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 bernheim
Bernheim and Whinston’s 2nd edition of Microeconomics is uniquely designed to appeal to a variety of learning
styles. The text offers a current take on core, traditional material and also covers exciting recent developments in whinston
microeconomics, such as game theory, information economics, and behavioral economics. All content is delivered
in a combination of print, digital, and mobile formats appropriate for the modern learner.

microeconomics
new to this edition
Calculus has been integrated in a unique way that makes the content equally appropriate for courses
that require calculus and those that don’t. Features include calculus-related text boxes next to applicable
discussions, calculus versions of Worked-Out Problems and In-Text Exercises, and calculus-based end-of-
chapter problems—all of which can easily be skipped if desired, allowing for fexibility in calculus coverage.

Enhanced and new features include video solutions for every In-Text Exercise, which walk students step-by-
step through the answers. Also, Read More Online content helps expand explanations beyond the text for better
student understanding.

McGraw-Hill Connect® Plus features auto-gradable assignable homework and study content, fully integrated with an
eBook offering search, highlight, and note-taking capability. All end-of-chapter exercises—Questions, Problems, and
Calculus Problems—will be assignable in Connect, along with the book’s Test Bank.

Within Connect, LearnSmart adaptive study modules help students master core concepts and terminology in each
chapter, making it easier for them to engage with the text’s numerous applications and relevant examples.

Barcodes within chapters provide mobile access to online resources, including calculus versions of the
Worked-Out Problems, the Read More Online feature, and video solutions for In-Text Exercises.

For more information, visit [Link]/bernheim2e

Md. Dalim #1223206 1/16/13 Cyan Mag Yelo Black

2e bernheim | whinston

microeconomics
ISBN 978-0-07-337585-4
MHID 0-07-337585-3

2e
EAN

[Link]
 [Link] Pages

MICROECONOMICS
SECOND EDITION

B. Douglas Bernheim
Stanford University

Michael D. Whinston
Northwestern University

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 [Link] Pages

MICROECONOMICS, SECOND EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of
the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous edition © 2008. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in
any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

ISBN 978-0-07-337585-4
MHID 0-07-337585-3

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All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright
page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bernheim, B. Douglas.
Microeconomics / B. Douglas Bernheim, Michael D. Whinston.—Second edition.
pages cm.—(The McGraw-Hill series in economics)
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-07-337585-4 (alk. paper)—ISBN 0-07-337585-3 (alk. paper)
1. Microeconomics. I. Whinston, Michael Dennis. II. Title.
HB172.B485 2014
338.5—dc23
2012049438

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a web-
site does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guaran-
tee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

[Link]

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 [Link] Pages

The McGraw-Hill Series in Economics

ESSENTIALS OF ECONOMICS ECONOMICS OF SOCIAL ISSUES URBAN ECONOMICS
Brue, McConnell, and Flynn Guell O’Sullivan
Essentials of Economics Issues in Economics Today Urban Economics
Third Edition Sixth Edition Eighth Edition

Mandel Sharp, Register, and Grimes LABOR ECONOMICS

Economics: The Basics Economics of Social lssues
Borjas
Second Edition Twentieth Edition
Labor Economics
Schiller ECONOMETRICS Sixth Edition
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Eighth Edition
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PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS Fifth Edition Tenth Edition

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Ninth Edition Public Finance
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS Ninth Edition
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Managerial Economics and Public Finance
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Eighth Edition
Fifth Edition ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
Brickley, Smith, and Zimmerman
Frank and Bemanke Field and Field
Managerial Economics and
Brief Editions: Principles of Economics, Environmental Economics: An
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Fifth Edition
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Managerial Economics INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
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Eleventh Edition Appleyard and Field
Economics, Microeconomics, and
Macroeconomics International Economics
INTERMEDIATE ECONOMICS Eighth Edition
Nineteenth Edition
Bernheim and Whinston
McConnell, Brue, and Flynn King and King
Microeconomics
Brief Editions: Microeconomics, and International Economics,
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Macroeconomics Globalization, and Policy:
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Thirteenth Edition Cecchetti and Schoenholtz
Money, Banking, and Financial
Slavin Markets
Economics, Microeconomics, and Third Edition
Macroeconomics
Tenth Edition

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 [Link] Pages

Dedication
To our families

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 [Link] Pages

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

B. Douglas Bernheim is the Edward Ames Edmonds Professor of Economics at
Stanford University. He has also taught in the Department of Finance at Northwest-
ern University’s J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management and the Department of
Economics at Princeton University. He received his A.B. from Harvard University in
1979, and Ph.D. from M.I.T. in 1982. Professor Bernheim’s work has spanned a number
of fields, including public economics, political economy, game theory, contract theory,
behavioral economics, industrial organization, and financial economics. He is a Fellow
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the Econometric Society. He
has also served as Co-Editor of the American Economic Review, the profession’s most
widely read journal. Professor Bernheim’s teaching has included undergraduate courses
in microeconomics and public economics, and graduate courses in microeconomics,
public economics, political economy, industrial organization, behavioral economics, and
insurance and risk management.

Michael D. Whinston is the Robert E. and Emily H. King Professor of Business

Institutions in the Department of Economics at Northwestern University, where he
also holds appointments at the Kellogg Graduate School of Management and the Law
School. Prior to moving to Northwestern, he taught at Harvard. Professor Whinston
received his B.S. from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in 1980,
his M.B.A. from the Wharton School in 1984, and his Ph.D. from M.I.T. in 1984. His
research has covered a variety of topics in microeconomics and industrial organization,
including game theory, the design of contracts and organizations, firm behavior in
oligopolistic markets, antitrust, and law and economics. Professor Whinston is a
co-author of the leading graduate textbook in microeconomics, Microeconomic Theory
[Oxford University Press, 1995]. He is a Fellow of the Econometric Society and has also
served as a Co-Editor of the RAND Journal of Economics, the leading journal in indus-
trial organization. His teaching has included undergraduate microeconomics, as well as
graduate courses in microeconomics, industrial organization, and competitive strategy.

Professors Bernheim and Whinston met during the early 1980s while in graduate school
at M.I.T., where they began a long and productive collaboration, as well as a close
friendship. Together they have co-authored eight published articles in addition to this
book. In the course of their collaboration, they have been known to argue with each
other for hours about trivial details, such as whether a sentence should use the word
“however” or “nevertheless.” It is a miracle that they managed to complete this book
and its revision for the second edition.

vii

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 [Link] Pages

PREFACE

ll of us confront an endless variety of economic choices. Some of those choices

involve personal matters such as financing the purchase of a new car or saving
for retirement. Some involve business matters such as cost-effective production
techniques or investment in new product development. Some involve matters of public
policy, such as whether to vote for a school bond initiative or a candidate who advocates
a particular flavor of health care reform. Sometimes good economic decision making is
just a matter of common sense. But in many situations, a command of basic microeco-
nomic principles helps us understand the consequences of our choices and make better
decisions.
Our object in writing this book is to provide students with a treatment of intermedi-
ate microeconomics that stimulates their interest in the field, introduces them to the tools
of the discipline, and starts them on the path toward “thinking like an economist.” Most
students will not turn out to be economists, but whether they end up making business
decisions, helping to design public policies, or simply managing their own money, the
tools of microeconomics can prove invaluable.

WHAT’S NEW IN THE

SECOND EDITION?
We received a great deal of helpful feedback on the first edition of Microeconomics, and
we paid careful attention to it. While we worked hard to improve the book in all dimen-
Read More
Online, Calculus sions, our main focus was on the insightful suggestions we received for enhancing its use-
Worked-Out fulness to students and instructors. The following is a quick synopsis of the main ways in
Problems, and
Calculus In-Text which the second edition differs from the first.
Exercises
available at
[Link]/
bernheim2e, or USE OF TECHNOLOGY
scan here. Need a barcode reader? Try
ScanLife, available in your app store. Recent technological developments have started to blur the boundaries of the traditional
textbook, opening new vistas for improved pedagogy. In producing the second edition,
we have taken advantage of these possibilities, creating a great deal of useful material
that does not appear in the physical book. Microeconomics is the most digitally focused
product available for the intermediate microeconomics course.
For students using smartphones and tablets, scanning barcodes (or QR codes) located
within the chapters provide immediate access to more resources. There are two types of
codes in each chapter.
> The barcode appearing on the first page of each chapter gives students access to
additional chapter resources which include:
• Read More Online features for that chapter.
• Calculus Worked-Out Problems that mirror the chapter’s Worked-Out Problems.
• Calculus In-Text Exercises that mirror the In-Text Exercises in the chapter.
• Solutions to the Calculus In-Text Exercises.

viii

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 [Link] Pages

> The barcodes next to each In-Text Exercise lead the student to text and video solu-
tions for that chapter’s exercises. Students are encouraged to work through the In-Text
Exercises themselves and then check either solution format to check their answer, or Want the video or
to get help if they’re unsure how to solve the problem. The video solutions add extra text solution? Visit
[Link]/
commentary so students can clearly understand the thought processes involved in bernheim2e or
solving these exercises. They are valuable study tools for completing homework and scan here. Need a
barcode reader? Try
preparing for exams. ScanLife, available in
your app store.
Students not using smartphones or tablets can access the same resources by clicking
the barcodes when viewing the eBook or by going to [Link]/bernheim2e.
Microeconomics is also designed to be used with McGraw-Hill Connect Plus® Eco-
nomics, an online assessment and grading program that allows instructors to administer
homework entirely online. (See more details at the end of this preface and on the inside
cover.) Connect Plus Economics includes the following elements:
> End-of-chapter questions and problems available both as they appear in the text and
ber75853_ch05_118-[Link] 123 11/12/12 3:16 PM
as algorithmic variations—the same question but with different values to solve for.
> Graphing problems.
> Detailed feedback for each question and problem. Select problems have video feed-
back so students can view step-by-step solutions and explanations.
> LearnSmart™, an adaptive learning system that uses a series of probing questions to
pinpoint each student’s knowledge gaps, is available as part of Connect. LearnSmart
analyzes the gaps and then provides an optimal learning path for each student.
> A media-rich, interactive eBook is included in Connect Plus, which contains links to
the special features in the barcodes as well as other resources. Also, as students are
working on a homework problem in Connect, there will be a link from that problem
to the appropriate place in the eBook where a student can get more help.

