. Drum Trap is used on fixtures that
discharge substantial amounts of water. It is
effective where trap seal loss is more prevalent
due to the velocity of the flow in short intervals.
P-Traps Installation 3. Drum trap can also serve as a terminal for
1. All traps shall be self-cleaning, capable of soda fountain, bar wastes, and any type of indirect
being completely flushed each time the trap waste
operates and no sediments will remain inside to 4. Drum trap has two types:
decompose. • 100 mm X 125 mm.
2. P-trap shall be installed as near the • 100 mm x 200 mm
fixtures as practical not to require too long a
vertical leg between the trap and the fixture proper.
3. Short vertical leg eliminates high
velocity of water discharge that creates siphon,
the major cause of trap seal loss.
 LESSON 6: Sewage Disposal System,
Treatment & Recycling

LESSON 7: Plumbing Materials

LESSON 8: Plumbing Fixtures

LESSON 9: Pumps and Pumping System

 PVC Sanitary Coupling
G.I. 90 deg elbow

PVC Sanitary Tee G.I. Nipple

G.I. Cap
PVC Sanitary Wye
Reducer

uPVC Water pipe 90deg G.I. Bushing

elbow

uPVC water pipe Male

adopter

G.I. Tee Reducer

uPVC water pipe female

adapter

G.I. Reducer