A FLEXIBLE ROLE FOR CALCULUS

We re-engineered the second edition so that it is equally appropriate for courses that
require calculus and those that don’t. The fundamental concepts and intuitions of micro-
economics remain the same regardless of whether calculus is used. For example, in both
cases, students need to learn about marginal cost and its relationship to total cost. Also,
in both cases, all but the most mathematically inclined students understand these con-
cepts best when they are explained with the same clear diagrams. While students who If you have the formula
know calculus can perform the extra step of taking the relevant derivative (for example, for an indifference
to obtain the marginal function curve from the total function curve), this step is easily curve, you can find
the marginal rate of substitution
compartmentalized. That is what we have done in this edition. Calculus is included in the by taking the derivative and
following ways: multiplying by 21. To see a
worked-out example, look at
> Calculus concepts are explained in text boxes and are indicated with an icon. Read More Online 4.3.
> Calculus versions of the text’s Worked-Out Problems and In-Text Exercises are avail-
able to students in two ways.
• Access materials directly online, either through the Connect Plus ebook or through
the text’s website at [Link]/bernheim2e.

ix

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 [Link] Pages

IN-TEXT EXERCISE 3.3 Suppose • By scanning a barcode at the beginning of the chapter using a smartphone or
for up to six hours. The total benef tablet, students can get instant access to these materials without needing to log
total cost is C(H ) 5 110H 1 24H
onto their computers. Whenever there is a calculus version of an In-Text Exercise
benefit is MB(H ) 5 654 2 80H
What is your best choice? or Worked-Out Problem, the calculus icon appears next to it.
> The end-of-chapter exercises include calculus problems. To simplify the process of
assigning suitable problems, we organize these exercises into three groups: Discus-
sion Questions, Problems, and Calculus Problems. In many cases, we provide both
calculus and non-calculus versions of the same exercise. While calculus has many
important uses in microeconomics, we take the view that, at the intermediate level,
non-calculus students can solve the same quantitative problems as calculus students,
as long as they are provided with the formulas for marginal cost, marginal, utility,
and the like. The task of deriving those formulas by taking a derivative is primarily a
quick technical step in the solution of the typical problem, rather than an economi-
cally interesting one.

STREAMLINED EXPOSITION
The typical course in intermediate microeconomics covers a lot of ground. But the reality
is that students have limited time and patience for unnecessarily long-winded explanations.
So it is important to address each topic with an economy of words. Short. Clear. Punchy.
We’ve put in a lot of work to make sure each section of our text fits that description. We’ve
also streamlined the text by converting optional materials to Read More Online features.

RETAINED CORE PRINCIPLES

While much has changed between the first and second editions, much has also remained
the same. It is therefore worth reaffirming our commitment to the principles we articu-
lated in the preface to the first edition.
> Accessibility. Microeconomics teaches economic principles and builds economic
intuition without heavy reliance on formal mathematics.
> Clarity. We have worked hard to make sure that the writing in Microeconomics is
transparent, the explanations are clear and intuitive, and the graphs lead students
naturally through the key ideas.
> Up-to-date coverage. The book covers exciting recent developments in microeconom-
ics, drawing for example on game theory, information economics, and behavioral
economics, and providing applications involving topics of current interest.
ber75853_ch03_057-[Link] 71
> Accuracy. Microeconomics employs clear and understandable
10/19/12 8:00 PM
explanations of micro-
economic principals without resorting to common “fudges” that appear in many
other texts.
> Usefulness. Students learn to solve quantitative problems whether or not they use
calculus.
> Relevance. In Microeconomics, we always explain why we ask the student to learn a
particular concept, and underscore the material’s relevance by featuring fact-based
applications.

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 [Link] Pages

PEDAGOGY FOR STUDENT SUCCESS

A wealth of additional learning features and enrichment materials are provided within
the text and online to supplement students’ understanding of the subject matter.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES L EARNING O BJECTIVES

Each chapter begins with a list of key learning
objectives to help focus planning for instructors and After reading this chapter, students should be able to:

studying for students. } Explain what supply and demand curves for a good, and supply and
demand functions, represent.
} Identify various market forces that shift supply and demand curves.
} Use the concept of market equilibrium to calculate the equilibrium price
Application 2.2 and the amount bought and sold.

A Room with a View (and its Price) } Evaluate how changes in demand or supply affect market equilibrium.
} Understand elasticity and the way economists use it to measure the
T he elegant Bar Harbor Inn overlooks beautiful Frenchman’s
Bay in Bar Harbor, Maine, just minutes from Acadia National
Park. At the height of the summer tourist season, the inn’s most
expensive rooms cost over $350 per night. Unfortunately, those
same tourists have little interest in visiting once the leaves have
fallen from the trees. By then, they’re thinking of Caribbean
beaches or the ski slopes in Colorado and Utah.
APPLICATIONS
As a result, the price of hotel rooms at Bar Harbor’s many inns,
which together make up the supply in this market, vary greatly by
These in-text boxes highlight real-world examples
season. As Figure 2.7 shows, the supply curve for hotel rooms in
Bar Harbor is the same in November as in July.3 The quantity Q is
The Bar Harbor Inn
that put concepts into practice.
the total number of rooms. At high prices, innkeepers want to rent
all those rooms, but at low prices, they withdraw some rooms
from the supply, since the price no longer compensates them the price in November (PNov ) is much lower than the price in
for the expense and effort of serving customers. (In the dead of (PJuly ). In 2012, for example, a tourist paid $385 a night to sta
winter, some inn owners close temporarily and take a vacation.) the Bar Harbor Inn’s best room during July, but only $165 a n
The demand in the two months is very different however so that to stay in the same room during November

WORKED-OUT PROBLEMS WORKED-OUT PROBLEM 4.2

Each chapter includes Worked-Out Problems to

ber75853_ch02_024-[Link] 35 10/19/12 7:22 PM
The Problem Mitra enjoys reading books and watching movies. Her utility
show students how to solve the problems posed in function is U(M, B) 5 M 3 B2, where M stands for the number of movies and B
stands for the number of books enjoyed during a month. How does Mitra rank
the chapter and to prepare them for homework and the following bundles? (1) 4 movies and 5 books, (2) 10 movies and 4 books, (3)
25 movies and 2 books, (4) 40 movies and 1 book, (5) 100 movies and no books.
exams. Each problem is clearly stated and the solu- The Solution Applying Mitra’s utility function, we find for part (1) that U(4, 5)
tion contains detailed steps and narrative explana- 5 4 3 52 5 100. Similarly, we have, (2) U(10, 4) 5 160, (3) U(25, 2) 5 100,
(4) U(40, 1) 5 40, and (5) U(100, 0) 5 0. Therefore, Mitra ranks the bundles
tions to show how the problem is solved. Calculus ber75853_ch02_024-[Link] 24
listed in the problem, in order of preference, as follows: first, 10 movies and
10/19/12 7:22 PM
4 books; next, either 4 movies and 5 books or 25 movies and 2 books (she is
versions of the problems and solutions are available indifferent between those two bundles); next, 40 movies and 1 book; and last,
100 movies and no books.
by scanning the barcode at the beginning of the
chapter or at [Link]/bernheim2e.

IN-TEXT EXERCISES Want the video or

text solution? Visit
[Link]/
IN-TEXT EXERCISE 4.2 Judy drinks both Coke and Pepsi. Suppose the formula for
her indifference curves is C 5 U 2 1.2P, where C stands for liters of Coke and P
stands for liters of Pepsi consumed over a month. Draw some of Judy’s indifference
These ask students to either redo the Worked-Out bernheim2e or
scan here. Need a curves. Which does she prefer, a bundle consisting of three liters of Coke and no
barcode reader? Try
Pepsi, or a bundle consisting of three liters of Pepsi and no Coke?
Problem or extend the concept in a slightly different ScanLife, available in
your app store.

way. Solutions are available in text form and—new to

this edition—in video format. The videos walk students
through the solutions, reinforcing the lessons from lectures and independent reading. The
videos and text solutions can be accessed at [Link]/bernheim2e, or by scanning
the barcode next to the exercise with a smartphone. ber75853_ch04_083-[Link] 105 11/12/12 3:15 PM

xi
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 [Link] Pages

Figure 5.6
The Best Affordable Bundle
with Perfect Complements.
Bundle A is Maria’s best choice.
Since bundle A lies on the
Right shoes

45-degree line, Maria buys the

Best affordable
bundle same number of left and right
shoes. This conclusion doesn’t FIGURES AND TABLES
A depend on the slope of the
budget line. Even if the prices of
The exhibits, graphs, and tables are critical for students
left and right shoes differ, Maria
will still buy the same number
to understand the world of microeconomics. Color
45°
of each.
is used to help students understand the make-up and
Left shoes meaning of each graph, and an extended caption is
included with figures to further explain the concepts.

READ MORE ONLINE

ber75853_ch05_118-[Link] 125
READ MORE ONLINE 2.1 11/12/12 3:16 PM Read More Online features, which offer additional
in-depth discussion of particular topics, are found
ESTIMATING DEMAND AND SUPPLY CURVES
throughout the book. These can be accessed through
the barcode at the beginning of the chapter, or online
at [Link]/bernheim2e. A list of these exten-
To answer many questions in economics and business, we need to measure the sions appears on page (pages xxviii and xxix).
relationships between the amount demanded and/or supplied and various factors,
including the product’s price. We’ve already seen that we need to know demand and
supply functions to predict market prices. Later in this book, we’ll see that this same
knowledge is useful for such diverse purposes as evaluating the effects of a tax and

OPTIONAL SECTIONS
*3.4 CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION
While we have moved some optional topics to Read More
Online features, we’ve kept ones that strike us and our Many economic problems we’ll study have the feature that a de
constraint that affects several decisions, requiring that she ma
reviewers as particularly important in the text. These are them. For example, the fact that you can’t spend more than is i
is a constraint that affects both where you go for spring break a
marked with an asterisk so that students can easily distin- a new smartphone. Likewise, consider a consumer who has t
guish them from core material.

CALCULUS TEXT BOXES

In addition to Calculus versions of the Worked-Out If you have the formula
for an indifference
Problem and In-Text Exercises, Calculus text boxes curve, you can find
explain how to understand the marginal rate of substitution
the material through by taking the derivative and
the lens of calculus. multiplying by 21. To see a
worked-out example, look at
Read More Online 4.3. D I S C U S S I O N Q U E ST I O N S

IMPROVED AND EXPANDED END-OF-

1. After terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center
CHAPTER EXERCISES and surrounding office buildings on September 11,
2001, some businesspeople worried about the risks

Many instructors who used the first edition asked us to of remaining in Manhattan. What effect would you
expect their concern to have on the price of office
space in Manhattan? Over time, those fears eased
beef up the end-of-chapter exercises. We heard you loud
ber75853_rmo_2.[Link] 1 08/01/13 2:29 PM
and
d the
th area around d the
th World
W ld Trade
T d Center site was
PROBLEMS* made into a park, so the destroyed office buildings
uildin
and clear. Users of the second edition will find a much were never rebuilt. Who would be likely to gain
economically from the creation of this park? Who
k? Wh

larger number of exercises and better representation of the would be likely to lose?
1.A Consider again the demand function for corn
in formula (1). Graph the corresponding demand
4.B Suppose tha
Q d 5 200/P

topics covered in the text. We have also divided the exer- curve when potatoes and butter cost $0.75 and $4 per
pound, respectively, and average income is $40,000 per
the equilibr
5.B The daily w
year. At what price does the amount demanded equal millions of
cises for each chapter into three sections: Discussion Ques- 15 billion bushels per year? Show your answer using
algebra.
supply func
per gallon.

tions, which require thought but no math (or at least very ber75853_ch03_057-[Link] 73
2.A Consider again the supply function for corn in
formula (2). Graph the corresponding supply curve
What is the
6.B Consider ag 10/12/12 10:47 AM
when diesel fuel costs $2.75 per gallon and the price in Worked-
little); Problems, which require algebra, graphs, or both; of soybeans is $10 per bushel. At what price does the
amount supplied equal 21 billion bushels per year?
governmen
for a third-w

and Calculus Problems, which typically include (but are not CA LC U LU S P R O B L E M S *

limited to) calculus versions of some of the Problems. We 1.B The demand function for a product is Q d 5 100 2 BdP. consumers’ total e

also rate the difficulty of each exercise, using A for Easi- Suppose that there is a tax of t dollars per unit that
producers must pay and that the supply function
answer should be i
4.C Let P denote the p
for the product when the tax is t and the price is P is using a single inpu
est, B for More Difficult, and C for Most Difficult. Much Q s 5 Bs (P 2 t) 2 5. What is the equilibrium price
as a function of the tax t? Define the “pass-through
function for the pr
the supply functio
rate” of a small increase in the tax as the derivative Q s 5 0 if P # W. H
thought and effort has gone into creating questions that of the market price consumers pay with respect to the
tax: dP/dt. What is the pass-through rate of a small
depend on W? Wh
price P with respe
students will find tractable and enlightening. tax increase in this market? How does it depend on Bd
and Bs? 5.C Suppose that the d
Q d 5 AP2B and th
2.B Suppose the daily demand for coffee in Seattle is where A, B, C, and
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ber75853_ch02_024-[Link] 55 10/19/12 7:23 PM
Q d 5 100,000(3 2 P)2. What is the elasticity of a. What is the ela

ber75853_ch02_024-[Link] 55

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 [Link] Pages

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK

The organization of Microeconomics is slightly unconventional for an undergradu-
ate microeconomics text, but has the advantage of following the logical progression of
the discipline. Microeconomic theory begins by examining the behavior of individuals
in their roles as either consumers or managers of firms. On this foundation, it builds
a theory of aggregate economic outcomes, with an emphasis on market equilibrium.
Microeconomics follows this logical structure more closely than other texts by clearly
distinguishing the study of individual decision making from the analysis of markets. It is
divided into the following three parts.
Part I contains three introductory chapters. The first introduces the field of micro-
economics. The second reviews the basic principles of supply and demand. The third
elaborates on a central theme of microeconomics reasoning: how to find a decision that
maximizes the difference between total benefits and total costs by equating marginal bene-
fits to marginal costs. We invoke that principle repeatedly throughout the rest of the book.
Part II focuses on individuals’ economic decisions. Three chapters on consumer the-
ory (Chapters 4–6) and three on producer theory (Chapters 7–9) are followed by three
chapters (Chapters 10–12) covering decisions involving time, uncertainty, and strategy
(game theory). An additional chapter (Chapter 13) examines behavioral perspectives on
economic decision making.
Part III concerns markets. We begin with three chapters covering competitive markets
(Chapters 14–16), including one on partial equilibrium theory, one on the analysis of gov-
ernment interventions, and one on general equilibrium. We then turn to market failures,
including three chapters on monopoly and oligopoly (Chapters 17–19), one on externali-
ties and public goods (Chapter 20), and one on informational imperfections (Chapter 21).
While the organization of the book emphasizes the distinction between topics con-
cerning decision making and topics concerning markets, we recognize that instructors
may not wish to teach the material in that order. For example, many instructors may wish
to jump directly from basic producer theory (which concludes in Chapter 9) to competi-
tive equilibrium (which begins in Chapter 14), returning to the additional topics on deci-
sion making as time allows. The book is written to provide instructors with this flexibility.

ALTERNATIVE COURSE DESIGNS

Instructors who use this book can organize their courses in a variety of different ways. A
basic one-semester or one-quarter course might cover all of Chapters 1–9, 14–15, and 17.
Alternatively, by covering fewer sections in some of those chapters, Chapters 18.1–18.3,
19, and 20 might be added. A more ambitious course, or one lasting two terms, might also
cover parts of Chapters 10–13 (additional topics on decision making), 16 (general equi-
librium), the remainder of 18 (price discrimination through self-selection and bundling),
and 21 (informational imperfections). As we’ve noted, the material on decisions involving
time, uncertainty, and strategy (game theory) in Chapters 10–12 could be covered imme-
diately after covering consumer and producer theory, or delayed until later in the course.
Business-oriented courses might instead reduce to some degree their coverage of
consumer theory (Chapters 4–6) and externalities and public goods (Chapter 20) in favor
of covering game theory (Chapter 12) and all of Chapter 18 on pricing policies. More
policy-oriented courses might skip over Chapter 18 entirely in favor of covering general
equilibrium (Chapter 16).
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 [Link] Pages

As we’ve mentioned, the book devotes a separate chapter to behavioral econom-

ics (Chapter 13). That material is entirely compartmentalized, and any instructor who
wishes to teach a conventional course on intermediate microeconomics can simply skip
the chapter. For those who are interested in introducing behavioral perspectives, we have
designed the chapter with a modular structure, so that it can be used in one of two differ-
ent ways. Most obviously, an instructor can introduce behavioral economics as a stand-
alone topic, covering all or part of the chapter. Alternatively, an instructor can integrate
behavioral perspectives with traditional perspectives, for example, covering Sections 13.1
and 13.2 after basic consumer theory (Chapters 4 through 6), Section 13.3 after deci-
sions involving time (Chapter 10), Section 13.4 after decisions involving uncertainty
(Chapter 11), and Section 13.5 after decisions involving strategy (Chapter 12).
McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions provides options for customizing your text. Contact
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Microeconomics strives to present economics clearly and logically, giving students insight
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text, providing extra practice for students and additional resources for teachers. These
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Instructor’s Manual—The Instructor’s Manual provides instructors with additional
insight into the various chapters and examples in Microeconomics, as well as
resources for bringing the concepts to life within the classroom. It is a must for new
teachers and those new to this book, because it identifies the goals of each chap-
ter and highlights common areas of student difficulty. The Instructor’s Manual also
includes several fully developed case studies that show microeconomics at work in
the world and that offer graduated questions—allowing instructors to cover as much
or as little of the book as they see fit, and making the case studies usable from the
very first week of class. Detailed solutions to the end-of-chapter questions and prob-
lems are also available.
Test Bank and EZTest Online—The Test Bank is comprised of over 50 questions per
chapter, including multiple-choice, short-answer, and essay question options. Each
question is tagged by level of difficulty, section in the book, and AACSB category.
EZTest Online contains all of the questions in the test bank and offers the ability to
create customized exams. This user-friendly program allows instructors to sort ques-
tions by format, edit existing questions or add new ones, and scramble questions for
multiple versions of the same test.
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nomics are cutting-edge, assisting learning by drawing selected graphs one line at a
time on screen. The animation—simple enough to be clear while complete enough to
be useful—also helps to demonstrate how tables can be assembled and data analyzed
when completing problems. The presentations include exhibits from the book itself,
creating a seamless connection between what students have read and what they see
in the lecture.

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Online Learning Center ([Link]/bernheim2e)—The Online Learning Center

contains the above materials for instructors and also materials for students, includ-
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The Connect Economics Student Study Center is the place for students to access addi-
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Educators know that the more students can see, hear, and experience class resources,
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To learn more about Tegrity watch a 2-minute Flash demo at [Link]
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many people have made important contributions to the development of this book, and
those thanked in the preface to the first edition have our continuing gratitude. The sec-
ond edition has benefited from the unflagging support of the team at McGraw-Hill. We
would like to thank Scott Smith and Michele Janicek, Brand Managers; Alyssa Lincoln
and Christina Kouvelis, Development Editors; Patricia Frederickson, Lead Project
Manager; Keri Johnson, Content Licensing Specialist; and Marianne Musni, Content
Project Manager. We also thank Kane Sweeney for his excellent research assistant work
on this edition.
We also want to thank those that contributed to the digital features for this edition:
Chris Johnson, University of North Florida Debashis Pal, University of Cincinnati
Leonie Stone, SUNY Geneseo Ross vanWassenhove, University of Houston
Daniel Mizak, Frostburg State University
We owe a heartfelt thank you to the many reviewers who helped shape this edition:
Douglas Agbetsiafa, Indiana University– Claire Hammond, Wake Forest University
South Bend Steve Heubeck, Ohio State
Terry Alexander, Iowa State University University–Columbus
Marigee Bacolod, University of Robert Jerome, James Madison University
California–Irvine Sumit Joshi, George Washington University
Amit Batabyal, Rochester Institute of Ernesto Lucas, Hawaii Pacific
Technology University–Honolulu
James Bradfield, Hamilton College Richard Mcgrath, Armstrong Atlantic
Miki Brunyer, Saint John’s University State University
Paul Carrillo, George Washington John Merrifield, University of Texas at
University San Antonio
Tina Carter, Florida State University Farahmand Rezvani, Montclair State
Eliane Catilina, American University University
Ron Cheung, Florida State University Udayan Roy, Long Island University–C.W.
Finn Christensen, Towson University Post Campus
Timothy Classen, Loyola Lynda Rush, California State Polytechnic
University–Chicago University–Pomona
Dennis Coates, University of Maryland– Edward Steinberg, Columbia University
Baltimore County Andrew Stivers, Oregon State University
Yi Deng, University of South Vasant Sukhatme, Macalester College
Florida–Tampa Jane Sung, Truman State University
Joanne Doyle, James Madison University David Switzer, Saint Cloud State
Thomas Grennes, North Carolina State University
University–Raleigh Jason Taylor, Central Michigan University

Each of these individuals invested a great deal of time and effort reviewing the first
edition. Their insightful comments have helped us improve the book immeasurably.

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 [Link] Pages

And, we thank the reviewers who helped us during the development of our first edition:
Arabinda Basistha West Virginia Gabriel Lozada University of Utah, Salt
University Lake City
David Bernotas University of Georgia Tom Lee California State University,
Ravi Bhandri University of California, Northridge
Berkeley James Leonard Lloyd University of Houston
McKinley Blackburn University of South Wolfgang Mayer University of Cincinnati
Carolina Michael Marlow California Polytechnic
Victor Brajer California State University, David McAdams Massachusetts Institute
Fullerton of Technology
Daniel Condon Dominican University, James Meehan Colby College
Illinois Jack Osman San Francisco State University
Jeremiah Cotton University of Edgar Preugschat University of
Massachusetts Minnesota
Carl Davidson Michigan State University Luis Rayo University of Chicago
Richard Eastin University of Southern Lynn Riggs DePaul University
California
Anusuya Roy University of Southern
Raymond Fisman Columbia University, Indiana
Graduate School of Business
George Santopietro Radford University
Craig Gallet California State University,
Sudipta Sarangi Louisiana State University
Sacramento
Timothy Schibik University of Southern
Rajeev Goel Illinois State University
Indiana
Denise Hare Reed College
Sergei Severinov Duke University
Jon Harford California State University
Curtis Simon Clemson University
Govind Hariharan Kennesaw State
Thomas More Smith University of Illinois
University
Jennifer Van Gilder Ursinus College
Joe Hughes Rutgers University
Michele Villinski DePauw University
Todd Idson Boston University
Steve Waters Brigham Young University
Joseph Jadlow Oklahoma State University
Denis Weisman Kansas State University
Geoffrey Jehle Vassar College
Randall Westgren University of Illinois,
David Kamerschen University of Georgia,
Urbana-Champaign
Athens

Finally, we would like to thank our families once again for their loving support and
patience (which we sorely tested) during the many early mornings, long days, and late
nights that we spent working on this project.
B. Douglas Bernheim
Michael D. Whinston

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BRIEF CONTENTS

part Introduction

1 PRELIMINARIES 2
2 SUPPLY AND DEMAND 24
3 BALANCING BENEFITS AND COSTS 57

part Economic Decision Making

II-A: Consumption Decisions 84

4 CONSUMER PREFERENCES 85
5 CONSTRAINTS, CHOICES, AND DEMAND 118
6 DEMAND AND WELFARE 162
II-B: Production Decisions 202
7 TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION 203
8 COST 239
9 PROFIT MAXIMIZATION 279
II-C: Additional Topics Concerning Decisions 308
10 CHOICES INVOLVING TIME 309
11 CHOICES INVOLVING RISK 349
12 CHOICES INVOLVING STRATEGY 387
13 BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS 430

part Markets

IIIA: Competitive Markets 474

14 EQUILIBRIUM AND EFFICIENCY 475
15 MARKET INTERVENTIONS 513
16 GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, EFFICIENCY, AND EQUITY 543
IIIB: Market Failures 587
17 MONOPOLY 588
18 PRICING POLICIES 626
19 OLIGOPOLY 660
20 EXTERNALITIES AND PUBLIC GOODS 707
21 ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION 751

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CONTENTS

part Introduction

1 Preliminaries 2
1.1 What Is Microeconomics? 3 / Institutions for Allocating Resources 3 / Economic
Motives 7 / Positive versus Normative Analysis 7 / The Scope of Microeconomics 9
1.2 Tools of Microeconomics 10 / The Scientific Method 11 / Models and Mathematics 12 /
Simplifying Assumptions 13 / Data Analysis 13 / Why Economists Sometimes Disagree 15
1.3 Themes of Microeconomics 16 / Decisions: Some Central Themes 16 / Markets: Some
Central Themes 18
1.4 Uses of Microeconomics 20
Chapter Summary 22 / Discussion Questions 22

2 Supply and Demand 24

2.1 Demand 25 / Demand Curves 25 / Demand Functions 27
2.2 Supply 28 / Supply Curves 28 / Supply Functions 30
2.3 Market Equilibrium 30 / Changes in Market Equilibrium 33 / The Size of Changes in
Market Equilibrium 39
2.4 Elasticities of Demand and Supply 42 / The (Price) Elasticity of Demand 43 / The
(Price) Elasticity of Supply 51 / The Size of Changes in Market Demand, Revisited 52 /
Other Elasticities 52
Chapter Summary 54 / Discussion Questions 55 / Problems 55 / Calculus Problems 56

3 Balancing Benefits and Costs 57

3.1 Maximizing Benefits Less Costs 58 / Maximizing Net Benefits with Finely
Divisible Actions 61
3.2 Thinking on the Margin 62 / Marginal Cost 63 / Marginal Benefit 63 / Best Choices
and Marginal Analysis 64 / Marginal Benefit and Marginal Cost with Finely Divisible
Actions 65 / Best Choices and Marginal Analysis with Finely Divisible Actions 68
3.3 Sunk Costs and Decision Making 71
*3.4 Constrained Optimization 73
Chapter Summary 75 / Discussion Questions 75 / Problems 75 / Calculus Problems 76 /
Appendix: Finding a Best Choice Using Marginal Analysis 78

part Economic Decision Making 83

II-A: Consumption Decisions 84

4 Consumer Preferences 85
4.1 Principles of Consumer Choice 86
4.2 Features of Consumer Preferences 88 / How Do People Rank Consumption
Bundles? 89 / Consumer Indifference Curves 90 / Goods versus Bads 96

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xxii Contents

4.3 Substitution Between Goods 97 / Rates of Substitution 97 / Special Cases: Perfect

Substitutes and Complements 102
4.4 Utility 104 / From Indifference Curves to Utility Functions and Back 105 / Ordinal
versus Cardinal Utility 107 / Utility Functions and the Marginal Rate of Substitution 108 /
Some Special Utility Functions 110
Chapter Summary 113 / Discussion Questions 114 / Problems 114 / Calculus Problems 116

5 Constraints, Choices, and Demand 118

5.1 Affordable Consumption Bundles 119 / Income, Prices, and the Budget Line 119 /
Changes in Income and Prices 121
5.2 Consumer Choice 124 / Interior Solutions 126 / Boundary Solutions 128 / Utility
Maximization 131
5.3 Prices and Demand 134 / The Price-Consumption Curve 134 / Individual Demand
Curves 135 / Price Changes and Shifts in Demand 139
5.4 Income and Demand 140 / The Income-Consumption Curve 141 / Normal versus
Inferior Goods 142 / Engel Curves 144 / Changes in Income and Shifts in the Demand
Curve 147
5.5 Volume-Sensitive Pricing 149
*5.6 How Economists Determine a Consumer’s Preferences 153 / The Principle of Revealed
Preference 154 / The Use of Statistical Tools 156
Chapter Summary 157 / Discussion Questions 158 / Problems 158 / Calculus Problems 160

6 Demand and Welfare 162

6.1 Measuring Changes in Consumer Welfare Using Demand Curves 163 / Compensating
Variation 163 / Consumer Surplus 165 / Using Consumer Surplus to Measure Changes in
Welfare 167
6.2 Dissecting The Effects of a Price Change 169 / Compensated Price Changes 169 /
Substitution and Income Effects 171 / The Direction of Substitution and Income
Effects 174 / Why Do Demand Curves Usually Slope Downward? 176
6.3 Labor Supply and the Demand for Leisure 177 / The Effect of Wages on Hours of
Work 179 / The Effect of Wages on Labor Force Participation 181
*6.4 Another Type of Demand Curve 183 / The Relationship between the Two Types of
Demand Curves 184 / Exact Consumer Surplus 188
*6.5 Measuring Changes in Consumer Welfare Using Cost-of-Living Indexes 192 / What
Is a Cost-of-Living Index? 192 / A Perfect Cost-of-Living Index 193 / Fixed-Weight Price
Indexes 193
Chapter Summary 196 / Discussion Questions 198 / Problems 198 / Calculus Problems 200

II-B: Production Decisions 202

7 Technology and Production 203
7.1 Production Technologies 204 / The Production Possibilities Set and the Efficient
Production Frontier 207 / Production Functions 208 / Production in the Short Run and the
Long Run 208
7.2 Production with One Variable Input 210 / Average Product 210 / Marginal Product 211 /
The Relationship between Average and Marginal Product 213 / Using the Marginal Product
of Labor to Make Production Decisions 214
7.3 Production with Two Variable Inputs 217 / Isoquants 218 / Average and Marginal
Products with More than One Input 222 / Substitution between Inputs 223 /

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Contents xxiii

The MRTS and Marginal Products 225 / Input Substitution for Three Special Production
Technologies 226
7.4 Returns to Scale 228 / Reasons for Increasing and Decreasing Returns to Scale 230 /
Implications of Returns to Scale 231
7.5 Productivity Differences and Technological Change 232 / Productivity Differences and
Technological Change with Two Inputs 232 / Reasons for Productivity Differences 233
Chapter Summary 235 / Discussion Questions 235 / Problems 236 / Calculus Problems 237

8 Cost 239
8.1 Types of Cost 240 / What Do Economic Costs Include? 242
8.2 Cost with One Variable Input 244
8.3 Cost Minimization with Two Variable Inputs 247 / Isocost Lines 248 / Least-Cost
Production 249 / Interior Solutions and the Tangency Condition 251 / Boundary
Solutions 252 / Finding the Least-Cost Input Combination 254 / The Firm’s Cost
Function 255
8.4 Average and Marginal Costs 258 / Average and Marginal Cost Curves 259 / The
Relationship between Average and Marginal Costs 262 / Three Kinds of Average Cost 263 /
Marginal Costs and Variable Cost 265
8.5 Effects of Input Price Changes 265
8.6 Short-Run versus Long-Run Costs 268
8.7 Economies and Diseconomies of Scale and Scope 271 / Economies of Scope 273
Chapter Summary 275 / Discussion Questions 276 / Problems 276 / Calculus Problems 278

9 Profit Maximization 279

9.1 Profit-Maximizing Quantities and Prices 280 / Choosing Price versus Choosing
Quantity 281 / Maximizing Profit 282
9.2 Marginal Revenue, Marginal Cost, and Profit Maximization 285 / Marginal Revenue 285 /
The Profit-Maximizing Sales Quantity 288
9.3 Supply Decisions by Price-Taking Firms 288 / The Profit-Maximizing Sales Quantity of
a Price-Taking Firm 289 / The Supply Function of a Price-Taking Firm 291 / The Law of
Supply 293 / Changes in Input Prices and Shifts in the Supply Function 294
9.4 Short-Run versus Long-Run Supply by Price-Taking Firms 297
9.5 Producer Surplus 301
*9.6 Supply by Multiproduct Price-Taking Firms 302
Chapter Summary 304 / Discussion Questions 305 / Problems 305 / Calculus Problems 306

II-C: Additional Topics Concerning Decisions 308

10 Choices Involving Time 309
10.1 Transactions Involving Time 310 / Interest Rates and Compound Interest 310 / Present
Value and the Price of a Future Dollar 312 / Valuing Streams of Future Payments or
Receipts 315 / Why Do Interest Rates Differ? 319 / Real versus Nominal Interest 320
10.2 Saving and Borrowing by Consumers 322 / The Timing of Consumption 322 / Saving,
Borrowing, and the Interest Rate 327 / Saving and Consumption over the Life Cycle 329
10.3 Investment 333 / Measuring the Profitability of Investments: Net Present Value 334 /
The Internal Rate of Return 336 / Investment and the Interest Rate 338 / Choosing between
Mutually Exclusive Projects 339 / Investing in Human Capital 342
Chapter Summary 345 / Discussion Questions 346 / Problems 347 / Calculus Problems 348

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xxiv Contents

11 Choices Involving Risk 349

11.1 What Is Risk? 350 / Possibilities 350 / Probability 351 / Uncertain Payoffs 351 /
Expected Payoff 353 / Variability 355
11.2 Risk Preferences 356 / Consumption Bundles 356 / Preferences and Indifference
Curves 358 / The Concept of Risk Aversion 359 / Alternatives to Risk Aversion 363 /
Expected Utility 364
11.3 Insurance 368 / The Nature of Insurance 368 / The Demand for Insurance 369 / The
Value of Insurance 372
11.4 Other Methods of Managing Risk 375 / Risk Sharing 375 / Hedging and
Diversification 378 / Information Acquisition 382
Chapter Summary 383 / Discussion Questions 384 / Problems 384 / Calculus Problems 386

12 Choices Involving Strategy 387

12.1 What Is a Game? 388 / Two Types of Games 389 / How to Describe a Game 389
12.2 Thinking Strategically in One-Stage Games 391 / Dominant Strategies 392 /
Dominated Strategies 395 / Weakly Dominated Strategies 398
12.3 Nash Equilibrium in One-Stage Games 400 / The Concept of Nash Equilibrium 400 /
Nash Equilibria in Games with Finely Divisible Choices 404 / Mixed Strategies 406
12.4 Games with Multiple Stages 411 / Credible Threats in Games with Perfect
Information 411 / Cooperation in Repeated Games 418
*12.5 Games in Which Different People Have Different Information 422 / The Winner’s
Curse 422 / Reputation 424
Chapter Summary 425 / Discussion Questions 426 / Problems 427 / Calculus Problems 429

13 Behavioral Economics 430

13.1 Objectives and Methods of Behavioral Economics 431 / Motivations and Objectives 431 /
Methods 432 / How to Evaluate Behavioral Evidence 434
13.2 Departures from Perfect Rationality 435 / Incoherent Choices 435 / Bias toward the
Status Quo 438 / Narrow Framing 442 / Salience 445 / Rules of Thumb 445
13.3 Choices Involving Time 447 / Maintaining Self-Control 447 / Ignoring Sunk Costs 453 /
Forecasting Future Tastes and Needs 455
13.4 Choices Involving Risk 455 / Trouble Assessing Probabilities 456 / Preferences toward
Risk 458
13.5 Choices Involving Strategy 463 / Possible Shortcomings of Game Theory 463 /
The Importance of Social Motives 466
Chapter Summary 468 / Discussion Questions 470 / Problems 470 / Calculus Problems 472

part Markets 473

IIIA: Competitive Markets 474

14 Equilibrium and Efficiency 475
14.1 What Makes a Market Competitive? 476
14.2 Market Demand and Market Supply 478 / Market Demand 478 / Market Supply 479
14.3 Short-Run and Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium 484 / Long-Run Competitive
Equilibrium with Free Entry 485 / Short-Run and Long-Run Responses to Changes in
Demand 486 / Demand-Induced Changes in Input Costs 491

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14.4 Efficiency of Perfectly Competitive Markets 492 / Aggregate Surplus and Economic
Efficiency 492 / How Perfectly Competitive Markets Maximize Aggregate Surplus 494
14.5 Measuring Surplus Using Market Demand and Supply Curves 500 / Deadweight
Loss 503 / Consumer and Producer Surpluses 504
Chapter Summary 505 / Discussion Questions 506 / Problems 506 / Calculus Problems 507 /
Appendix: Competitive Equilibrium in Factor Markets 509

15 Market Interventions 513

15.1 Taxes (and Subsidies) 514 / The Burden of a Tax 514 / The Welfare Effects of a
Tax 520 / Which Goods Should the Government Tax? 523 / Government Subsidies and
Their Effects 525
15.2 Policies Designed to Raise Prices 527 / Price Floors 527 / Price Supports 529 /
Production Quotas 531 / Voluntary Production Reduction Programs 531 / Policies that
Lower Prices 533
15.3 Import Tariffs and Quotas 534 / Tariffs 535 / Quotas 536 / Beneficial Trade
Barriers 537
Chapter Summary 539 / Discussion Questions 540 / Problems 540 / Calculus Problems 541

16 General Equilibrium, Efficiency, and Equity 543

16.1 The Nature of General Equilibrium 544
16.2 Positive Analysis of General Equilibrium 546 / Market-Clearing Curves 546 /
A General Equilibrium in Two Markets 548 / The Effects of a Sales Tax 549
16.3 Normative Criteria for Evaluating Economic Performance 554 / Efficiency 554 /
Equity 555 / Social Welfare Functions 557
16.4 General Equilibrium and Efficient Exchange 558 / General Equilibrium in Exchange
Economies 558 / The First Welfare Theorem 561 / Efficiency in Exchange 562
16.5 General Equilibrium and Efficient Production 567 / Efficiency in Production 567 /
The First Welfare Theorem, Again 573 / Efficiency as a Justification for Free Markets 576
16.6 Equity and Redistribution 578 / The Second Welfare Theorem 578 / The Conflict
between Equity and Efficiency 579
Chapter Summary 583 / Discussion Questions 584 / Problems 585 / Calculus Problems 586

IIIB: Market Failures 587

17 Monopoly 588
17.1 Market Power 589 / How Do Firms Become Monopolists? 591
17.2 Monopoly Pricing 593 / Marginal Revenue for a Monopolist 593 / Monopoly Profit
Maximization 597 / Markup: A Measure of Market Power 599
17.3 Welfare Effects of Monopoly Pricing 601
17.4 Nonprice Effects of Monopoly 604 / Product Quality 604 / Advertising 607 /
Investments Made to Become a Monopolist 609
17.5 Monopsony 610 / Marginal Expenditure 611 / Monopsony Profit Maximization 612 /
The Welfare Effects of Monopsony Pricing 613
17.6 Regulation of Monopolies 614 / Why Are Some Monopolies Regulated? 614 / First-
Best versus Second-Best Price Regulation 616 / Nonprice Effects of Price Regulation 616 /
Regulatory Failure 617 / The Trend toward Deregulation 617 / Government Ownership of
Monopolies 619
*17.7 Multiproduct Monopoly 619
Chapter Summary 621 / Discussion Questions 623 / Problems 623 / Calculus Problems 624

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xxvi Contents

18 Pricing Policies 626

18.1 Price Discrimination: Pricing to Extract Surplus 627
18.2 Perfect Price Discrimination 629 / Two-Part Tariffs 631
18.3 Price Discrimination Based on Observable Customer Characteristics 634 / Welfare
Effects of Imperfect Price Discrimination 639
18.4 Price Discrimination Based on Self-Selection 641 / Quantity-Dependent Pricing and
Self-Selection 642 / The Profit-Maximizing Two-Part Tariff 644 / Using Menus to Increase
Profit 648
*18.5 Bundling 653 / Mixed Bundling 655
Chapter Summary 657 / Discussion Questions 657 / Problems 658 / Calculus Problems 659

19 Oligopoly 660
19.1 Oligopoly and Game Theory 661
19.2 The Bertrand Model: Price Competition with Homogeneous Goods 663
19.3 Cournot Quantity Competition 666 / Nash Equilibrium in a Cournot Market 667 /
Oligopoly versus Monopoly Deadweight Loss 672 / Oligopoly Prices and the Number of
Competitors 672 / Markups in a Cournot Market 674
19.4 Price Competition with Differentiated Products 677
19.5 Collusion 683 / Factors that Inhibit Collusion 685 / Tacit versus Explicit Collusion 686
19.6 Market Entry and Monopolistic Competition 688 / Market Entry, Product
Differentiation, and Monopolistic Competition 691
*19.7 Strategic Behavior that Shapes Future Competition 692 / Raising Rivals’ Costs 693 /
Strategic Precommitment 694
19.8 Antitrust Policy 698 / U.S. Antitrust Law 699 / Antitrust Violations 699
Chapter Summary 702 / Discussion Questions 704 / Problems 704 / Calculus Problems 706

20 Externalities and Public Goods 707

20.1 Externalities and Inefficiency 708 / What Is an Externality? 708 / Negative Externalities
and Inefficiency in Competitive Markets 710 / Positive Externalities and Inefficiency in
Competitive Markets 714 / Externalities in Imperfectly Competitive Markets 715
20.2 Remedies for Externalities: The Private Sector 717 / Property Rights and
Negotiation 718 / Limitations of Bargaining 721
20.3 Remedies for Externalities: The Public Sector 722 / Policies that Support Markets 722 /
Quantity Controls 722 / Policies that Correct Private Incentives 724 / Controlling Quantities
versus Correcting Incentives 730 / Hybrid Market Approaches 734
20.4 Common Property Resources 735
20.5 Public Goods 737 / The Efficient Provision of Public Goods 739 / Public Goods and
Market Failure 740 / Public Policy toward Public Goods 741
Chapter Summary 747 / Discussion Questions 748 / Problems 749 / Calculus Problems 750

21 Asymmetric Information 751

21.1 Adverse Selection 752 / Adverse Selection and Lemons 753 / Adverse Selection in a
Labor Market 753 / Responses to Adverse Selection 758
21.2 Signaling 762 / A Simple Model of Educational Attainment 762 / Market
Equilibrium 764 / A Possible Role for the Government 766

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Contents xxvii

21.3 Screening 769 / A Simple Model of Workplace Responsibilities 770 / Market

Equilibrium 772 / A Possible Role for the Government 776
21.4 Incentives and Moral Hazard 777 / Efficiency and Incentive Pay 778 / The Costs of
Incentives 783 / Other Sources of Incentives 784
Chapter Summary 786 / Discussion Questions 787 / Problems 788 / Calculus Problems 790

Glossary 791
Credits 802
Index 804

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CHAPTER 2 SUPPLY AND DEMAND CHAPTER 7 TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTION
2.1 Estimating Demand and Supply Curves 7.1 The Marginal Product of Labor and the Slope of
2
2.2 Enron’s Stock Price Collapse the Production Function
2.3 Responses to a Change in Demand or Supply 7.2 Partial Derivatives
2
2.4 The Slope of a Nonlinear Demand Curve
7.3 Deriving the MRTS from an Isoquant Formula
2.5 Constant Elasticity Demand Functions
7.4 Output and Productivity Growth
2.6 The Elasticity of Demand and Total Expenditure:
An Algebraic Derivation
CHAPTER 8 COST
CHAPT
2.7 The Elasticity of Demand and Total Expenditure:
8.1 Cost Minimization and Constrained Optimization
A Calculus Derivation

CHAPTER 3 BALANCING BENEFITS AND COSTS 8.2 Sufficiency of the Tangency Condition When a
Firm’s Technology Has a Declining MRTS
3.1 Regulation of Arsenic Levels in Drinking Water
8.3 Marginal Cost, Marginal Products, and Input Prices
3.2 Marginal Benefit and the Slope of the Benefit
Curve 8.4 Responses to Input Price Changes
3.3 Marginal Benefit and Marginal Cost Are the
CHAPTER 9 PROFIT MAXIMIZATION
Derivatives of the Benefit and Cost Functions
9.1 Profit Maximization by a Price-Taking Firm When
3
3.4 Best Choices with Avoidable Fixed Costs
the Marginal Cost Curve Is Not Upward Sloping
3.5 The Method of Lagrange Multipliers
9.2 Effect of a Price Increase on the Profit-Maximizing
Supply
3.6 Calculus and the No Marginal Improvement
9.3 Input Demands by a Price-Taking Firm
Principle
3.7 Partial Derivatives CHAPTER 11 CHOICES INVOLVING RISK
11.1 Allocating Resources among Assets in a Financial
CHAPTER 4 CONSUMER PREFERENCES Portfolio
4.1 Finding Points on an Indifference Curve
4
4.2 Goods versus Bads CHAPTER 12 CHOICES INVOLVING STRATEGY
4.3 Deriving the MRS from an Indifference Curve 12.1 Analyzing Multiple-Stage Games
Formula
CHAPTER 13 BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS
4
4.4 MRSs and the Gains from Trade
13.1 A New Methodological Frontier
4.5 Partial Derivatives
CHAPTER 14 EQUILIBRIUM AND EFFICIENCY
CHAPTER 5 CONSTRAINTS, CHOICES, AND DEMAND
CHAPT 14.1 Short-Run and Long-Run Responses to Changes in
5.1 Utility Maximization and Constrained Optimization Cost
5.2 Substitution between Domestic and Imported 14.2 Welfare Properties of Competitive Equilibria in
Automobiles Factor Markets
5.3 What Makes a Good Normal or Inferior?
CHAPTER 15 MARKET INTERVENTIONS
5.4 A Frequent Reader’s Club
15.1 Ad Valorem Taxes
CHAPTER 6 DEMAND AND WELFARE 15.2 Derivation of the Tax Incidence Formula
6.1 The Slutsky Equation 15.3 Tax Incidence in Imperfectly Competitive Markets

xxviii

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15.4 Welfare Effects of a Tax When Income Effects Are CHAPTER 19 OLIGOPOLY
CHAPT
Present 19.1 Finding the Nash Equilibrium in a Differentiated
15.5 Deadweight Loss-Minimizing Taxes Product Market Using Calculus
15.6 U.S. Dairy Subsidies 19.2 Market Entry and Social Welfare
19.3 Credible Entry Deterrence
CHAPTER 16 GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, EFFICIENCY,
AND EQUITY CHAPTER 20 EXTERNALITIES AND PUBLIC GOODS
16.1 Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem 20.1 Solving for the Socially Efficient Output Level with
16.2 Bargaining and Competitive Markets Externalities

CHAPTER 17 MONOPOLY CHAPTER 21 ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION

17.1 Distinguishing Monopoly from Perfect Competition 21.1 Signaling Equilibria with Separation and Pooling
17.2 Canadian Drug Prices and Government Regulation 21.2 Screening Equilibria with Separation and Pooling
17.3 Regulation of a Multiproduct Monopolist 21.3 Adverse Selection and Screening in Insurance
Markets
CHAPTER 18 PRICING POLICIES 21.4 Incentives and Risk Aversion
18.1 Price Discrimination in Non-Monopoly Markets
18.2 An Illustration of a Damaged-Good Pricing Strategy
18.3 Profit-Maximizing Quantity-Dependent Pricing

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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Jeanne d'Arc et
l'Allemagne
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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Title: Jeanne d'Arc et l'Allemagne

Author: Léon Bloy

Release date: March 29, 2024 [eBook #73282]

Language: French

Original publication: Paris: Georges Crès, 1915

Credits: Laurent Vogel (This file was produced from images

generously made available by The Internet
Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JEANNE

D'ARC ET L'ALLEMAGNE ***
 LÉON BLOY

JEANNE D’ARC
ET
L’ALLEMAGNE
Dieu premier servi !
Jeanne d’Arc.

PARIS
COLLECTION « LES PROSES »
GEORGES CRÈS ET Cie, ÉDITEURS
116, Boulevard Saint-Germain, 116

MCMXV
 DU MÊME AUTEUR

Le Révélateur du Globe (Christophe Colomb et sa Béatification future).

Préface de J. Barbey d’Aurevilly. Épuisé.
Propos d’un Entrepreneur de démolitions. Épuisé.
Le Pal, pamphlet hebdomadaire (les 4 numéros parus). Épuisé.
Le Désespéré, roman.
Christophe Colomb devant les Taureaux, Épuisé.
La Chevalière de la Mort (Marie-Antoinette).
Le Salut par les Juifs (Crès, éd.).
Sueur de Sang (1870-1871), avec un portrait de l’auteur en 1887 (Crès,
éd.).
Léon Bloy devant Les Cochons. Épuisé.
Histoires désobligeantes (Crès, éd.).
La Femme Pauvre, épisode contemporain.
Le Mendiant Ingrat (Journal de Léon Bloy).
Le Fils de Louis XVI, avec un portrait de Louis XVII, en héliogravure.
Je m’accuse… Pages irrespectueuses pour Émile Zola et quelques autres.
Curieux portrait de Léon Bloy. (Bibliothèque des lettres françaises.)
Exégèse des lieux communs.
Les Dernières Colonnes de l’Église (Coppée. — Le R. P. Judas. —
Brunetière. — Huysmans. — Bourget, etc.).
Mon Journal (Dix-sept mois en Danemark), suite du Mendiant Ingrat.
Quatre ans de Captivité à Cochons-sur-Marne, suite du Mendiant Ingrat
et de Mon journal. Deux portraits de l’auteur.
Belluaires et Porchers. Autre portrait (Stock, éd.).
L’Épopée Byzantine et G. Schlumberger. Épuisé.
La Résurrection de Villiers de l’Isle-Adam. Épuisé.
Pages Choisies (1884-1905). Encore un portrait.
Celle qui pleure (Notre-Dame de la Salette), avec gravure.
L’Invendable, suite du Mendiant Ingrat, de Mon Journal et de Quatre ans de
Captivité à Cochons-sur-Marne. Deux gravures.
Le Sang du Pauvre.
Le Vieux de la Montagne, suite du Mendiant Ingrat, de Mon journal, de
Quatre ans de Captivité à Cochons-sur-Marne, et de l’Invendable. Deux
gravures.
Vie de Mélanie, Bergère de la Salette, écrite par elle-même. Introduction de
Léon Bloy. Portrait de Mélanie.
L’Ame de Napoléon.
Exégèse des Lieux communs (Nouvelle série).
 Sur la Tombe de Huysmans (Laquerrière, éd.).
Le Pèlerin de l’Absolu, suite du Mendiant Ingrat, de Mon Journal, de
Quatre ans de Captivité à Cochons-sur-Marne, de l’Invendable et du
Vieux de la Montagne.

Les ouvrages sans désignation d’éditeur se trouvent à la librairie du Mercure

de France, rue de Condé, 26.
 CE LIVRE A ÉTÉ TIRÉ A DEUX MILLE DEUX
CENTS EXEMPLAIRES, SOIT : 15
EXEMPLAIRES JAPON IMPÉRIAL (DONT 5
HORS COMMERCE) NUMÉROTÉS DE 1 A 10
ET DE 11 A 15 ; 37 EXEMPLAIRES VÉLIN DE
RIVES (DONT 12 HORS COMMERCE)
NUMÉROTÉS DE 16 A 40 ET DE 41 A 52 ; 2.148
EXEMPLAIRES SUR VÉLIN TEINTÉ (DONT 183
HORS COMMERCE) NUMÉROTÉS DE 53 A
2017 ET DE 2018 A 2200.

No

Copyright by Georges Crès et Cie, 1915.

Tous droits de reproduction, de traduction et d’adaptation réservés

pour tous pays.
 A Thérèse Brou du Lys
arrière-petite-nièce de Jeanne d’Arc

Ce livre, ma chère enfant, a été écrit pour vous. Il

vous rappellera, chaque jour, que vous avez le devoir
de devenir une sainte et — si Dieu l’exige — une
martyre, à l’exemple de votre Parente merveilleuse
qui donna sa vie pour sauver la France.

Vous avez l’honneur et le privilège incomparables

de cette ascendance qui fait de vous beaucoup plus
qu’une princesse, en vous imposant l’obligation de la
plus haute vertu.

Dieu premier servi ! répondait Jeanne d’Arc à ses

accusateurs. Ces trois mots auraient pu être sa
devise. Faites-en la vôtre, ma chère Thérèse, et
soyez ainsi son héritière.

Léon Bloy.
Février 1915.
 Introduction.

Jeanne d’Arc est née dans la nuit de l’Épiphanie, le 6 janvier

1412. On dit que, cette nuit-là, les coqs du pays chantèrent avec une
persistance inaccoutumée et que les habitants eurent la sensation
inexplicable d’une grande joie. D’autres merveilles ont été racontées,
mais ce chant des coqs, ce cantus gallorum paraît avoir un sens
prophétique d’une précision singulière.
Le coq de l’Évangile est, en même temps, l’annonciateur de la
Rédemption et du Reniement. Il est difficile de ne pas être saisi de
cette similitude mystérieuse, quand on pense à la vocation infiniment
unique de la Pucelle.
Cette jeune fille de dix-neuf ans sauve la France, la nation élue,
le peuple de Jésus-Christ. Elle sauve la France à elle toute seule, on
peut le dire. Aussitôt après, elle est reniée, condamnée, suppliciée
horriblement par les chefs spirituels et tremblant de peur de cette
nation délivrée.
Aujourd’hui, près de cinq siècles s’étant écoulés, on découvre
enfin qu’elle était une sainte et qu’il est expédient de la mettre sur
les autels. Mais le décret de canonisation est retardé faute de
miracles dans le cours de cette vie ou après cette vie la plus
grandiosement miraculeuse qu’on ait jamais vue. Messieurs les
Docteurs continuent et le supplice continue aussi, en une manière.
Moi, simple laïque, je demande où est son cœur. Après l’affreuse
combustion de la place du Vieux-Marché, la stupéfaction du
bourreau fut extrême en constatant que le cœur et les entrailles de
la martyre n’avaient pas été consumés. Il fallait cependant que le
corps entier fût réduit en cendres pour être jeté dans la Seine, en
accomplissement de l’ordre formel des chefs anglais qui ne voulaient
pas que ses reliques pussent être recueillies. Vainement le
misérable exécuteur essaya de détruire ces restes indiciblement
précieux par le moyen de l’huile, du soufre et des charbons
incandescents. Il fallut y renoncer et les précipiter dans le fleuve, du
haut du pont de Mathilde, pêle-mêle avec les cendres et les
ossements calcinés, sous les yeux attentifs des préposés du
Cardinal d’Angleterre.
Ce cœur « encore plein de sang » et qui n’avait peut-être pas
cessé de palpiter, qu’est-il devenu ? Ce cœur, le plus noble et le plus
généreux qui fût au monde, où est-il ? Le feu n’avait pu le détruire.
Que pouvait contre lui l’eau de la Seine et même la durée des
siècles ? Jeanne qui a toujours dix-neuf ans à la droite de Jésus-
Christ, depuis cinq siècles qu’elle brûle dans le Paradis, nous dira
peut-être où il se trouve, quand il lui sera permis de parler. Mais
alors, quel reliquaire pour le contenir et quelle basilique pour
l’abriter !
L’étonnement donné par Jeanne d’Arc à tous ses contemporains
ne sera rien en comparaison de l’étonnement du monde chrétien qui
l’a si longtemps ignorée, quand le Surnaturel intégral de cette
prodigieuse destinée lui sera enfin révélé !

II
 Sans doute je n’ai pas été honoré d’une telle mission, mais un
catholique français qui met la France au-dessus de tout et qui
donnerait sa vie pour elle très volontiers, a certainement le droit,
sinon le devoir, de regarder cette mère en face et de lui parler
amoureusement.
Après Israël qui fut, par privilège insigne, nommé le Peuple de
Dieu, il n’y en a pas un sur la terre qu’il ait autant aimé que la
France. L’expliquera qui pourra. Dire qu’elle est la plus belle ou la
plus généreuse des nations — ce qui, d’ailleurs, est incontestable —
ne sert de rien puisque cette chevance divine doit être précisément
l’apanage de la Préférée. Les prédilections de Dieu ne peuvent se
justifier que par son bon plaisir qui est parfaitement et adorablement
inscrutable.
« La France », ai-je dit ailleurs, « est tellement le premier des
peuples que tous les autres, quels qu’ils soient, doivent s’estimer
honorablement partagés quand ils sont admis à manger le pain de
ses chiens. » Il en est ainsi, voilà tout, et telle fut, au quinzième
siècle, l’unique raison d’être et d’apparaître de la Pucelle.
Jésus-Christ, unique monarque légitime et suzerain de tous les
monarques de boue et de cendre, ne pouvait avoir d’autre royaume
terrestre que celui de France. On ne l’imagine pas roi d’Espagne ou
d’Angleterre et le dernier étage de la démence ou du ridicule serait,
par exemple, de le supposer régnant sur la Prusse ou la Bulgarie. Le
monde est comme une vaste demeure où ne se trouverait qu’une
seule chambre royale et une seule couche voluptueuse pour le Roi
de France crucifié, les autres prétendus rois étant désignés pour
coucher par terre dans la poussière des antichambres ou l’ordure
des écuries. Il est vrai que, depuis longtemps, il paraît y avoir
renoncé, la puanteur des derniers Valois, des Bourbons surtout,
l’ayant dégoûté ; mais la Maison n’a pas cessé de lui appartenir et ce
n’est pas le feu qui lui manquera pour la purifier un jour. Le bûcher
de Rouen n’est pas éteint et quelques étincelles suffiraient pour tout
incendier. Au besoin, la crépitante sottise de nos catholiques le
rallumerait, et nous avons tout près d’ici un chapeau rouge qui s’y
emploierait volontiers.
 A Rouen, il y eut, pour le monstrueux procès, un évêque infâme
parmi les infâmes et une foule de théologiens et de docteurs triés
avec soin parmi les lâches et les ambitieux, en vue d’obtenir, par
quelque moyen que ce fût, la condamnation de l’héroïne. La
haineuse Angleterre avait besoin ou croyait avoir besoin de cette
condamnation d’une prétendue sorcière pour invalider le sacre de
Charles VII. Elle avait surtout le désir féroce de se venger d’avoir été
vaincue par une enfant et, aussitôt après l’inique sentence, elle se
satisfit à la manière des démons, en infligeant à sa victime la forme
la plus horrible de l’épouvantable supplice du feu.
Le bûcher ordinaire des malheureux ou des malheureuses était
peu élevé au-dessus du sol. On se contentait de placer les fagots et
les bois autour du pieu auquel on avait attaché le patient. Souvent
même, sinon presque toujours, il y avait la miséricorde affreuse du
retentum, qui autorisait le bourreau à étrangler le condamné avant
les premières atteintes des flammes.
Les Anglais voulurent pour Jeanne cette innovation atroce d’un
massif de maçonnerie et de plâtre en haut duquel fut dressé le
poteau où le bourreau eut beaucoup de peine à l’attacher, sans qu’il
lui fût permis de la tuer, difficulté qui prolongea les préliminaires
souffrances de la martyre.
Frère Martin Ladvenu a fourni au procès de Réhabilitation les
détails les plus précis sur ce mode inusité de combustion et sur la
cruauté des Anglais, — celle qui avait vu « la grande pitié qui était au
royaume de France », n’en devant trouver aucune pour elle-même. Il
affirma avoir ouï dire au bourreau, le jour même du supplice, que la
Pucelle avait dû souffrir beaucoup plus que ne souffraient d’ordinaire
les autres condamnés, et cela « par la manière cruelle de la lier et
afficher ; car les Anglais firent faire un haut eschesfault de plastre et
il ne la pouvoit bonnement ne facilement expédier ne acteindre à
elle, de quoy il estoit fort marry et avoit grant compassion de la
forme et cruelle manière par laquelle on la faisoit mourir ».
 III

Le supplice de Jeanne d’Arc continue, ai-je dit. Il continue par la

sottise et la dégoûtante sentimentalité de ses admirateurs
catholiques, absolument incapables de comprendre la mission réelle
de cette fille de Dieu. Sans doute ils blâment le bûcher, mais
l’horreur qu’ils en pourraient éprouver est mitigée fort heureusement
par l’imagerie bondieusarde qui les console. Il en est du bûcher de la
Pucelle comme de la Croix de velours où Jésus sans doute a dû peu
souffrir. Tout se passe dans l’extrême douceur et rien n’est plus facile
pour les dévotes confortables que de suivre en autos leur
Rédempteur couronné d’épines. On m’a montré une petite Jeanne
d’Arc en simili-bronze agenouillée dans son armure sur un prie-Dieu
capitonné emprunté à Sainte-Clotilde ou à Saint-Thomas d’Aquin.
L’art prétendu chrétien exige ces profanations et ces idioties.
L’extrémité de la Souffrance est devenue inconcevable autant que la
plénitude de la Foi, et le clergé mondain n’approuve pas l’excessive
configuration des Martyrs.
Que pourrait comprendre à Jeanne d’Arc cette populace de la
piété, mille fois inférieure à ces gens du pauvre peuple qui
sanglotaient en voyant mourir la Sainte de France ? Ceux-là
comprenaient au moins qu’une chose inouïe s’accomplissait, que
quelqu’un venu de Dieu expirait pour eux dans d’épouvantables
tourments et qu’il n’y avait pas moyen de s’en consoler.
Ah ! sans doute, en ces lointains jours, on ne savait pas
exactement ce que signifiait le mot de patrie qui, d’ailleurs, existait à
peine. Le régime féodal, déchu de sa primitive grandeur, avait
tellement émietté la terre et chaque pied d’arbre, pour ainsi dire, était
si continuellement revendiqué par des compétiteurs étrangers, qu’il
fallait quelque chose comme une révélation pour que la France prît
conscience d’elle-même. Jeanne d’Arc précisément avait apporté de
son Barrois et de sa Lorraine cette révélation qui allait changer la
face du monde. Sans pouvoir comprendre, les humbles gens,
toujours broyés sous les pieds des hommes de guerre, le sentaient
confusément. Puis, Jeanne était une vierge merveilleuse et Jésus,
vrai Roi de France, saignait devant elle en sa Croix.
Elle avait vu la misère excessive de Charles VII, le fils d’Isabeau,
qui devait si odieusement l’abandonner, et c’est à cause de lui, sans
doute, qu’elle avait parlé de « la grande pitié qui était au royaume de
France ».
Tout le monde sait qu’à aucune époque la France ne fut aussi
près de périr. Neuf années avant l’apparition de la Pucelle, le traité
de Troyes avait été ou paru être le coup sans rémission. L’odieuse
Allemande Isabeau, abusant de la démence de son époux, avait
déshérité et renié le dauphin Charles, son fils, au profit du pirate
anglais Henri V, devenu ainsi roi de France et d’Angleterre.
Cette honte extrême, il est vrai, n’avait pas été acceptée. Autour
de l’inerte héritier de Philippe-Auguste et de saint Louis, il y avait
encore quelques combattants redoutables tels que Saintrailles et
surtout La Hire, l’Ajax des batailles désespérées ; mais depuis le
désastre de Verneuil, on pouvait bien croire qu’il n’y avait plus de
bénédiction. Charles VII sans armée, sans argent et sans courage,
doutant même, en fils de prostituée, de son extraction royale,
pensait déjà à se retirer en Espagne ou en Écosse pour y vivre en
prince dépossédé…
Les choses de ce monde étant ordonnées infailliblement, il est
impossible et déraisonnable de conjecturer en histoire. Imaginer ce
qui aurait pu advenir sans la Pucelle est aussi parfaitement vain que
de supposer une bataille de Waterloo qui n’aurait pas été perdue. Il
n’y a pas, dans toute l’histoire, une prédestination aussi évidente,
aussi manifeste que celle de Jeanne d’Arc et, par là, se trouve
indiscutablement corroborée la miraculeuse vocation de la France.
Il s’agissait alors du royaume, du royaume seulement, et c’était à
peu près une instauration. Les prédécesseurs plus ou moins grands
de Charles VII, sans excepter saint Louis, avaient été rois de
France, mais non pas de « toute France », comme l’entendait
Jeanne, et il fut donné à cet avorton de commencer. A partir de lui,
l’arbre magnifique ne cessa de grandir jusqu à ce que fût réalisée
l’unité parfaite de la Nation incomparable. Ce résultat obtenu, la
royauté dynastique et fictive qui en avait été le moyen, devait
naturellement finir tel qu’un vieux rouvre épuisé de sève, éventré par
le tonnerre, mutilé par les ouragans, rongé par les bêtes et ne
donnant plus que des rejetons sans vigueur.

IV

La France intégrale, homogène, la France géographique, telle

qu’on la voit depuis trois cents ans, était nécessaire à Dieu, parce
que, sans elle, il n’eût pas été et ne serait pas complètement Dieu.
Quels que soient ses infidélités ou ses crimes, quelque affreuse que
doive être l’expiation, il ne permettra pas qu’elle succombe, ayant
besoin d’elle pour sa propre Gloire, et les luthériens fétides qui la
mutilèrent, il y a près d’un demi-siècle, seront flagellés avec une
rigueur inimaginable.
Le plus sale peuple de la terre a osé porter la main sur la patrie
même de Jeanne d’Arc, sur la Lorraine, et c’est une des preuves les
plus accablantes de la patience divine qu’il n’ait pas encore été
châtié pour cet attentat. La belle vierge de Domremy avait, sans
doute, le pressentiment de ces choses et de beaucoup d’autres, car
une Mission aussi extraordinaire que la sienne ne paraît pas
séparable de la divination prophétique.
On lit dans l’étonnante vie du Curé d’Ars qu’à l’époque de sa
petite enfance, le saint mendiant Benoît Labre reçut l’hospitalité
dans la maison de son père et qu’il laissa en partant une bénédiction
merveilleuse. On peut croire que quelque chose de semblable dut se
passer à Chinon entre Jeanne d’Arc et Louis XI qui n’est
certainement pas devenu un saint, mais qui devait être, par décret
divin, le bâtisseur de la France monarchique.
 Il avait alors six ans et Jeanne d’Arc dut regarder cet enfant avec
une attention très particulière. Elle dut le fixer de ces mêmes yeux
qui avaient contemplé saint Michel et les saintes Auxiliatrices. Un
pan de la nappe du bleu de France qui enveloppait divinement la
prédestinée tomba sans doute sur cette petite créature innocente
encore et sommeillant dans les rideaux de la foudre…
Ce que fut exactement le successeur de Charles VII, il n’est pas
facile de le dire, même aujourd’hui. C’est d’autant moins facile qu’on
ne comprend plus du tout ce qu’était, il y a cinq siècles, la monarchie
de droit divin et la force mystérieuse de ce préjugé sublime. Les
ennemis de Louis XI, les domestiques des grands abattus par lui,
ont voulu passionnément qu’il fût un parricide, un fratricide, un tyran
perfide et cruel, un hypocrite, un bourreau. Les historiens modernes
l’ont voulu aussi et la légende est puissamment accréditée.
Mais il fut donné à ce grand homme de parachever l’œuvre de
Jeanne qui n’était pas seulement de mettre les Anglais « hors de
toute France », mais de réaliser vraiment le Royaume de Jésus-
Christ, la Lieutenance, ainsi qu’elle disait, une France une et
compacte, des Pyrénées aux Flandres et de l’Océan aux Alpes et au
Rhin.
La divine histoire de ce royaume est comme un Bréviaire dont les
Matines ont trois nocturnes : les Mérovingiens, temps des ruches
épiscopales et de la christianisation du monde barbare ; les
Carolingiens, temps des cellules rigoureuses de la Féodalité pour la
formation de cette chevalerie de fer qui fit les Croisades ; les
Capétiens devant aboutir, après quatre cents ans de péché,
d’héroïsme intermittent et de douleurs infinies, au Miserere
formidable de Louis XI que Jeanne d’Arc désigne pour chanter à sa
manière les Laudes de la Monarchie, en amalgamant pour toujours
les races et les provinces empilées sous son terrible pressoir. Enfin,
quatre nouveaux siècles s’étant écoulés encore, c’est l’immense
Cantique des Enfants de France dans la fournaise de Napoléon. On
en est aujourd’hui aux petites Heures, en attendant les Vêpres qui
seront ce que Dieu voudra… le Grand Soir peut-être.
 Au résumé : De Clovis à Charlemagne, le chaos barbare au seuil
de l’étable où naissait l’Église du Fils de Dieu, et rien ; de
Charlemagne à Hugues Capet, la charpente féodale au chant
lugubre des litanies de la même Église invoquant le Christ et tous
ses saints contre la fureur des païens normands déchaînés, et rien
de plus ; de Hugues Capet à Louis XI, les famines enragées, la
conquête de l’Angleterre, les Croisades, l’Interdit de Philippe-
Auguste, la prière de saint Louis, l’énorme grandeur du Treizième
Siècle, la peste noire, la guerre de Cent ans et la Pucelle pour en
finir ; de Louis XI à Napoléon, l’ignominie des derniers Valois, la
puanteur inexprimable des Bourbons, et la Guillotine. Mais la place
de Jeanne d’Arc est inouïe.

Sans elle, tout est impossible, avant comme après, puisque tout
porte sur elle. C’est la clef de voûte.
« Une femme a perdu le royaume, une fille le sauvera », disait-
elle, avant de quitter son village. La femme, évidemment, c’était
Isabeau, la chienne du traité de Troyes, et la fille, c’était elle-même.
Mais infiniment au delà des mots et de leur application immédiate, il
y a leur sens intérieur et prophétique. « Ce qu’Ève a perdu, Marie le
sauve. » L’époque était encore au mysticisme et c’est quelque chose
de semblable que les contemporains durent entendre. Les paroles
de la petite visionnaire de Domremy dépassaient assurément sa
propre pensée. La « femme », sans doute, pouvait être supposée
vulgairement la France des deux ou trois siècles horribles qui
avaient précédé, et la France à venir pouvait aussi être annoncée et
préfigurée par la Vierge de Domremy. Ah ! il y avait bien autre
chose !
Au sens mystique le plus profond, la vraie femme, l’unique
femme est nécessairement la Vierge, et la Virginité parfaite est le
tabernacle du Saint-Esprit. Le royaume abominablement profané du
Fils de Dieu ne pouvait, au quinzième siècle, être sauvé que par une
vierge. Pour parler exactement, pour tout dire, il était nécessaire
qu’une vierge l’enfantât, car ce royaume n’existait encore que dans
la Pensée divine.
La Vocation de la Pucelle apparaît alors comme le prodige des
siècles, le plus haut miracle depuis l’Incarnation. Cela, en raison de
la prééminence infinie du nouveau peuple de la promission
chrétienne.
La première femme venue est déjà tout un mystère, puisqu’on ne
trouve pas mieux que le Paradis terrestre pour la symboliser. Elle
centralise tellement toutes les convoitises et concupiscences
humaines ! Mais la Vierge est l’objet de la concupiscence divine et
l’Esprit-Saint qui est l’Amour même n’y résiste pas. Elle peut donc
engendrer par Lui et c’est toute l’histoire de la mystérieuse Jeanne
d’Arc donnant à Dieu un royaume qui n’existait pas visiblement
avant elle et qui, sans elle, n’aurait pas pu naître.
Dès le commencement tout est promis à la Femme et c’est par la
Femme que tout doit être accompli. Entre elle et le Saint-Esprit il y a
une telle affinité qu’on peut humainement les confondre et qu’il est
difficile de ne pas imaginer, avec certains Mystiques, le Troisième
Règne, c’est-à-dire le triomphe du Paraclet, procuré par Celle dont il
est dit qu’elle « rira au Dernier Jour ».
Il est dangereux et à peine licite à des chrétiens de s’arrêter à
une telle pensée qui appartient au domaine que Dieu s’est réservé et
dont il ne confie la clef à personne. Cependant, lorsqu’on est à
genoux et tout en larmes, lorsqu’on est pantelant de désir et que le
cœur brûlant ne sait plus où aller, comment ne pas voir ou ne pas
entendre l’Immaculée qui pleure là-bas, sur cette montagne du
Dauphiné, et qui parle à son peuple comme le Père céleste seul
pourrait parler ? Comment ne pas sentir, en un tel moment,
l’énormité du Mystère et la présomption sublime de quelque
péripétie surnaturelle au delà de l’entendement humain, où la
Femme par excellence, le Vase insigne, se manifesterait enfin dans
une gloire inimaginable, pour tout accomplir ?